When did China's ancient culture refer to?
The vertical orientation of culture in different periods is the key to fully understand the ancient culture of China and grasp the key points.
1. Three Dynasties (Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties): The embryonic form of China ancient culture began to take shape, which can be called the "source" of China ancient culture. The cultural hotspot closely related to this source is the "Xia Shang Zhou Dating Project". Looking at the "source" of China culture, we should focus on three aspects: the carrier of recording and spreading culture tends to be mature-writing (Oracle Bone Inscriptions), which forms the unique language and writing of China culture. Second, the method of keeping time-the method of keeping time for cadres and the method of keeping time for branches have been established, and the Chinese nation has a clear concept of time for historical changes. Thirdly, the philosophical method of understanding the world-Yi has been formed. The emphasis is on the simple dialectics thought of the ancients and the spirit of "striving for self-improvement for good people and gentlemen", which is an outstanding representative of ancient China culture. 2. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: the comprehensive foundation period of China ancient culture. Formed the "soul" of China ancient culture, and produced two outstanding "image spokesmen" of China ancient culture: Laozi and Confucius. It reflects the ancient people's different thoughts on nature, life and society, mainly Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Law, which have had an important impact on the development of the Chinese nation and formed the main content of the Chinese national spirit. 3. Qin and Han Dynasties: The rich development period of ancient culture in China. The great development of science and technology culture and the combination of unity and diversity have established China's leading position in the world. It laid the foundation for the further development of later culture. The culture of this period embodies the enterprising spirit at the beginning of the establishment of a unified multi-ethnic centralized country and the grandeur of the unified dynasty. Outstanding representatives: the grandeur of the Great Wall in Wan Li (Great Wall Spirit), the grandeur and historical records of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, running through ancient times and modern times, with unified thoughts. Especially the popularity of Hanwu Emperor, we should pay more attention to it. 4. The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties: "Qin and Han Dynasties were dull after the cultural climax". Compared with the previous stage, it is less imposing and more dull and delicate. The concrete manifestations are: the continuous progress of culture and technology, the mutual infiltration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the prevalence of Buddhism, the colorful art and the distinctive characteristics of national integration. 5. Sui and Tang Dynasties: The heyday of feudal society in China brought the overall glory of ancient culture. Eclectic, comprehensive and brilliant, it is the representative of China's ancient cultural glory, and it is in a leading position in the world, with a prominent position (in the cultural history of China). 6. Another peak of China ancient culture. At present, there are three of the four great inventions of traditional science and technology in China. The influence of commodity economy on literature and art is outstanding, which is a new phenomenon in the development of ancient culture in China and should be paid attention to. 7. Ming and Qing Dynasties: the end of China's ancient culture and history, inheriting the past and bringing forth the new, and spreading western learning to the east. Ming and Qing Dynasties were in the late feudal society of China, which was the cultural feature of this period. Connecting the past with the future: Dacheng's scientific and technological works have come out one after another; Classical culture has entered the summary period, and the official organization has made outstanding achievements in compiling large-scale books, which reflects the broad atmosphere of national culture. Meng Xin, with anti-feudal democratic enlightenment thought; With the rise of citizen literature, novels have become the mainstream of literature, and western learning has spread to the east. Determine the review focus from different angles: (1) From the perspective of cultural development: the focus is on the pre-Qin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties; (2) From the perspective of the influence of social changes on culture; Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Qin, Han, Ming and Qing Dynasties. (3) From the perspective of cultural transformation: Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, the quintessence of China's ancient culture, Confucius' "benevolence" and "teaching", running a private school in his later years, diligently compiling classics; Mencius' theory of "benevolent government" says, "The people are noble and the monarch is light, and human nature is good; Xunzi's "controlling the destiny and using it"; Mozi's "universal love", "non-attack" and "Shang Xian"; Laozi's "Tao" and "inaction"; Zhuangzi's idealism philosophy; Han Fei's law is the foundation. These thoughts played a vital role in the development of ancient culture in China. Calligraphy, painting, Tang poetry and Song poetry, the representatives of China ancient culture, are the great contributions of the Chinese nation to mankind: unique language, vast cultural classics, scientific and technological processes that benefit the world, brilliant literature and art, wise philosophy and religion, complete and profound ethics and morality, and * * * together constitute the basic content of China culture. In the profound ancient culture of China, calligraphy, painting, Tang poetry and Song poetry are undoubtedly outstanding representatives. Take calligraphy as an example for analysis. Calligraphy, as an artistic creation, is deeply mysterious and reflects the unique artistic creation and aesthetic taste of the Chinese nation. From Oracle Bone Inscriptions and inscriptions on bronze to Da Zhuan, Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu, to the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties, cursive script, regular script, running script and various forms were basically finalized. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy began to become an art. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, many calligraphers created calligraphy art with diverse styles and flowers. Famous calligraphers such as Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi appeared, and Preface to Lanting was called "the best running script in the world". Calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty is just like the national conditions of the Tang Dynasty-vigorous and powerful, and its reputation is far-reaching. Calligraphy exudes the charm of ancient art and is a well-deserved representative of China culture. Looking through the calligraphy of past dynasties, it is an incisive summary that "Jin people respect rhyme, Tang people respect law, Song people respect meaning, Yuan and Ming people respect attitude". These different styles reflect the history of different periods. Jin people like rhyme, and Jin calligraphy is beautiful and charming, romantic and chic, which embodies the leisure and childishness of the literati class and reveals a kind of demure beauty. Obviously, it is related to the cremation system in this period, which embodies the characteristics of the cremation system. People in the Tang Dynasty respected the law, and the calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty was rigorous and magnificent, which showed the national strength and pioneering spirit in the heyday of feudalism and embodied the heroism of the Tang Dynasty. This is not only an all-round brilliant performance of Tang Wenhua, but also a reflection of political clarity, economic prosperity and frequent foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty. Song people are interested in calligraphy, and their calligraphy style is ups and downs, calm and cheerful. It is in the situation of "national disaster and prosperity" that literati are dissatisfied with the realistic personalized calligraphy and express a state of mind with books. It can be related to the history of poverty and weakness in the Song Dynasty. Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the feudal society in China has stagnated, and the river has gone from bad to worse, which is reflected in the fact that calligraphy advocates antique and is mediocre. It is related to cultural absolutism. As for the madness of "anti-vulgarity" in the calligraphy circle in the late Ming Dynasty and the rise of the wind of worshipping monuments in the late Qing Dynasty, it is like magma rushing underground, lightning or flint flashing in the night, reflecting a sign of a great social change. Obviously, the cultural autocracy in Ming and Qing Dynasties also had a certain influence on calligraphy. In a word, following the development of calligraphy for 3,000 years, we can gradually see that it keeps pace with the development of China society and strongly reflects the spiritual outlook of each era.
Related cultural contributions of China ancient culture: astronomical geography, the ancients talked about heaven and earth, and observed the origin of everything in the sky: solar eclipse, meteor, nova, supernova comet, five-star renju sunspot stone carving, calendar achievement, calendar management method, solar terms, comparison between China and the West, calendar, Daming calendar, Dayan calendar, chronograph calendar, astronomical instruments: sundial, missing armillary sphere, seismograph, simple. Yang Yi, a famous astronomer at the Water Instrument Observatory: Gande Luoxiaheng Zu Chongzhi (monk and his party) Astronomical works in Shen Kuo, Guo Shoujing: Xingjing Jingjing and Lingxian famous geographer: Pei Daoyuan, Xu Xiake, Wei Yuan's geographical achievements: observing the wind of six bodies and instrument precipitation, observing instrument clouds and cloud images: Shuijing Notes, Xu Xiake's travel notes and nautical charts. Records of ancient mathematical achievements: decimal fractions and decimals were first used in abacus calculation; Calculate pi by using negative numbers in nine tables; The pioneering work of binary thought: Zhou Zhang, Jiu Zhang Arithmetic, Island, Sun Tzu Mathematicians: Liu Heng and Zu Chongzhi's ancient military thoughts: Sun Tzu's Art of War, Liu Tao, Sima Fa, Sun Bin's Art of War, Wei Liaozi's military inventions: the invention and spread of the stirrup of the chariot: the invention and spread of the crossbow of the ancient rocket gunpowder fire-breathing device in China: the soldier Sun Wu, the national hero Yue Fei, Zhuge Liang, China. Four diagnosis of dietotherapy, four natures and five flavors of food The meaning of medicated diet: tea, characteristic invention of medicinal liquor acupuncture Tongren traditional Chinese medicine needle tongue coating mode Neijing map Tieqiu Wuqinxi Taiji Chuan ancient famous doctor Ge Huangfu Shuhe Huaboren Chunyu Dongyuan Bian Que Dai Sigong and Laga Sun Simiao Sun Yikui Huatuo Liu Wansu ancient agriculture ancient water conservancy China Dujiangyan Zhengbaiqu silver seal twelve roads Tashan weir Shao. There are eight canals in the back of Beiling Canal. The ancient agricultural tools are China's waterwheel, bone, shovel, shovel and iron plow. Ancient agricultural science and technology figures, achievements of Xu Guangqi and Song in agricultural technology, Qi Gong's agricultural administration book, hybrid rice ancient buildings, and self-contained traditional buildings in China began urban planning as early as the Zhou Dynasty. The development track of modern architecture in China, the history of architecture in China and the characteristics of ancient architecture in China. China's mechanical achievements: Mechanical technology was introduced to the west, and the most rice, oil and salt were made by bells: Ding, square plate chain pump, hydraulic spinning wheel, belt drive vehicle, rudder and compass wheel, unicycle, China textile printing and dyeing, China ancient textile, ancient Chinese costume, China silk weaving art, Chinese embroidery art, China ancient printing and dyeing, ancient mineral pigment dyeing and weaving varieties, ancient silk development, silk dyeing and finishing process, China four famous embroidered natural fabric dyes, China navigation technology, ancient shipbuilding, China ancient shipbuilding, three major ship types: ancient famous shipbuilding, invention of Structural watertight cabin navigation invention navigation compass astrological navigation log needle road application other navigation knowledge navigation memorabilia Xu Fudong crossed the Han Dynasty Maritime Silk Road in Japan, crossed Zhenghe's voyage to the West for papermaking and printing, the invention process of original writing material paper, the development of papermaking technology, "Cai discusses the improvement of paper-making by Zhenhu printing, the invention of communication diagram printing, the invention of movable type printing, the spread characteristics of printing technology, the invention of rice paper ink, Seal cutting overprint and color printing of paper money, China ancient philosophy schools, Taoist philosophy, Confucian philosophy, Legalist philosophy, famous philosophers, Mohist philosophy, Yin and Yang philosophy thinkers, Laozi, Confucius, Han Feizi, Mozi's philosophical works, Tao Te Ching, Analects of Confucius and I Ching. Characters, Yin and Yang, Eight Diagrams, Five Elements, Taiji, Harmony between Man and Nature, China ancient craft China porcelain, China furniture, China bronze China pottery, China sculpture, China lacquerware, China decoration, cloisonne of the four treasures of the study, Chinese woodcarving, Chinese Zhong Ding, Chinese kite, Tang Sancai, Chinese Lantern Festival, paper binding art of Yunnan paper horse, autumn art, Chinese fan, Chinese jade, China.