Introduction to Voltaire Hugo

Voltaire (1694-1778): Voltaire’s original name was François-Marie Arouet; Voltaire was his pen name . Voltaire was the standard-bearer of the French bourgeois Enlightenment in the eighteenth century and was known as the "King of Thoughts" and "the best poet in France". He was born in a wealthy middle-class family in Paris and received a good education since childhood. His father was a legal notary and wanted him to be a judge in the future, but he became interested in literature and later became a literati. Voltaire experienced the rule of the three feudal dynasties of Louis XIV, XV and XVI, witnessed the rise and fall of feudal despotism, and felt firsthand the decadence and reaction of feudal despotism. He profoundly foresaw that the revolution would inevitably come. He said to his friends: "Everything happening around me is removing the seeds of revolution. Although I may not be a witness to the revolution myself, it is bound to come."

Voltaire was quick-thinking and versatile. His works are known for their harsh language and satirical tone. He said: "Laughter can defeat everything. It is the most powerful weapon." He was thrown into the Bastille twice for his pungent satire on feudal absolutism. His books were banned and he was expelled from the country many times. In 1725, he was forced to go into exile in England and became deeply interested in the politics and culture of the British bourgeoisie. He studied the British bourgeois constitutional monarchy, Locke's materialist empiricism and Newton's theory of gravity.

Voltaire wrote a large number of literary works, among which the famous epic poems "Henriade" and "The Maid of Orleans", the tragedy "Odiper", the comedy "The Son of the Libertine", and the philosophical novel "Condide" people". He also wrote many historical works, such as "The Age of Louis XIV" and "On the Customs and Spirits of Various Nationalities". In terms of philosophy, his representative works include "Philosophical Dictionary", "Metaphysics", (4 Newton's Principles of Philosophy) and other works. One of the most influential books is "Philosophical Correspondence", which is known as "the first to invest in the old system". A bomb.

Voltaire's extraordinary intelligence, sharp thinking and his exposure of the dark feudal absolutism gave him a high reputation among the people, and the rulers also wanted to use him. On the 15th, he was invited to be the court historian. King Frederick II of Prussia treated him as a guest of honor. Empress Catherine II of Russia also received him. However, in the end, his rebellion resulted in displeasure due to his thoughts. The painful experience made him determined not to associate with any king.

Voltaire bitterly criticized the dark rule of the husband's church. He compared the pope to a "bipedal beast" and called the priests. A "civilized scoundrel", he said that Catholicism was "a most shameful trap laid by cunning people" and he called on "everyone to fight in his own way against the appalling religious fanaticism, some biting his ears; Others stepped on his stomach, and others scolded him from a distance. "But Voltaire was not an atheist, but a deist. He believed that religion was indispensable in order to rule the people. . He said, "Even if there is no God, a God must be created."

Voltaire believed in the theory of natural rights and believed that "people are essentially equal" and demanded that everyone enjoy "natural rights." . 'He advocated equality before the law, but believed that inequality of property rights was inevitable. He idealized the British constitutional monarchy and believed that the ideal was an "enlightened" monarch according to the opinions of philosophers. To govern the country. In philosophy, he acknowledged the objective existence of the material world and affirmed that knowledge comes from sensory experience. However, he also believed that God is the "first mover" of the universe. He despised working people and believed that they could only do things. It is not surprising that as a bourgeois thinker, Voltaire has limitations in all aspects. . Because he is also deeply imprinted with the era and class he lived in. However, his huge contribution in the anti-feudal enlightenment movement is still worthy of eternal memory.

Voltaire's literary views and tastes basically inherited the legacy of 17th-century classicism, which was mainly reflected in his poetry and tragedy creations. His epic poem "Henriade" (1728) is based on the religious wars in France in the 16th century. It tells the story of Henry IV of the Bourbon dynasty who ascended the throne after winning the civil war and issued the Edict of Nantes to protect the freedom of belief of Protestants. Henry IV in the epic is celebrated as an example of an enlightened monarch. Voltaire's philosophical poems are thorough in reasoning, and his satirical poems are witty and unique. Voltaire was mainly engaged in drama creation throughout his life and wrote more than 50 plays, most of which were tragedies. The most valuable of Voltaire's literary works are his philosophical novels. This is a new genre he created, using a joking tone to tell absurd stories, alluding to and satirizing reality, and elucidating profound philosophies.

In his later years, Voltaire settled at Manor Fernay on the border of France and Switzerland.

During this period, religious factional struggles broke out in France, resulting in a large number of refugees. Voltaire sheltered hundreds of families of refugees in his estate. He also fought against injustice many times, seeking justice for the poor and redressing unjust cases. The one with the greatest impact was the Kara incident.

On October 13, 1761, a terrible tragedy occurred in a house on rue Feratier in Toulouse.

The owner of this family, Jean Kara, was a respected Huguenot businessman.

Late that night, Jean Carla discovered that her eldest son, Marc-Antoine, had committed suicide by hanging from a beam in the shop. The whole family panicked, and his mother burst into tears, alarming the neighbors. Suddenly, someone in the crowd of onlookers said: "Mark Antony was killed by his parents because he chose Catholicism."

Catholicism and Protestantism experienced religious wars in the 16th century, and there have been More than two hundred years have passed, but the opposition is still very sharp. A judge from Toulouse came after hearing the news. Without investigating or interrogating, without even looking at the scene, he arrested all the people who were at home on the night of the "murder" incident.

Why did Mark Antony commit suicide? It turned out that this 28-year-old young man had studied law and wanted to be a lawyer, but because he could not get a Catholic certificate, he was forced to engage in business. He wanted to get a sum of money from his father to start a business, but was rejected by his father. Disappointed, he went to a cafe every day to drink to drown his sorrows. Later, because he was in debt, he felt that his future was bleak, so he committed suicide in a single thought.

How could a gray-haired, nearly 70-year-old man hang a young and strong man to death? The crime of "murder" is obviously difficult to establish. Prosecutor Diku was upright and went to court to defend Lao Kara, but was suspended for three months. Lawyer Sudel wanted to clarify the truth, but the judge, who was caught up in the excitement, refused to listen. Instead, he thought the lawyer was incompetent. The presiding judge abused his power and forced Carla to confess his accomplice. Carla spoke sternly and said categorically: "Since there is no crime, how can there be an accomplice?"

On March 10, 1762, the court ignored all odds and acquitted him. Based on the evidence, he was brutally sentenced to death by splitting a truck into a car. Before his execution, Lao Carla said sadly and angrily: "I have told the truth, and I died innocently..."

Not long after the incident, Voltaire heard various rumors. He has always been skeptical of the church and believes that both Catholics and Protestants are shameless people. The tragic experience of the old man Kara aroused his incomparable indignation against the church and judicial authorities, and he was determined to fight for human dignity and freedom of belief.

He calmly and personally investigated and collected evidence through various channels, and summoned Carla's two sons, who had been exiled to Geneva, to Fernay. Compare the reactions heard from passengers and make a personal judgment on the entire event.

In the meantime, he published the confessions of the two Carla brothers, wrote a pamphlet exposing this brutal injustice, and provided all expenses for Mrs. Carla to be taken to Paris to attract public attention.

On February 3, 1763, Voltaire personally wrote a letter of appeal, concluding that "I am sure that this family is innocent." On March 7, the Privy Council ordered a retrial of the case, and the old man Kara and his family who had suffered injustice were finally vindicated.

At the end of this year, Voltaire published the famous "On Religious Tolerance", which violently criticized the religious persecution of the reactionary church and the dark phenomenon of the autocratic government that disregarded human life, and elaborated on his idealism and materialism thoughts.

Later, he also campaigned for Labar, a 19-year-old knight who was also persecuted by the church, and Sylvan, a Feng Shui master over fifty years old, and finally vindicated these two unjust cases. .

Throughout his later years, Voltaire engaged in a large number of creations with more vigorous fighting spirit. He wrote 613 entries for the "Encyclopedia" and compiled it into a volume in 1764 as the "Philosophical Dictionary" Publicly published on the topic. In addition, he also published philosophical novels "Zadig" and "Innocent Man", historical works "History of Russia under Peter the Great" and "On Parliament", etc.

It is worth mentioning that during his settlement in Fernay, he maintained frequent correspondence with people from all walks of life in various European countries. According to statistics, there are more than 10,000 letters from Voltaire that have been preserved, and as many as 700 people corresponded with him. He used this method to discuss various social issues with correspondents and promote his anti-authoritarian and anti-church enlightenment ideas. Voltaire's tireless struggle won great reputation. His name resounded throughout Europe, and many celebrities came to Ferney to seek an audience. Fernay became the center of European public opinion, and the progressives at that time respectfully called Voltaire "The Father of Fernay."

In February 1778, the 84-year-old Voltaire returned after an absence of 28 years. of Paris. As soon as the news spread, the whole city was in uproar. Some young people who had only heard his name but never seen him were even more ecstatic and flocked to his hotel, making the surrounding streets crowded. As he passed by, the women secretly plucked a hair or two from his fur coat and kept it as a holy relic.

When he arrived in Paris, Voltaire was overly excited and had a uremia attack, and was forced to stay in bed. But he still insisted on dictating the last five-act poetic tragedy "Irena". Although the script was mediocre, when it was performed, the reaction in Paris and Versailles was very strong. The queen attended the performance, and Voltaire also dragged his sick body to appreciate the last honor and happiness.

The church people had ulterior motives and wanted to use Voltaire's prestige to increase their own worth, so they took advantage of Voltaire's death in an attempt to make some money from it.

One day, a priest sneaked into Voltaire's ward and asked Voltaire to make a deathbed confession. Although Voltaire was not an atheist but a deist, he was always at odds with the church. He knew the priest's purpose and sent him away unceremoniously.

A few days later, another abbot named Morey repeated his old trick. As soon as Voltaire saw him coming in, he asked:

"Where do you come from, priest?"

"Ah, sir, I come from God!"

"Really? Can you show me God's edict?"

Although Voltaire was seriously ill, he still maintained a clear mind and ruthlessly expressed his thoughts with his unique bitter irony. Expose the ugly face of these "wolves in monk's clothes".

On May 12, Voltaire couldn't help coughing up blood and his temperature rose sharply. The Duke of Richelieu couldn't bear to see his old friend suffer like this, so he sent him opium tincture. Voltaire was so confused that he drank all of this potent sedative. Three priests broke in while he was unconscious. After he regained consciousness, they asked him if he recognized the sanctity of Christ. Voltaire had already given a negative answer in the "Philosophical Dictionary". As soon as he heard the words "Christ" and "Holy", he became furious, made an astonishing move, propped up the sick body, and pushed the priest angrily A handful and said: "Let me die in peace."

At 11 o'clock in the evening on May 30, 1778, Voltaire passed away. The reactionary church hated this blasphemous old enemy and ordered his body to be transported out of Paris overnight and abandoned in a deserted grave.

However, Voltaire’s contribution to the French Enlightenment in the 18th century cannot be erased. For most of his life he was recognized as a leader and mentor of his people. His thoughts and doctrines will educate generations, lay the theoretical foundation for the anti-feudal struggle, and arm the minds of the French people for the coming bourgeois revolution.

After the Bourgeois Revolution, Voltaire's bones were moved to the Cemetery of the Great.

The Enlightenment was the second cultural movement carried out by the Western bourgeoisie in the 18th century after the Renaissance to oppose the theocracy of the church and feudal autocracy. It pursued political and academic freedom of thought, promoted science and technology, and transformed rationality into Respected as the basis of thought and behavior. The word "Enlightenment", Aufklärung in German and Enlightenment in English, means enlightenment. It was extended in the Enlightenment movement to illuminate the problems caused by the superstition and deception of the church and aristocratic despotism with the radiance of cultural knowledge of modern philosophy and literature and art. Restore the authority of reason to an ignorant and backward society. The Enlightenment Movement not only unfolded in the cultural sector, but also involved various aspects such as economy, politics, law, science, philosophy, and even social systems and social customs.

The Enlightenment occurred after the death of Louis XIV in France and before the French Bourgeois Revolution. Although the Renaissance had fought against the church and feudal rule for three to four hundred years from the 13th and 14th centuries to the 15th and 16th centuries, the Christian church and feudal aristocrats had ruled Europe for more than a thousand years and were deeply rooted; at that time, industry and commerce had not yet When developing on a large scale, the bourgeoisie is still in a powerless position, weak in strength, not completely revolutionary, and prone to compromise with reactionary forces. Social development in Western European countries is very uneven. In the 17th century, France was in the so-called "Great Century", that is, the century of Louis XIV. It was also the century when the combined autocratic power of the feudal nobles and senior church monks was at its strongest. The bourgeoisie and the common people combined into the "third estate" and were still in a powerless position. Culture and education were completely in the hands of the Catholic Jesuit monks, who only respected the Bible and a few Latin classics. The general public is in a state of considerable ignorance. This is the historical background of the Enlightenment.

In the 18th century, the economic and political situation began to undergo great changes. France and Britain are separated by the sea, and France is a century behind Britain economically and politically. Britain already has maritime hegemony and developed industry and commerce; the bourgeoisie has stepped onto the political stage and begun the industrial revolution; the working class has become increasingly active; the Chartist movement has emerged in politics, laying the foundation for parliamentary democracy. In literature, after Shakespeare, new novels with citizens as protagonists appeared by Richardson, Sterne and others. Voltaire, Montesquieu and Rousseau, the leaders of the French Encyclopedia School, once stayed in England. They formed close friendships with British empiric philosophers such as Locke and Hume. They all admired Britain's three powers and parliamentary democracy. The Encyclopedia, or Dictionary of Science, Arts and Crafts, compiled by the Enlightenment thinker Diderot in France, was inspired by the Encyclopedia edited by Chambers in England, which disseminated knowledge of modern philosophy and science.

During the 20 years of French Encyclopedia activities, they have been constantly counterattacked and persecuted by reactionary forces. Some people were imprisoned and some were forced to live in exile abroad. Encyclopedias were banned or burned. At that time, the prosecutor's accusation in the Supreme Court's prosecution of the Encyclopedists was that "they formed a group to support materialism, destroy religion, advocate independence and freedom, and corrupt customs." But the encyclopedia finally came out in 1772. In 1789, the Bourgeois Revolution broke out in France. Condorcet, one of the leaders of the Encyclopedia faction, participated in the revolution and was elected to the revolutionary government as a member of the court. The two "Declarations of Human Rights" during the revolution declared that human rights are natural (that is, innate) rights of human beings, including The four major items of "equality, liberty, security and property" embody the ideals of the Encyclopedia School. It can be seen that the Enlightenment Movement made necessary ideological preparations for the French Bourgeois Revolution. Engels pointed out in the introduction to "Anti-Dühring" that "modern socialism...in its theoretical form, it initially appeared as a further and seemingly more thorough development of the various principles proposed by the great French Enlightenment scholars of the 18th century. development".

Victor Hugo (l802～1885) was the leader of the French Romanticism movement and one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature. His life spanned almost the entire 19th century, his literary career lasted for 60 years, and his creative power is enduring. His romantic novels are exciting, powerful and have a lasting charm on readers.

Hugo was born in 1802 in Chanson, southern France. His grandfather was a carpenter, and his father was an officer in the French Army. He was awarded the rank of general by Napoleon's brother, King Joseph Bonaparte of Spain, and was a close confidant of the king.

Hugo was gifted and intelligent. He began writing poetry at the age of 9. He returned to Paris to go to school at the age of 10. After graduating from high school, he entered law school, but his interest lay in writing. When he was 15, he wrote "The Joy of Reading" at the Collège de France. Awarded by the French Academy of Sciences, he won first place in the "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition" at the age of 17. He published a collection of poems "Ode" at the age of 20. He was rewarded by Louis XVIII for praising the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty. He later wrote a large number of exotic poems. . Later, he was disappointed with both the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a pacifist. He also wrote many poetic dramas and scripts. He has written a large number of novels with distinctive characteristics and implemented his ideas.

In 1827, Hugo published the script "Cromwell" and its preface. Although the script was not performed, the preface was considered a declaration of French Romanticism and became an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It played a great role in promoting the development of French romantic literature.

In 1830, Victor Hugo's play "Onani" was performed at the Grand Theater of the French Academy, which had a huge impact and established the dominant position of Romanticism in the French literary world.

"Onani" tells the story of Onani, a robber from a noble family in Spain who rebelled against the king in the 16th century. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and nobility and showed a strong anti-feudal tendency.

In July 1830, the "July Revolution" occurred in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, praised those revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn those heroes who died in street fighting.

"The Hunchback of Notre Dame" published in 1831 is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel is twists and turns, tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.

The story takes place in the Middle Ages. On April Fool's Day, wandering Gypsy entertainers performed songs and dances in the square. A Gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by. She was beautiful and danced very gracefully.

At this time, Claude Frollo, the deputy bishop of Notre Dame de Paris, was suddenly fascinated by the beautiful Meralda. The fire of lust burned in his heart and he fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell ringer, the extremely ugly Quasimodo, to snatch Esmeralda away. As a result, Fabi, the French king's archer captain, rescued Esmeralda and captured Quasimodo. He took the bell ringer to the square to be whipped. The kind-hearted Gypsy girl did not care about her past grudges, but instead gave Quasimodo more water to drink.

Although the bell ringer looks ugly, he is pure and noble in his heart. He is very grateful to Esmeralda and falls in love with her. The innocent Esmeralda fell in love with Fabi at first sight. When they were dating, Frollo followed quietly. Out of jealousy, he stabbed Fabi with a knife and ran away. Emeslada was sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo snatched Esmeralda from the gallows and hid it in Notre Dame de Paris. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten the gypsy girl and asked her to satisfy his lust. After being refused, he handed her over to the king. The army, the innocent girl was hanged. Quasimodo angrily pushed Frollo off the church and fell to death. He also died hugging Esmeralda's body.

The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, and also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower class people.

After the "July Revolution", France established the "July Dynasty" ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by the financier Louis Philippe. The July Dynasty continued to win over Hugo. In 1841 Hugo was elected to the French Academy. In 1845, Louis Philippe made him the Minister of the French nobility, and he also became a member of the House of Nobles. Hugo's passion for struggle in his creation weakened. In 1843, he wrote a mystical play "The Garrison", which was booed by the audience during the performance and failed. Hugo remained silent for nearly 10 years without writing.

In June 1848, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July Dynasty and established the French Republic.

At first Hugo did not understand revolution, but when the big bourgeoisie conspired to destroy the Republic of China, Hugo became a staunch communist and pacifist. In December 1851, Louis Bonaparte launched a coup, and Hugo participated in the anti-coup uprising organized by the Communist Party. Louis Bonaparte established the Second French Empire after coming to power. He implemented a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed those who resisted. Hugo was also persecuted and had to go into exile.

During his exile, Hugo persisted in his struggle against Napoleon III. He wrote political satirical pamphlets and political satirical poems, fiercely criticizing the dictatorship of Napoleon III. During this period, he published the novels "Les Misérables", "Sea Laborers" and "The Man Who Laughs".

"Les Misérables" is Hugo's masterpiece. The plot of the novel is roughly like this: Jean Valjean, a poor worker from a peasant background, once saw his sister's children crying from hunger, so he went to steal bread. Unfortunately, he was caught and sentenced to five years in prison. He escaped from prison several times, was caught, and was sentenced to an additional 14 years in prison. As a result, he spent 19 years in prison for a piece of bread. After being released from prison, Jean Valjean was looked down upon by people everywhere. He had no job and no food. He vowed to take revenge on society. At this time, a bishop named Miriam influenced him, and he determined to do good deeds and become a good person.

He changed his name to Madeleine, set up a factory in a city, and became a rich man. He provided employment opportunities for poor people, gave them food, and gave them houses. He was always willing to help others and was elected as mayor by the citizens. At this time, a girl named Mang Ding came to the city. She was originally a rural girl who went to work in the city and was tricked into giving birth to a daughter. She fostered her daughter Cosette in the home of an innkeeper. The boss was a villain and took the opportunity to blackmail her. Mountain was forced to sell her beautiful hair and teeth, and then sold herself as a prostitute. In the end, she was poor and dying of illness. Agen immediately went to take care of her after hearing about it and promised to raise her daughter Cosette after her death. At this time, policeman Javert was hunting down the slave laborer Jean Valjean who had been missing for many years. In the city of Madeleine, he caught a poor worker, thinking he was Jean Valjean, and was going to send him to prison. In order to save this innocent worker , Jean Valjean stepped forward and took the initiative to admit his identity. He fell into the hands of the police again, and on the way to prison he managed to escape.

Jean Valjean immediately found Cosette and took her to hide in a remote monastery. Years later, Cosette has grown into a beautiful girl. She fell in love with Marius, a communist. In 1832, an uprising led by the Communists and the Party broke out in Paris, which was bloody suppressed by the July Monarchy. Marius was seriously injured, and Jean Valjean risked his life to rescue him through the sewer. At this time, Javert sneaked into the rebel team for reconnaissance, and was sentenced to death after being caught. Jean Valjean went to execute the order and shoot Javert, but Jean Valjean let Javert go. Javert was so ashamed in front of Jean Valjean's noble personality that he committed suicide by throwing himself into the river.

Cosette and Marius got married, and the young people were very happy. Jean Valjean lived a lonely life, and finally he died in Cosette's arms.

"Les Misérables" exposed the sharp contradictions and the disparity between rich and poor in capitalist society, described the painful fate of the lower class people, and raised three pressing issues in society at that time: "Poverty makes men miserable, hunger makes men miserable." Women degenerate, darkness weakens children," lashing out at the hypocrisy of bourgeois law. It comprehensively reflects the social and political life of France in the first half of the 19th century. Therefore, the novel is welcomed by people all over the world. In the 20th century, it was adapted into movies many times, which also attracted countless audiences.

The Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870. After France was defeated in Sedan, the Prussian army approached Paris. At this critical moment when the country was in danger, Hugo returned to his motherland after 19 years of exile. He gave speeches everywhere, calling on the French people to fight against the German invaders and defend the motherland. He also used the remuneration from his writings and poetry recitation to buy two cannons, showing his lofty patriotism.

When the Paris Commune revolted, Hugo did not understand the revolution.

But when the Commune failed and the reactionary government frantically suppressed the Communards, Hugo angrily condemned the reactionaries for their brutal behavior. He called for an amnesty for all Communards and announced in the newspaper that his residence in Brussels, the capital of Belgium, would be provided to the exiled Communards as a refuge. Place. For this reason, his home was attacked by reactionary thugs and he nearly died, but he still stood his ground.

In 1885, Hugo died. The French people held a state funeral for this great poet. His body was buried in the Pantheon, which is dedicated to the burial of great men.

The first Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded in 1901, but Hugo died in 1885, so despite his high literary achievements, he still missed the Nobel Prize.

Quotes

The widest thing in the world is the ocean, wider than the ocean is the sky, and wider than the sky is the human mind.

The future will belong to two types of people: people who think and people who work. In fact, these two people are the same person, because thinking is also labor.

Beyond the absolutely correct revolution, there is also an absolutely correct humanitarianism.

Human wisdom holds three keys, one for numbers, one for letters, and one for notes. Knowledge, thoughts, fantasies are there.

What the world lacks is perseverance, not strength.

What the world lacks is perseverance, not strength.

Boldness is the price of progress.

You should believe that you are the strong one in life.

The road to art is full of thorns, which is also a good thing. Most people are afraid of it, except those with strong will.

Whoever wastes their years will lose their youth and life will abandon them.

Laughter is like sunshine, driving away the winter on people’s faces.

It is better to reluctantly agree than to refuse frankly.

It is the human heart that releases infinite light, and it is also the human heart that creates boundless darkness.

Books are tools for building the soul.

People can survive only if they have material things; people can live life only if they have ideals.

Where the feet cannot reach, the eyes can reach; where the eyes cannot reach, the spirit can fly.

One more school means one less prison.

Life is about facing a smile.

Of two human ears, one hears the voice of God and the other hears the voice of the devil.

I would rather rely on my own strength to open up my future than seek the favor of a powerful person.

The first hunger of mankind is ignorance.

Major Events

Born on February 26, 1802 in Besancon, eastern France.

In 1819, he co-founded the "Conservative Literature and Art Biweekly" with the romantic poet Pooh and others. Published first poem in a journal.

In 1822, he compiled the first collection of poems "Odes and Miscellaneous Poems". Married Edna in St. Subis Cathedral.

In 1825, he was awarded the Medal of Honor and participated in the coronation ceremony of Charles X.

In 1827, he published the verse play "Cromwell" and the famous Romantic Manifesto, and became the leader of the Romantic movement.

In 1831, he completed the romantic literary masterpiece and novel "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" (The Hunchback of Notre Dame).

In 1841, he was elected to the French Academy and publicly expressed his support for the constitutional monarchy.

In 1843, the script "Les Burgraves" (Les Burgraves) failed and his daughter Leopoldin died unexpectedly. He stopped new works and turned to the political stage.

In 1845, he was promoted to the nobility and named Count Hugo.

In 1848, the "Chronicle of Major Events" was founded.

Arrested and imprisoned in 1850, Hugo fled Paris under the pseudonym Lanvin.

In 1851, Louis Bonaparte launched a coup and declared an imperial system, and Hugo was forced to go into exile.

In 1853, "Punishment", a collection of poems full of satirical political meaning, was published.

In 1862, the immortal masterpiece "Les Misérables" was published.

In 1868, Edna, Hugo’s wife, passed away.

In 1870, the Third Revolution and the government were established, ending nineteen years of exile and returning to Paris.

In 1871, he was elected as a representative to the National Assembly.

In 1876 Hugo was elected senator.

In 1883, the third volume of "Legends of the Century" was completed.

On May 22, 1885, he died of illness in Paris. On June 1, Hugo's coffin was placed under the Arc de Triomphe for all people to pay their respects, and he was buried in the Paris Cemetery of the Great.

Main works

1827: "Cromwell" (play)

1829: "les Orientales" (poetry)

1830: "Hernani" (play)

1831: "Notre-Dame de Paris" (novel)

1838: Ruy Blas (play)

1853: les Chatiments (poetry)

1856: les Contemplations ) (poetry)

1862: "les Miserables" (novel)

1869: "L'Homme qui Rit" (novel)

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1859-1883: "La Legende des siecles" (poetry)

1874: "Quatre-Vingt-Treize" (novel)

Selected works of writers:/waiguo2005/y/yuguo/index.html