What are the relevant issues in Chinese history?

1. The first pass in the world - Jianmen Pass

It is located 30 kilometers north of Jiange County, Guangyuan City, Sichuan Province. It is located at the break of Dajian Mountain, with sheer cliffs on both sides, reaching straight into the sky. The peaks leaning against the sky are like swords. The cliffs are separated, and the two walls are facing each other. Its shape is like a door, so it is called "Sword Gate". It enjoys the reputation of "Jianmen, the most dangerous place in the world", and is commonly known as "the first pass in the world" and "the gateway to Shu".

The majestic Sword Gate strangles the throat of Shu. Due to its dangerous terrain, it has always been a battleground for military strategists. It is said that during the Warring States Period, King Hui of Qin wanted to annex Shu, but had no way to enter Shu. He lied about giving five golden oxen and five beauties to the King of Shu. The King of Shu believed it to be true and sent five powerful men around him to split the mountains and clear a way to enter Qin to welcome the beauties and transport the golden oxen. Only then was this Shu Road opened, called the "Golden Bull Road", also known as the Jianmen Shu Road.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, led his army to attack Wei. When he passed Dajian Mountain, he saw the majestic peaks and steep mountains, so he ordered his sergeants to dig into the rock, build flying beams, and build plank roads. Zhuge Liang left Qishan on the 6th day of his expedition to Cao Wei in the north. He once stationed grain, garrisoned troops, and trained troops here. He also built a stone gate at the canyon pass between the cliffs of Dajian Mountain, built a closed gate, and sent troops to guard it. At that time, Zhong Hui, the general of the Wei Army in the West, led 100,000 elite troops to advance into Hanzhong and approached Jianmen Pass in an attempt to seize Shu. Jiang Wei, the general of the Shu Army, led 30,000 troops and horses to retreat to Jianmen Pass and resisted Zhong Hui's 100,000 troops outside Jianmen Pass. . It can be said: "One man can guard the gate, but ten thousand men cannot open it."

Jianmenguan is the core scenic spot of the Jianmen Shu Road National Key Scenic Area and the main part of the Jianmenguan National Forest Park. "Jianmen is the most majestic in the world, Jiuzhai is the wonder in the world, Emei is the most beautiful in the world, and Qingcheng is the most tranquil in the world." As one of the four major landscapes in Sichuan Province, Jianmen Pass is second to none. There is a saying in history: "Conquering Jianmen Pass is like conquering Sichuan."

It is an important pass on the ancient Jianmen Shu Road. Total area: 186.2 square kilometers. The planned area is 142 square kilometers. Jianmen Pass is a gap in the middle of Dajian Mountain, which is hundreds of miles away. The seventy-two peaks are shaped like sharp swords, just like a natural barrier. It has the tendency of "one man can guard the gate and ten thousand men cannot open it", and it has an extremely important strategic geographical location.

More than a hundred wars have occurred here, more than a dozen emperors have visited, and countless literati have left nearly 4,000 works. At that time, Jiang Wei, the general of Shu, relied on the natural danger to resist the Wei army's 100,000 troops outside the pass. There are existing sites where Zhuge Liang built the pass, ancient temples, precious inscriptions, and the famous Four Scenes of Jianmen (drizzle at Jianmen, pine waves at Liangshan, sunset cliffs, snow-stained green clouds) and Four Wonders of Jianmen (stone statues of Jiang Wei, thousand-year-old stone statues, etc.) Bauhinia, evergreen pines and cypresses, Jianshan stalagmites).

2. Wusheng Pass, the Pass in Guanzhong

Wusheng Pass is located at the junction of Henan and Hubei provinces in the Jigong Mountain Scenic Area. Henan Jigong Mountain is located in one of the nine famous places in China. Wusheng Pass, one of the passes, is located 35 kilometers south of Jigong District, Xinyang City, Henan Province, at the junction of Henan and Hubei provinces. During the Spring and Autumn Period, it was called Zhiyuan and Lishan. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, it was changed to Wuyang Pass. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was renamed Wusheng Pass.

It was called Lishan Pass in the Tang Dynasty and later renamed Wuyang Pass. In the early Qing Dynasty, it was called Wusheng Pass. It locks Ezhou in the south and screens the Central Plains in the north, controlling the traffic chokepoints between the north and the south. Wushengguan was called the Great Tunnel Pass in ancient times (some say it is the Zhiyuan Pass). It is a treasure land that is known as "the blue sky separates Yuchu from Chu and the neck stretches across the three rivers". For thousands of years, it has been a battleground for military strategists. Together with Jiuli Pass in the east and Pingjing Pass in the west, they are collectively known as the Three Passes of Yiyang (now Xinyang). It has the reputation of "the pass within the pass".

Wushengguan is located in a dangerous location with criss-crossing mountains and peaks nearby. The city of Guan is blocked by mountains, and the mountains are cut into passes. In ancient times, it was described as "cars cannot square the track, and horses cannot ride side by side." Its dangerous. It has always been a place of confrontation between the north and the south, and it is the only way for any master to follow. In the 14th year of King Jing of Zhou Dynasty (506 BC), during the Battle of Baiju between the Wu and Chu armies, the Wu army attacked Chu in a roundabout way, passed through a large tunnel, went deep into the hinterland of Chu, and confronted the Chu army across the Han River, and then discovered that the Chu army's partial divisions were blocking the tunnel and cutting it off. Afterwards, the Chu army was finally defeated by the plan of retreat.

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, in the first year of Yongping in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 508), Hou Deng, the guard general of the Three Passes of the Northern Wei Dynasty, rebelled and returned to the Liang Dynasty, blocking the way for the Northern Wei army to go south to attack Liang Dynasty. The following year, the Northern Wei Dynasty sent Zhongshan Wang Ying to attack Liang Dynasty. He led the main force to fight for Wuyang Pass. After several days of fierce fighting, he defeated the Liang army guarding the pass. In order to gain control of the pass, Liang and Wei had a stalemate at the three passes and fought repeatedly for decades.

In the first year of Kaiqing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1259), Kublai Khan led his army across the Huaihe River and attacked Dasheng Pass. The Song army held the pass and could not conquer it. Later, because the garrison abandoned the pass and fled south, they could not cross the pass. They went south to capture Wuchang (today's Ezhou, Hubei Province), forcing the Southern Song Dynasty to seek peace and form the "Ezhou Alliance". Today the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway passes through here.

This pass separates Jigong Mountain and Tongbai Mountain and has become one of the dividing marks between Hubei and Henan provinces. Close to the archway in Henan is Wushengguan Village in Xinyang, while the Hubei side belongs to Wushengguan Town in Guangshui City. Wushengguan Town in Guangshui City has scenic spots such as the Wushengguan ruins, the military garrison that guards Wushengguan, the Black Dragon Pool Waterfalls closest to Wuhan, and cultural attractions such as the famous "Filial Son Monument".

The war that took place in Wusheng Pass can be traced back to the battle between the Yellow Emperor and Chi You. There are more than 60 recorded wars, large and small, after the Spring and Autumn Period. The famous military strategist Sun Wu once led his army to attack Wusheng Pass in 506 BC, and then occupied Yingdu. "Chu lost three passes, and then the country."

Yue Fei also used this place as a base to regain the Central Plains, and sent general Niu Gao to garrison the Wushengguan area. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and later the Lai Wenguang Division of the Nian Army also fought to the death with the Qing army in the Wushengguan area and were ultimately defeated. In order to show his achievements, the Qing emperor changed the name of Wuyang Pass to Wusheng Pass.

3. The only port today - Youyi Pass

Youyi Pass is located at the southwest end of Pingxiang City, Guangxi. The terminal of National Highway 322 passes through the Youyi Pass Arch Gate and connects with the Vietnam Highway , is an important land passage to Vietnam and a national first-class port, 18 kilometers away from Pingxiang city. On the left side of the gate tower is the Zuobi Mountain City Wall, and on the right side is the Youfu Mountain City Wall, which is as majestic as a giant python connecting the foothills of two mountains. A pass was established here as early as the Han Dynasty, with a history of more than 2,000 years. It was originally called Yongji Pass, and later renamed Jieshou Pass and Dananguan. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhennanguan was established.

In January 1953, with the approval of the then Government Affairs Council, it was renamed Munanguan. In January 1965, with the approval of the State Council, it was renamed Friendship Pass.

It was destroyed twice in the artillery fire of imperialist aggression. In 1957, it was basically rebuilt according to its original appearance. The entire Guanlou consists of two parts: the base and the cloister-style pavilion, with a total height of 22 meters. The base construction area is 365.7 square meters, the length is 23 meters, the bottom width is 15.9 meters, and the average height is 10 meters. The highway passes through the tunnel-shaped single-arch city gate. The three strong and powerful characters "Friendship Pass" carved in white marble above the arch were the name of the pass inscribed by Marshal Chen Yi, then Vice Premier of the State Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs.

There was originally only a one-story wooden structure corridor on the base of the Guanlou. During the reconstruction, it was replaced with a steel-concrete structure and two floors of corridors were added. Each corridor is an average of 80 square meters. The cloister is surrounded by large arched windows, the window lattice decorated with various patterns, and the outer wall is dark green stone veneer, which looks solemn and simple.

The first floor of the cloister displays the history of Zhennanguan Victory, Zhennanguan Uprising and the planting of the red flag at Zhennanguan in the form of pictures. The second floor is the meeting room for senior leaders of China and Vietnam. In the 1950s and 1960s, Premier Zhou Enlai had cordial meetings with President Ho Chi Minh, the leader of the Vietnamese people, here twice. The third floor is the exhibition hall of China's nine famous customs.

4. The most powerful pass in the world - Jiayuguan

Jiayu Pass is located at the western end of the Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province, 5 kilometers west of Jiayuguan City. It is the first pass at the western end of the Ming Great Wall and also the ancient The transportation hub of the "Silk Road". It is the starting point of the western end of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty. It is the most spectacular and well-preserved ancient military castle along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty. It is an important military fortress along the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty and all subsequent dynasties. It is known as "the first pass in Hexi". In 1965, the city was established in the name of Guan.

Jiayuguan is located in the middle of the narrowest valley in Jiayuguan, on the highest Jiayu Mountain. The walls on both sides of the city pass cross the desert Gobi, 8 kilometers to the north and connected to the Black Mountain Suspended Wall, and 7 kilometers to the south to connect with the world's second largest city. Yidian is the western end of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty and has been the first pass in Hexi since ancient times. Jiayuguan Pass is famous for its dangerous terrain and majestic majesty. It is known as the "No. 1 Pass in the World" and is famous all over the world. It echoes the "No. 1 Pass in the World" - Shanhaiguan thousands of miles away.

The east and west city walls of Jiayuguan open to each other, with Guanghua Gate to the east and Rouyuan Gate to the west. All built urn cities.

There are also 14 archery towers, watchtowers, turrets, attics, and gate towers built on the inner wall of Jiayuguan Pass. It is the most complete one among the many passes in the Great Wall. There is also the Great Wall Museum here, China's first comprehensive and systematic thematic museum that displays the culture of the Great Wall.

Jiayuguan has a history of 631 years. It was built nine years earlier than Shanhaiguan. In the early Ming Dynasty, Duke Guogong of the Song Dynasty and General Feng Sheng, who conquered the captives, chose a site in the middle of the Hexi Corridor on the way to the victory of the army. It is connected to Jiuquan in the east, Yumen in the west, Black Mountain in the back, and the western foothills of the Jiayuan Plateau, the chokepoint of Qilian, in the south. Build a pass. Guancheng was built in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372 AD), lasted 168 years, and was completed in 1540 AD.

As recorded in the historical material "Chronicles of the Border of Qin": "When there is water at the beginning, then the gates are built; when there are connections, buildings are built; when there are buildings, the Great Wall is built; when the Great Wall is built, it can be defended." Jiayuguan Pass has a reasonable layout and proper architecture. Guancheng has three layers of walls and multiple lines of defense. There is a city inside the city and a trench outside the city, forming a strong defensive situation. It consists of: inner city, barbican city, Luocheng city, city moat, and three three-story, three-eaves, hilltop-style high platform pavilion buildings, city moat, and Great Wall peak platform.

The inner city is the main body and center of Guancheng, with a circumference of 640 meters, an area of ​​25,000 square meters, and a city height of 10.7 meters. It is made of rammed loess and has a 99,999 brick wall on the west side. Outside the east and west gates of the inner city, there are urn gates for protection. The urn gates all open to the south. To the west of the west urn city, there is a Luo city. There is a gate in the middle of the Luo city wall to the west. The lintel of the gate is inscribed with the words "Jiayu Pass". The existing buildings in Guancheng mainly include the Guerrilla General's Mansion, Guanjing, Guandi Temple, Stage and Wenchang Pavilion.

The Jiayuguan Pass is surrounded by mountains and rivers, guarding a canyon area about 15 kilometers wide from north to south. The Tuolai River Valley in the south of the canyon also constitutes a natural barrier for the pass defense. The beacons and piers and abutments are crisscrossed near Jiayuguan, and there are 66 piers and abutments in the east, west, south, north and northeast of Guancheng. Jiayuguan Pass has a natural terrain and is capable of both offense and defense. It forms a strict military defense system with the nearby Great Wall, city towers, moats, beacons and other facilities. It is also known as "the most powerful pass in the world".

5. The first of the Nine Fortresses - Yanmen Pass

Located in Yanmen Mountain about 20 kilometers north of Dai County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, China, it is an important pass on the Great Wall and is closely related to Ningwuguan and Pianguan are collectively called the "Three Outer Passes". Yanmen Pass is located about 40 miles northwest of the city, also known as "Xixing Pass".

“There are nine fortresses in the world, and Yanmen is the first.” On the east and west wings, there are undulating mountains. The Ridge Great Wall winds its way from Pingxing Pass, Zijing Pass, and Daoma Pass to the east, to Youyan, and connects to the vast sea; to the west, it goes to Xuangangkou, Ningwuguan, Piantou Pass, and to the Yellow River.

There are two gates in the east and west, both of which are built with huge bricks. They are majestic and majestic as geese pierce the clouds. Two plaques of "natural danger" and "geographical advantage" are carved on the foreheads of the gates. There were once built towers on the east and west gates, towering in the sky, with statues of Yang family generals inside. Li He, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote about the heroic momentum of Xiongguan in "The Journey of the Grand Administrator of Yanmen": "Dark clouds are pressing down on the city, threatening to destroy it, and the light of armor opens towards the golden scales of the sun. The sound of horns fills the autumn sky, and the rouge condenses into purple at night. . The half-rolled red flag came to Yishui, and the sound of the heavy frost and cold could not be heard. I reported to you on the golden stage, and supported the jade dragon to die for you."

The towering Hengshan Mountain stretches along the northern border of Dai County. The Inner Great Wall winding on the top of the mountain is like a jade belt connecting beads, connecting Yanmen Mountain, Mantou Mountain and Caoduo Mountain into one. It borders the Yanbei Plateau to the north and the Xinding Basin to the south. The famous Yanmen Ancient Fortress is built on the steep Yanmen Ridge. Yanmen Mountain was called Gouzhu Mountain in ancient times. The peaks here are tall and straight, and the terrain is dangerous.

Since the Yanmen Pass was built, it has become more and more like "one man can guard the pass, and ten thousand people cannot open it". It "strengthens the vassal guards of Tong on the outside, and solidifies the key of Taiyuan on the inside. It can reach the three passes at the root, and the entire Jin Dynasty can be controlled at the throat." ". It is said that when spring comes every year, geese from the south fly north, carrying reed leaves in their mouths, and fly to Yanmen and hover for a long time, until the leaves fall before they can pass. Therefore, there is a saying that "in Yanmen Mountain, geese fly out of it" ("Shan Hai Jing").

Xiongguan Yanmen ranks first among the "nine fortresses in the world" ("Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals"). Starting from King Wuling of Zhao during the Warring States Period, this place has been regarded as a strategic location in all dynasties. Zhao established Yanmen County, and thereafter Yanmen was often used as a garrison for counties, roads and counties. The name Yanmen Pass dates back to the early Tang Dynasty.

Due to the rise of the Turks in the north and frequent internal invasions, the Tang army was stationed in Yanmen Mountain, and the city was guarded by iron-clad gates at the commanding heights.

"Book of Tang?" "Geographical Records" describes this place as "steep mountains on the east and west, with a road in the middle, winding and rugged, and a pass at the top. It is called Lixijing Pass, also known as Yanmen Pass." After that, it passed through the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan for about 400 years. load. In the Yuan Dynasty, thousands of households were set up and Guancheng was destroyed. In the Ming Dynasty, Lu Xiang, the Marquis of Ji'an, supervised the construction of a new main road ten miles northeast of the old pass in the seventh year of Hongwu (1374). The terrain was more dangerous.

Gaiguan City has a circumference of two miles, a wall of two feet high, a stone base with a brick body, battlements as teeth, and three openings. A tower was built on the east gate, called the Wild Goose Tower, and a stone plaque was inlaid on the front of the door, with the word "Tianxian" written across it. There is a Yang Liulang Temple built on the west gate, with a stone plaque inlaid on the front of the door and the word "geographical advantage" written horizontally. The small north gate does not have a top floor, but its masonry structure is particularly strong. The stone plaque on the front of the door is engraved with the words "Yanmen Pass".

The inlaid bricks on both sides of the cave door are engraved with a couplet in regular script: "Three passes rush to the unparalleled ground, and Marusaki respects the first pass." The entire Guancheng building is majestic and majestic. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Guancheng was rebuilt many times. However, with the gradual formation of our multi-ethnic unified national territory, the role of the Inner Great Wall as the "inner border" has been lost, and the Yanmen Pass to which it belongs has also been abandoned.

6. The "throat" of the ancient capital - Zijingguan

Zijinguan is located on Zijingling in Yixian County, Hebei Province. It is one of the important passes of the inner Great Wall. Because it is located between Juyongguan and Dao Between Maguan, they were collectively called the "Three Inner Passes" in the Ming Dynasty. They were the key points from the Hebei Plain to the Taihang Mountains.

Zijinguan Pass is known as "the first grand pass in southern Jilin". It is about 340 miles away from Beijing and is located in the middle of Zijingling Mountains in the northwest of Yi County, Hebei Province, Gyeonggi Province. It was named in ancient times because the mountains were covered with redbud trees. Zijingguan is surrounded by mountains and rivers, with Wanren Mountain to the east, Rhinoceros Mountain to the west, Huangtu Ridge to the south, and Juma River to the north. It is the seventh of the "Eight Taihang Mountains" that locks the Taihang Mountains - Puyin Mountain. Go to Yixian County, the choke point directly to Beijing. It is still the transportation hub from North China to Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. The Beijing-Yuan Railway and the 108 National Highway all intersect here.

Most of the remaining buildings in Zijingguan are Ming Dynasty buildings. The north and south gates of "Heshan Daili" and "Zisa Golden City" and most of the city walls have been repaired in recent years. The city wall of Guancheng was built along the mountain and was originally nearly 4 miles long. The gate tower of the north gate of Zijingguan has long since disappeared. Above the existing doorway, there are two stone inscriptions inlaid with upper and lower plaques. The upper line is "Heshan Daili" and the lower line is "Zijingguan". The inscription is "Wanli Dinghai Liaocheng Fu Guangzao". "Book", the font is thick and simple.

On the side facing the Juma River, the base of the city wall is nearly a mile long and is built with huge boulders as the base. It is made of large granite stones about 50 cm wide, 30 cm thick and one meter long. It still looks majestic to this day. I think this is the famous stone city wall built by Ming Dynasty general Hua Yunlong as recorded in history books. It is said that among the passes of the Great Wall, a pass built with large stones like this is extremely rare, which shows that the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to Zijingguan Pass.

According to historical records, in the past two thousand years, there have been hundreds of wars at Zijin Pass involving the safety of the mainland and the ancient capital. In 1209 (the second year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty), Genghis Khan led the Mongolian army to attack Yanjing (Beijing), the capital of Jin, but was blocked by Juyong Pass and was not allowed to enter. In 1213, after Genghis Khan failed to attack Juyong Pass, he divided his troops at Zijin Pass, detoured to the southwest flank of Gyeonggi and captured Zijin Pass, and then attacked Juyong Pass from both inside and outside, and then captured Juyong Pass and invaded Yanjing.

In the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Great Wall used Badaling as the separation point between the inner and outer Great Walls. The Outer Great Wall goes up from the northwest of Badaling to Xuanhua and Datong; the Inner Great Wall goes down from Badaling to the southwest, forming an arch defense system focusing on the "three inner passes" of Juyong Pass, Zijin Pass and Daoma Pass. At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang sent general Hua Yunlong to build the new city of Zijingguan with granite boulders.

In 1449 (the fourteenth year of Ming Zhengtong), the leader of the Tatar Wara tribe also led hundreds of thousands of people to kidnap Ming Yingzong, who was captured during the "Tumu Incident", and pretended to pass the emperor's edict to open the Bauhinia Pass. , attacked outside Xizhimen and Deshengmen in Beijing, shocking the government and the public. Most of the courtiers suggested abandoning the city and fleeing south. Fortunately, Yu Qian, Minister of the Ministry of War, defied all opinions and led the Beijing defenders to resist. The attack failed first and the Great Wall was withdrawn from Zijingguan. The Ming Dynasty and Beijing were saved.

This is the famous defense battle of Beijing in the Ming Dynasty.

In 1927, the National Revolutionary Army and the warlord Wu Peifu's Red Army fought fiercely at Zijingguan. During the Anti-Japanese War, the 115th Division of the Eighth Route Army recaptured Zijingguan in the Battle of Xinkou. In November 1939, during the counter-mopping up in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border area, the Japanese troops who invaded Laiyuan were formed into an independent 2nd brigade and lured to Huangtuling near Zijingguan. They annihilated nearly a thousand enemies and killed Lieutenant General Norihide Abe, the head of the brigade. .

In 1941, 130,000 Japanese invaders launched a large-scale raid on the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei base area. A small group of Eighth Route Army troops used to contain the enemy and cover the masses led the Japanese army to Langya Mountain south of Zijing Pass, and five warriors jumped off a cliff.

Zijingguan is one of the key points into the Taihang Mountains. It was listed as one of the Nine Fortresses of China in the "Lu Spring and Autumn Annals" during the Warring States Period. It was called Shanggu Pass in the Qin and Han Dynasties, Wuruan Pass in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Baibi Pass in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Jinpi Pass in the Song Dynasty, and was renamed to its current name in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. In hundreds of years BC, Zijingguan has become a strategic route for the migration and conquest of various Chinese ethnic groups, passing through the Xuanhua and Datong areas, crossing the Taihang Mountains, and reaching the North China Plain and southwest of Beijing.

Zijinguan was only a small city built of earth and stone during the Qin and Han Dynasties. It was built in all dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang approved the suggestion of the famous general Hua Yunlong and renovated the old city. At the same time, a new city at Zijingguan was built.

Zijing Pass occupies an irreplaceable strategic position in Juyong Pass in safeguarding the security of the ancient capital. Yu Qian of the Ming Dynasty once said: "The dangers vary... Juyong and Zijing both serve as aids for the throat. Commentators have tried Juyong first and then Zijing. I don't know that three out of ten people who have caught a glimpse of Juyong will get in, and those who have caught a glimpse of Zijing can get in." Seven out of ten."

Gu Yanwu, a famous thinker and historian in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, put it more vividly in "The Book of Benefits and Diseases of the Counties and Countries of the World": "Being mediocre is my back. If you are in a hurry, you will grab my throat and stick to my back."

Zijingguan is known as a dangerous fortress that protects the ancient capital. Why do many historical materials show that in ancient times, attacks were carried out from north to south. Will our army repeatedly succeed here and threaten Beijing? After checking the historical data and observing on the spot, it is not difficult to find that Zijingguan is not easy to defend because it is not stuck on the narrow military capital path among the high mountains like Juyongguan, but is located in a small basin.

Although the Juma River is wide, it is not deep. The frontal defense line of Guancheng along the river is nearly one mile. The hills on both sides are only two to three hundred meters high from the ground. They are not steep and are easy to climb. If the enemy invades from the north, a frontal attack is similar to attacking a city on flat ground. It can also launch an attack on the hillsides on both sides, making the defenders' limited forces quite passive.

Taking advantage of strengths and avoiding weaknesses, the ancient city builders were probably well aware of this unfavorable situation, and deliberately built the Zijingguan Pass into a pattern of a large city within a small city, and an outer city within an inner city. In a waiting city, after the enemy attacks the first level gate, the defenders can retreat to the second level gate and continue to resist. If the second level gate fails, they can retreat to the third level gate to delay the enemy's attack, defend Nantianmen to the death, and wait for reinforcements. This forms a major feature of Zijingguan that is different from other Guancheng.

What is fascinating is that in history, Zijingguan once had 9 city gates, 4 water gates, and 19 enemy towers. The inner and outer cities are connected, and the city gates are surrounded by each other. If a small group of enemy soldiers do not understand the structure and layout of Zijingguan City, even if they attack the city, it will be like entering a trance formation, and they will only be annihilated by the defenders in the end. We sigh and are fascinated: if the Bauhinia Pass can be completely restored, it will be called a wonder of ancient architecture in the world.

7. The only Detachment of Women garrisoned - Niangzi Pass

Niangzi Pass is located at the west entrance of Jingxing County, Hebei Province, on the west side of the Taihang Mountains, and at the foothills of Mianshan in the northeast of Pingding County, Shanxi Province. It is the gateway to and from Shanxi. The throat of the province. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, Princess Pingyang, the third daughter of the great ancestor Li Yuan, once led troops to guard this place, so it was named "Niangzi Pass". Its original name was "Weize Pass".

Niangzi Pass is a famous pass of the Great Wall. It is known as the ninth pass of the Great Wall and has been a battleground for military strategists of all ages. The existing Guancheng was built in the 20th year of Jiajing reign of Ming Dynasty (1542). The ancient castle is located high up on the mountains and rivers, and has two gates. The east gate is an ordinary brick city gate with the inscription "Zhili Niangzi Pass" on the forehead. There is a platform city guard on it, which seems to be used for reviewing soldiers and observing the enemy's situation. The dangerous building at the south gate is tall, majestic, thick and solid, and built with bluestone. The "Sujiang Tower" stands majestically on the city gate. According to legend, it was the place where Princess Pingyang gathered her generals to defend against the enemy.

The four characters "Gyeonggi Fanping" written on the forehead of the doorway show the importance of Niangziguan.

On the southeast side of Guancheng, the Great Wall winds along the Mian Mountain, towering and straight. To the west of the city is the Tao River, which is surrounded by water all year round. Dangerous mountains, river valleys, and the Great Wall build a natural barrier between Shanxi and Hebei. There are also more than ten scenic spots such as Chengtian Village, Laojun Cave, Jealous Girls, Beacon Tower, Pointing Tower, Washbasin, Summer House, etc. It is said that they were built by Princess Pingyang when she was stationed.

Niangziguan Village is built on the mountains and along the water. Most of the houses are made of stone, and each house is more than a hundred years old. A stream of water flows through the house along the base of the wall. Walking into a random house, there is water all over the world, and the women in the village do laundry and vegetables in front of their homes. There are even villagers who amuse themselves by building small bridges in their courtyards and letting the stream flow along the courtyards.

There are grape trellises above your head, stone tables and benches beside the bridge, accompanied by the sound of flowing water at night, you can enjoy the flowers and the moon. Water gives the village aura, creating a beautiful scene in which "people walk on the water and the water flows under the houses." There are 24 giant ancient stone mills left on the steep mountain wall in the village, and the rumbling sound of the large stone mills can be heard from a distance.

Even today, when electricity is widely available, the big stone mill keeps turning day and night. People from all over the surrounding villages came to the village with their animals to grind rice and flour. Every household in the village has a homemade water-driven stone mill, so grain can be processed without leaving the house, eliminating the hard work of pushing and grinding. In order to make it easier to find, the doors of each house are engraved with "No. 1 Mill, No. 2 Mill..." If you look for the person according to the mill number, you will definitely be able to find the right person.

What passes through the village is an ancient road from the Ming and Qing Dynasties that was formerly known as "Yanya Avenue" and "Xinglong Street". The year when the road was built cannot be verified, but the place still maintains the ancient charm. Its long history can still be read from the residential buildings and the uneven potholes on the bluestone road. The shrewd people of Niangziguan Village rely on 24 large mills to process grain and open shops along the way to welcome customers from all directions.

Although the houses in Niangziguan Village are all built of stone, the financial resources of each family can still be distinguished from the width, size, height, and sequence. Most of the villagers living here today are descendants of merchants, and there are also descendants of the officers and soldiers who guarded the border. Therefore, there are several great characters such as "Hu, Yang, and Ma" left behind. One of the ancestral residences of the Hu family is far superior to the adjacent residential houses.

Not only does it have a large gatehouse, but also various auspicious patterns are carved on the stone walls. The pair of stone lions in front of the door are very impressive. This house is not as spacious as the houses built by wealthy families in Shanxi, but it is fully equipped with screen walls, ear rooms, wing rooms, etc., especially the brick carvings are exquisite and delicate. The lintels of people buying and selling houses naturally have words such as "attracting wealth" and "prosperous wealth" written on them. Although it is different, it also reveals a simplicity. Perhaps this is the characteristic of Jinzhong businessmen.

8. Juyong Pass - Juyong Pass

Juyong Pass is a famous ancient pass along the Great Wall in northern Beijing and a national cultural relic protection unit. The canyon where Guancheng is located belongs to the mountainous area of ​​the Taihang Military Region, and the terrain is extremely dangerous. Together with Zijingguan, Daomaguan and Guguan, they were called the four famous passes in the west of Beijing in the Ming Dynasty. Together with Zijingguan and Daomaguan, they were also called the three inner passes.

It is located in Changping District, more than 50 kilometers away from downtown Beijing. Juyongguan got its name from the Qin Dynasty. According to legend, when Qin Shihuang was building the Great Wall, he moved prisoners, soldiers and forcibly recruited civilians to live here, which means "migrating ordinary people". It was called Juyong Pass in the Han Dynasty, Xiguan Pass in the Three Kingdoms period, Naqian Pass in the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Juyong Pass, Jimen Pass, Jundu Pass and other names in the Tang Dynasty.

Juyongguan Pass has a dangerous situation and has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. It has two passes in the north and south. The south is called "Nankou" and the north is called "Juyong Pass". The existing Guancheng was built under the supervision of General Xu Da sent by Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang. It is the gateway to the northwest of Beijing. There are majestic mountains on both sides of Juyongguan, and there is an 18-kilometer-long valley in the middle, commonly known as "Guangou". Here there are lingering clear streams, overlapping green peaks, lush flowers and trees, and the singing of mountain birds. The beautiful scenery is known as "Juyong Greenery" and is listed as one of the "Eight Scenic Spots of Yanjing".

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Yan State wanted to control this mouth. During the Han Dynasty, Juyongguan City was already quite large. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Guancheng buildings were connected with the Great Wall. After that, during the Tang, Liao, Jin, Yuan and several dynasties, the Juyong Gorge was built with gates.

Historically, it was also known as the Yinxang Fortress and Jundu Pass. The worm, also known as the bumble bee, builds an earthen chamber with a closed door to wait for the watch, just like the worm uses earth to make a house, hence the name.

When Genghis Khan destroyed gold, he entered this level.

The existing Guancheng was built in the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368) under the planning and creation of General Xu Da and deputy general Chang Yuchun. It was renovated repeatedly in the early years of Jingtai in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1450-1454) and thereafter. . The city wall reaches Cuiping Ridge in the east and the top of Jingui Mountain in the west, with a circumference of more than 4,000 meters. The north and south moon cities, city towers, watchtowers and other supporting facilities are complete. There are also government offices, temples, Confucianism and other related building facilities inside and outside Guancheng.

After the late Qing Dynasty, the buildings in Juyongguan City were gradually abandoned, but the majestic Guan City and numerous historical relics opened a window for people to understand ancient Chinese military culture.

9. The First Pass in the World - Shanhaiguan

Shanhai Pass, also known as "Yuguan", is known as the "No. 1 Pass in the World". It echoes the Jiayuguan Pass, the "most majestic pass in the world" thousands of miles away, which is famous all over the world. It is a towering pass and is known as the "Pinghan of the capital and the throat of Liaozuo"... Guan Gong's 1,700-year-old Qinglong Yanyue Sword, with its blade facing east, is now in storage On the Shanhaiguan Gate Tower, it has become the treasure of the town.

Shanhaiguan was called Yuguan in ancient times, also known as Linlu Pass. In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1381 AD), King Xu Da of Zhongshan was ordered to build Yongping, Jieling and other passes, and Shanhaiguan was established here because of its north It relies on Yanshan Mountain and connects to the Bohai Sea in the south, so it is named Shanhaiguan. Shanhaiguan is the northeastern starting point of the Ming Great Wall. It covers 26 kilometers of the Great Wall and is located more than 10 kilometers east of Qinhuangdao City. According to historical records, Shanhaiguan has a history of more than 600 years since it was built in 1381 AD. It has been an important military town in my country since ancient times.

The city of Shanhaiguan is a small city with a circumference of about 4 kilometers. The entire city is connected to the Great Wall and uses the city as a gateway. The city is 14 meters high and 7 meters thick. Today, although this pass has become a historical relic, it inspires people's strong will and patriotic sentiments with its majestic and solemn appearance and evocative history. The poet Chen Zhisui visited Shanhaiguan and expressed the following emotion in his poem "Shanhaiguan": "We no longer control the mountains and seas, but still have a majestic city. I have touched the cold battlements several times and imagined the soldiers of the past."

The city of Shanhaiguan , with a circumference of about 4 kilometers, is a small city. The entire city is connected to the Great Wall and uses the city as a gateway. The city is 14 meters high and 7 meters thick. The city has four main gates and a variety of ancient defensive buildings. It is a city gate with a relatively complete defense system and is known as "the first gate in the world". The main body is the mighty and majestic "The First Pass in the World" Arrow Tower, supplemented by the Jingbian Tower. Linlu Tower. Great Wall buildings such as Muying Tower, Weiyuan Hall, Wengcheng, Dongluo City, and the Great Wall Museum show visitors the ancient Chinese city defense architectural style.

Shanhaiguan is an ancient cultural city. The city wall buildings of the Ming Dynasty are basically intact. Most of the main streets and alleys have been preserved as they were. In particular, there are still a number of courtyard houses that have been preserved, making the ancient city more elegant and simple. What adds most to the beauty of the ancient city is the east gate of Guancheng, the largest Guancheng tower in the world, which stands on top of the Great Wall and commands a majestic view of the surrounding areas.

Climbing to the second floor of the city tower, you can overlook the entire Shanhaiguan City and the wilderness outside the pass. Looking to the north, you can see the majesty of the Jiaoshan Great Wall in the distance; the sea to the south is also dimly visible. The first gate tower in the world is located in the north and south, and there are also buildings such as Jingbian Tower, Muying Tower and Linlu Tower. Walking on the Great Wall will make you feel the greatness of our ancestors and the extraordinary wisdom of the descendants of Yan and Huang.

The plaque "The First Pass in the World" is more than 5 meters long and 1.5 meters high. It was written by Xiao Xian, a famous calligrapher in the Ming Dynasty. The characters are in regular script and the writing is vigorous and vigorous. It is integrated with the style of the tower. It is called a masterpiece of ancient and modern times. According to legend, the last word "一" was not written together, but the calligrapher threw the pen dipped in ink into the air and clicked it.

10. Tongguan

Tongguan is located in the north of Tongguan County, Weinan City, Shaanxi Province, bordering the Yellow River to the north and the mountainside to the south. It has a long history and is famous far and wide. It is the throat of North China, the Central Plains, and the northwest. "Shui Jing Zhu" records: "The river flows south of the pass to the Tongguan Mountains, so it is called Tongguan." The waves in Tongguan are fierce, so the name Tongguan Pass is also called Chongguan Pass. Gutong Pass ranks second among the top ten famous passes in China. It is the east gate of Guanzhong. It is the only way to go from Chang'an in the west to Luoyang in the east. It has always been a battleground for military strategists. The reputation of "the first danger in Ji Nei, the key of Sanqin town, the throat of four towns, and the hundred and second pass" describes Tongguan.

Tongguan is one of the most famous passes in ancient my country.

"Shanhaiguan Chronicle" records: "Tongguan and Shanhaiguan are the most dangerous places in Ji Nei." The pass is located in the eastern part of the Guanzhong Plain and occupies a strategic location in the three provinces of Qin, Shanxi and Henan. The situation at Tongguan is very dangerous, with the Qinling Mountains to the south. There is the Forbidden Valley in the southeast, and there are 12 Liancheng in the south of the valley; in the north there are Wei and Luo Rivers that meet the Yellow River and hug the pass down, and in the west it is close to Huayue. The surrounding mountains are surrounded by mountains and peaks, with deep valleys and cliffs. The mountains are high and the road is narrow. There is a narrow catwalk in the middle, which can only accommodate one car and one horse.

In the past, people often compared the dangerous situation here with "the thin road is dangerous and the apes compete" and "the human road stops at Tongguan Pass". Later, Du Fu also wrote a poem: "The father-in-law looks at the important place, the narrow space is narrow enough for a bicycle, the hardships are hard, and one husband will last forever". The Eight Scenic Spots of Tongguan are the eight scenic spots that can be enjoyed in Tongguan. The eight scenic spots are Xiongguan Huju, Jingou Longqiu, Qinling Cloud Screen, Zhongtiao Snow Case, Fengling Xiaodu, Yellow River rising in spring, Qiao Tower evening light, and Taoist Temple Bell.

The above are the more famous ones that are expected to be adopted