Knowledge points in the first volume of ninth grade history
History of Grade 9 Volume 1 1
Lesson one: the formation of human beings
1, the appearance of human beings: apes-people in formation-fully formed people-people (apes-people).
Modern man may have evolved from an Australopithecus in Africa, which belongs to a "man in the making".
Humans were formed about three or four million years ago.
2. The evolution of human beings: fully formed people are divided into four stages.
Early ape-man, an "able man" in Oduwe Gorge Valley, Tanzania; Late apes-Indonesian Javanese, China Yuanmou and Beijingers.
Early Homo sapiens-Neanderthals in Germany and Dingcun people in China; Late Homo sapiens-French Kroma farmers and China Neanderthals.
3. Race and distribution: Caucasian-Europe, North America, Australia; Yellow race-Asia;
Black-Africa, South America
4. Clan society: at first it was matriarchal clan society, and with the development of production it entered paternal clan society.
Matriarchal clan society: group marriage, children "only know their mother, not their father", public property, to collect fishermen for a living. Housework is the main task, and women play a leading role in society.
Patriarchal society: marriage is relatively fixed, children "know their father as well as Anemarrhena", men dominate farming and animal husbandry, commodity exchange and private ownership appear, and tribes and leaders are all men.
5. The reason why primitive people lived in groups: low productivity, primitive production tools and lack of materials, and only relying on the collective can survive.
6. Comparison: The reasons and consequences of patriarchal clan society replacing matriarchal clan society.
Similarities: (1) are all related by blood; (2) all the property and distribution of public ownership.
Difference: (1) Women in matriarchal society play a leading role in society; Patriarchal society is dominated by men. (2) Children in matrilineal clan society "only know their mother, but not their father"; Children in patriarchal society "know their father as well as Anemarrhena". (3) In the later period of patriarchal society, productivity was further improved, private ownership and slavery appeared, and primitive society disintegrated.
The first volume of ninth grade history II
Lesson 2: The Great River Basin-the Cradle of Human Civilization
1, four ancient civilizations
Ancient Egypt (about 3,500 years ago)-Nile Valley-Pyramids, Sphinx-symbols of power and dignity.
Babylonia, Cuba (about 3,500 years ago)-Two Rivers Valley ("Land of Crescent Moon")-code of hammurabi and Hanging Gardens.
Ancient India (about 2,500 years ago)-Indus River, Ganges River-caste system (Brahman, Kashmir, Vedas, sudra)
Ancient China (about 2070)-Yellow River and Yangtze River basins-enfeoffment system
2. The relationship between ancient civilization and big rivers (natural conditions of big river civilization): humid climate, flat terrain and abundant sunshine, suitable for human survival; Rivers flood regularly-providing water and fertile soil, which is beneficial to agricultural production.
3. code of hammurabi was the first relatively complete written code in ancient times.
4. Caste system: It was formed during the Aryan invasion of India. Society is divided into four levels: Brahman, Khrushchev, Vedas and sudra. The lower classes are not allowed to engage in the occupations of the upper classes, and different grades are not allowed to marry. Influence: It intensified the social contradictions at that time and had a bad influence on the development of Indian society later.
Ninth grade history knowledge Volume 1 3
Lesson Three: The Source of Western Civilization
1, Aegean civilization: Crete civilization, Mysydney civilization.
2. Prosperous Cheng Bang in ancient Greece: Athens and Sparta.
3. The natural conditions of Athens city-state: offshore, convenient maritime transportation and developed industry and commerce; The humid climate is suitable for planting cash crops.
In the second half of 5th century BC, during the reign of Perikles, Athens reached its peak.
Reason: Perikles has carried out a series of reforms.
Content: expand civil rights, and adult male citizens can participate in the citizens' assembly; Encourage academic research, develop literature and art, and attach importance to education.
5. The performance of Athens' prosperity in Perikles period: politically, the democratic politics of slavery reached its peak; Economically, the slave economy is highly prosperous; Cultural prosperity.
6. Spartan Cheng Bang: Advocating force and implementing strict military training system.
7. The Rise and Fall of Rome and the Republic
(1) Clues to the historical development of Rome: the city of Rome (8th century BC)-the Republic of Rome (509 BC)-the rule of the Mediterranean (2nd century BC)-the Roman Empire (27th century BC)-the division of the empire (395 BC)-the demise of Western Rome (in 476, the slave society in Europe ended.
(2) Major wars and campaigns: The Punic War (Rome-Carthage) and the Battle of Kani are few.
(3) in 49 BC, Caesar seized power; In 27 BC, Octavian monopolized the state power and established the Roman Empire.
8. Historical evolution of the Olympic Games: At first, competitions were held to worship the gods. From 776 to 394, more than 290 competitions were held. The modern Olympic Games began at 1896 and are held every four years. It was held in Athens in 2004 and in Beijing, China in 2008.
Ninth grade history knowledge Volume 1 4
1. Greek polis
(1) Scope: Including the Greek Peninsula (main body), Aegean Islands and other areas. ?
(2) Features: The coastline is tortuous and there are many harbors and islands, which are suitable for developing navigation and overseas trade. ?
(3) Civilization: Originated in the Aegean region, and Aegean civilization includes Crete civilization and Mycenae civilization. Then he entered the Homer era. ?
(4) Rise: In the 8th century BC, a city-state appeared in Greece, and Sparta was the largest city-state. ?
(5) Residents: divided into citizens and non-citizens, which is the relationship between ruling and being ruled. Adult male citizens have the right to participate in the rule, and only citizens can occupy land; It is the duty of citizens to join the army and fight; Citizens are the main body of all activities of the city-state. ?
2. Democracy in Athens
(1) Background: After several reforms, Athens established a democratic regime. In the middle and late 5th century BC, when Pericles was in power, the democracy in Athens reached its peak, and so did the slavery politics. ?
(2) Performance: Almost all public officials in Athens were drawn by lots from all citizens. 10 presides over the daily affairs of the city-state in turn on behalf of the presidium of all localities; The presidium is elected by national lottery, and the chairman of the presidium is also elected by lottery; The citizens' assembly is the highest authority. Pericles has also established a subsidy system. ?
(3) Limitations: Gentiles, slaves and women, who account for the vast majority of the population in Athens, have no political rights. ?
3. Alexander Empire
(1) Rise: Macedonia became a military power in the 4th century BC.
(2) Crusade: In 334 BC, King Alexander of Macedonia led an army to March eastward, defeated the Persian Empire and Egypt successively, entered the two river basins, and reached the Indus River basin as far as possible. ?
(3) Achievements: The Alexander Empire was established, spanning Europe, Asia and Africa (with Babylon as its capital).
(4) Limitations: Alexander's eastward expedition was aggressive, which brought great disasters to the people of the East and plundered countless wealth in the East.
(5) Enthusiasm: it has promoted the great intersection of eastern and western cultures and strengthened the economic ties and trade exchanges between the east and the west; The new city established by the empire later became a new economic and cultural center. ?
Ninth grade history knowledge Volume 1 5
1. Roman polis
(1) Founding: In 509 BC, Rome was founded as a republic. ?
(2) Rule: The decision-making power of state rule is in the hands of the Senate, with two consuls with equal powers presiding over daily affairs, and the citizens' assembly is the highest authority in form; Set up two tribunes, which have the right to veto the resolutions put forward by the consul and the Senate that are unfavorable to civilians; Promulgated the "Twelve Copper Meter Law". ?
(3) Expansion: At the beginning of the 3rd century BC, Rome conquered the whole Italian peninsula; Then he defeated Carthage and took control of the western Mediterranean; In the 2nd century BC, he became the overlord of the whole Mediterranean region. ?
(4) Crisis: In 73 BC, Spartacus launched a slave uprising, and the Roman Republic further declined. ?
2. Roman Empire
(1) regime change: In 49 BC, Caesar took control of the Senate. In 3 1 year BC, Octavian became the final winner. He initiated the "head of state system" and mastered the highest ruling power. ?
(2) Founding of the People's Republic of China: In 27 BC, the Roman Republic evolved into the Roman Empire. Octavian took various measures to solve contradictions, and the Roman Empire entered an era of peaceful development. ?
(3) Expansion: In the 2nd century, the Roman Empire entered a golden age. The imperial territory spanned three continents: Europe, Asia and Africa, and the Mediterranean became the "inner lake" of the Roman Empire. ?
3. The decline of the Roman Empire
(1) Reason: In the 3rd century, the Roman Empire fell into a long-term political and economic crisis; The Germans invaded the Roman Empire. ?
(2) Death: At the end of the 4th century, the Roman Empire was divided into two empires, the East and the West. In 476, the Western Roman Empire was destroyed by the Germans. The demise of western Rome marked the end of slavery in western Europe.
Articles related to knowledge points in the first volume of ninth grade history:
★ Summarize the historical knowledge points of the first volume of the ninth grade and review the materials.
★ Review the outline of the ninth grade history textbook and summarize the knowledge points.
★ Knowledge points and review plan of the first volume of history in grade three.
★ Summary of ninth grade history knowledge points 2020 finishing and induction
★ Summary of ninth grade history knowledge points 2020 finishing
★ Summary of knowledge points in the first unit of ninth grade history
★ Summary of ninth grade world history knowledge points
★ Focus on reviewing materials at the end of the first volume of the third grade history.
★ Summary of ninth grade world history knowledge points
★ Summary of ninth grade world history knowledge points 2020