An argument between two children.
One day: "the sun rises as big as a car cover at first, and rises as a dish at noon." Isn't this a great peace for those who are far away and small? "
One day: "It is cool at the beginning of the day, and the soup is explored in the middle of the day. Isn't this near hot and far cold? "
Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong.
The two children laughed: "Who is Zhihu!"
This story is about the Spring and Autumn Period. Two children asked Confucius, a scholar at that time, "When is the sun near us?" One of them thinks that the sun looks bigger in the morning than at noon, so the sun is closer to us in the morning. The other thinks that the noon sun is warmer than the morning, so the noon sun is closer to us. The two of them came to two completely different conclusions from two different aspects, both of which made sense. Even Confucius doesn't know which is right.
This is a seemingly simple and complicated question, but today, scientists have been able to answer this question completely, in a word; The time of sunrise and sunset and the height of the sun change constantly throughout the year, and change with latitude. From 65438 to 0955, Professor Dai Wensai, a famous astronomer in China, made an in-depth study on this issue and published a paper entitled "The Change of the Day Distance between the Sun and Observers".
Take Beijing as an example. From June 65438+February 15 to1October 22, the noon sun is closer than the morning and evening sun. At noon from June 22nd to June 5th, the sun is farther than the morning and closer than the evening, and at noon from June 5th to August 1 day, the sun is closer than the morning and evening. From August 1 to February 15, the sun at noon is closer than in the morning and farther than at night. On June 22nd and 5th, the distance between the sun and the earth is equal in the morning and at noon. On August l and February 15, the distance between the sun and the earth is equal at noon and at night. This was calculated in 1954 and can be applied to 100. 100 years later, there will be a difference of one day.
It can be seen that such a complicated problem is too profound for people living in the Spring and Autumn Period. However, this thoughtful and inquisitive quality of the ancients is worth learning. No thinking, no exploration. We believe that no matter how difficult the exploration is and how complicated the calculation is, as long as we work hard from generation to generation, we will be able to uncover many secrets of nature and calculate the change of the distance between the sun and the earth, which is the result of the efforts of generations.
◆[2005-0 1- 15]
In Liezi, there is a famous fable, which, as a classic, has been selected into primary school Chinese textbooks over the years. This is "Two Children Debate Day":
When Confucius traveled eastward, he saw two children arguing and asked them why.
A child said, "I think the sun is close to the sky at sunrise and far from the sky at noon." . "
A Confucius said, "I am far away at the beginning of the day, and I am near in Japan."
A son said, "The sunrise is as big as a car cover. Then Japan and China.
Just like a dish, the distance is not small, but the distance is not big. "
A Confucius said, "It's cool at the beginning of the day, like exploring soup at noon. Isn't this near hot and far cold? "
Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong. The two children smiled and said to Confucius, "Who said you were smart?" ? "
For the explanation of this passage, some people think that Confucius knew that "people can't know everything in the world, so we should seek truth from facts,' knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing', and we can't force to know." And sighed with emotion: "Confucius really deserves to be a saint: he dares to admit his ignorance."
Whether Confucius is a saint or not seems to be a foregone conclusion. Did Confucius dare to admit his ignorance, but why didn't Confucius know it?
Two children argue that the sun can be said to be their cognition of a natural phenomenon. One child said that the sun was near when it rose, and the other thought that the sun was near when it was in the middle. These are two opposite conclusions. Obviously, they can't be true, but which one is false?
Judging from the reasoning of two children, one child thinks:
Those who are far away are small, and those who are near are big.
The beginning of a day is as big as a hood, and the middle of a day is like a plate.
So: the beginning of the day is near, and the arrival of the day is far away.
Another child thinks:
(of a hot object) hot near and cold far away.
It's cool at the beginning of the day, and it's like exploring soup at noon.
So: Japan and China are close and the day is far away.
It should be said that the above argument is not unreasonable, that is to say, it is correct in the form of reasoning, but there must be a fallacy (not necessarily truth). In other words, one of them must have a wrong premise and lead to a wrong conclusion.
Then let's see if these two premises are correct.
First of all, why do you say "those who are far away are small, and those who are near are big"? This is obviously empirical knowledge (through induction) obtained in a limited range on the ground. Must be correct? Now we know that common sense often deceives people. If two gardens of equal size have a larger concentric garden outside and a smaller concentric garden inside, it seems that the former will be smaller than the latter. It can be seen that "those who are far away are small, and those who are near are big" may not be true.
Look again, why is it "near heat and far cool"? This conclusion is true in the same direction (such as leaving a bonfire), but it is not true if one is above the fire and the other is next to or below it. It can be seen that "near heat and far cool" is not necessarily true.
Neither Confucius nor the children who will grow up in the future seem to be able to "solve" this problem, so the two children became "Who is smarter?" The reason why Confucius became "a saint who dares to admit his ignorance" is that the two children did not continue to think along this line in adulthood, but Confucius became a saint, and what he could not decide, of course, others could not decide. For more than two thousand years, China lost Aristotle because of his "body" but not "knowledge". Moreover, we have to invite westerners more than two thousand years later to "decide" this matter.
"History and reality also tell us that without logic, our academics will not be strong, there will be no Dali theorists who lead the world's academics, and there will be no great scientists who lead the scientific revolution. ..... The academic support of Dongtu must be logicalized into our blood in order to be greatly supplemented. "
This is also a small footnote!
Teacher: We just met, and we have to have a class if we don't know each other. There will be many difficulties. Let me introduce myself first. My introduction is very short. There are six sentences, but some of them are true or false. You should listen carefully and learn to distinguish between true and false. My name is Jin Jiayan; (2) Being a Chinese teacher in Nanshan Experimental School; (3) 60 years old this year; (4) I like reading and writing; (5) I wrote a debate day for two children; (6) Today we are going to learn this judgment.
Teacher: Distinguish it, so use it, read words and make a group of words.
Student 1: Identification
Student 2: Debate.
Student 3: Identify, identify.
Student 4: Debate and debate.
Teacher: Because you have to speak with your mouth, you should use this argument. Don't be afraid of mistakes as long as you dare to say so. Look at the title-
-two children argued for a day. I don't understand this topic. Today, I am a student, you are a teacher, and our teachers and students exchange places. Today, you are a teacher, I am a student, and two children are arguing. Who will tell me what this means?
Health: I think two children are arguing about the sun.
Teacher: Ancient Chinese used five words to describe what you just meant, which five words were-the day when two children argued. Classical Chinese has a characteristic: one word, which word.
Health: Jane.
Teacher: Ancient prose is Jane, but it has many meanings. To read ancient Chinese, we must first understand its meaning. Today, my two children use language to argue and distinguish the sun. Pick up the paper and let's read the whole article. To enter the desperate situation of reading classical Chinese is different from the current vernacular Chinese. Please read it fluently. The two children argued all day and read it together.
Health: Reading.
Teacher: I don't know a word. What does the word "Yu" mean? Did you know that before?
Health: Yes.
Teacher: How do you know each other?
Health: Look it up in the dictionary.
Teacher: If I don't know, there is another way. Ask the teacher, no, I know how to pronounce. What is a "jar"?
Health: It is a vessel for holding wine.
Teacher: Well, it's taller than the plate and shorter than the bowl. What's this called? Call the jar and read the jar. Read this paragraph back to the text, read the full text and read quickly.
Teacher: When I have difficulties and need help, do you have difficulties and need help? Anyone in trouble needs help. So the four of you will be teachers' small preparation group, and we will study together how to read this article and how to interpret it. There are also notes in the materials I sent you, and there are other notes. See which group is the best, give five minutes, solve it yourself, only five minutes.
Health: Discussion.
Teacher: This is a sixth-grade text, and it was a junior high school text earlier. Today, we come to the fifth grade to study. We studied for five minutes and didn't get in touch with ancient Chinese in advance. I invite you to read it and see what degree and effect you can achieve after using it. Please look at the off-topic words and handouts, not the big questions. You should scan the reading of topics and books with different eyes. If you look at the deviation, who will look at it? I don't like reading it all at once. I like to watch it alone. Ok, do you want to read it? When she was reading, all the students paid attention. What are they listening to? Listen to whether she is reading ancient Chinese. What's the difference between ancient prose and modern prose? Ancient prose has the charm of ancient prose. See if she has read the smell. Don't panic, get ready.
Health: Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing. Ask why.
Teacher: It's really good. The whole class read it as she did.
Health: (read together) Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing. Ask why.
Teacher: Don't sit down yet. Watch me read. What does Confucius mean by traveling eastward? Does it mean to play?
Student: No, it means learning.
Teacher: Yes, traveling here means learning and communicating. You learn from others, which is called traveling. I saw two children arguing. What are you fighting for? Why are you fighting? What do you mean by fighting?
Health: Fighting is arguing, arguing, arguing.
Teacher: What do you mean by the reason?
Health: Just ask the reason.
Teacher: The vernacular is to ask what you are arguing about, and to ask why is to ask them why they are arguing. To translate its meaning into ancient Chinese, read this sentence again.
Health: Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing. Ask why.
Health: (read it all at once).
Teacher: All the students buttoned up the paper and walked east with Confucius on their backs to see two children arguing. Ask why.
Health: (Becky).
Teacher: Great! It combines the characteristics of ancient Chinese with our life, the embodiment and the meaning of modern Chinese. It's not difficult, do you think? Now I'd like to invite one of you to speak on my behalf. 【 Confucius said: "From the sun, I was close to people, but at noon, I was far away." A son is far from the beginning of a day, and Japan and China are close. I asked a group of people to stand up, one to speak and the others to add. What he said is to represent the level of your group. Which group is coming? It's not you alone, it's five people in your group, understand?
Health: I see.
Teacher: Can you do that?
Health: OK.
Teacher: Listen to each group. First of all, you are studying. Second, you are very picky. All right, let's get started.
Health: I asked other groups to supplement it. One child said, I think the sun is closer to us when it comes out and farther away from us at noon, so the other thinks it is farther away from us when it comes out in the morning and closer at noon.
Teacher: Do you think what she said is right? Ok, please read its meaning.
Health: A son said, "I was close to people when I started during the day, and I was far away at noon." A son is far from the beginning of a day, and Japan and China are close.
Teacher: What do you mean by sunrise? Does sunrise mean sunrise? Sunrise, this sunrise, sunrise, sunrise, why did it miss the sunrise? Look, this is a knife, this is a beard and this is clothes. What should you do first when you buy cloth to make clothes? The first step is cutting. Knife cuts cloth, which means beginning, so it is called beginning.
Health: The original word was once related to clothes.
Teacher: By the way, where did you get this knowledge?
Health: I heard it from others.
Teacher: OK, hearsay is also a way of learning. Yes, but remember, ask him, where did your story come from and what does it have to do with clothes? Every time Confucius saw something, he had to ask it clearly and repeatedly. Asking questions is a good learning method. You got it? Read it again, and you will read it well.
Health: Reading a son said, "I have been close to people since the day, and I have been alienated from people since the day." A son is far from the beginning of a day, and Japan and China are close.
Teacher: Can you all read so well? Read it together.
Health: (read it all at once).
Teacher: You read it correctly, but you didn't read it well. You didn't read that feeling, didn't read the charm of ancient Chinese. How to read it? What does this mean? It is a modal particle, which has no meaning, and is equivalent to the present "ah, ah, that". Some people say that the most difficult thing to read in ancient Chinese is exclamations, which is wrong. The hard part is the truth. In other words, what does this word mean? What does the word "Yu" mean? I don't understand. What is a hood and what is cool? I don't even understand. Isn't it better than that, huh? Read this sentence again and read the charm and taste.
Health: (read it all at once).
Teacher: That's it. Very good. Can your team beat them? Watch the next one. Read this paragraph. You got it? What do you mean? What does one child think and what does the other child think?
Health: One thinks that the sun is near us in the morning and far away from us at noon, and the other thinks that the sun is far away from us in the morning and near us at noon.
Teacher: Let's talk about why one says far and the other says near. I asked two groups to compare these two paragraphs. Which group is coming? You all learn from their team and observe them here. Explain the situation and help them. Okay, read it.
Health: (read together) A son said, "The sun rises as big as a car cover at first, and rises as a dish at noon. This is not for people far away, but for people near. " A Confucius said, "It's cool at the beginning of the day, like exploring soup at noon. This is not hot for people who are close, but it is cold for people who are far away. "
Teacher: Can you explain this sentence to my classmates and me? People who are not far away are small, but people who are near are big.
Health: This sentence means: Isn't it small in a distant place? Is it big around here?
Teacher: Tell me the meaning of the whole paragraph.
Health: Just now, a child said that when the sun first came out, it was as big as a car cover.
Teacher: What is a hood?
Health: The hood is a kind of cover for the carriage.
Teacher: What shape is the cover? It is round. In the past, only the prince's carriage had a cover, but the five generals' car didn't, so this cover was as big as an umbrella. Go on.
Health: When the sun rises to the center of the sky, it is as small as a plate. Didn't you say that things are small in the far place and big in the near place?
Teacher: Who has a problem with this place? I know what you are going to say. Stand up.
Health: She said that both the far place and the near place refer to the same sun. Can't say that the distance is small, and the distance is big.
Teacher: How many suns are you talking about?
Health: Two.
Teacher: You are taller than the editor who compiles books. Please open the teaching reference reading. It says, isn't the distant sun bigger than the nearby one? This sentence is wrong. We shouldn't say that the distance is small and the distance is big. Instead, it should be said that it is small when it is far away and big when it is near. If the distance is small and the distance is large, it becomes two suns; It is small when it is far away, big when it is near, and then there is only one sun. Which is accurate?
Health: the distance is small, and the proximity is big.
Teacher: I'll print out the staff of the People's Education Society for you in the back. I paid special attention to these two students. When she stood up, I thought she would definitely ask this question. What does this mean? Students just chew and digest ancient Chinese and taste reading bit by bit. This kind of reading quality is too valuable. Please continue to complete this paragraph.
Health: A child said that when the sun first came out, it was as big as a car lid, but when it rose to the center of the sky, it was only as small as a plate. Isn't it small when it's far away and big when it's near?
Student: (asking questions) Teacher, it's not when she rises to the celestial center, but at noon.
Teacher: What it means here is. You got it? This is a good speech. Is there a problem? Give them a little applause. Which group speaks well? Go on to the next paragraph. Do your group dare to speak? Please tell me, do you dare?
Health: (in a low voice) Dare.
Teacher: Speak boldly and have some courage. Four represents one, no, you can speak well, you dare to speak. So I want you to be the representative.
Health: Try it. A son said: it is cold at the beginning of the day, and it is like exploring soup in the middle of the day.
Teacher: What do you mean by exploring soup? Why is it called detective Tang?
Health: Because soup means hot water, try to put your hand into hot water, so it's called probing soup.
Teacher: Is this soup or hot water?
Health: Hot water.
Teacher: Our soup is boiled now, while the ancient soup is hot water. There is a saying called "solid soup". The soup here means hot water. Here is a basin of hot water. I put my hand in for soup. At noon, whether it is hot or not is like putting your hand into hot water. You keep reading.
Health: It's not near hot, it's far cold.
Teacher: Do you believe he can make progress? Give some applause and read it again. You see, the teacher is expecting you, and the students are expecting you. How nice! I'll read it for you, and you'll succeed. Look at the blackboard. Let's read it together.
Teacher: We just watch students form in the classroom and make progress in the classroom with our help. This is the happiest thing for all of us, even happier than our own progress. What's your first and last name? Chen Xiaoxuan, may I shake your hand?
Health: Yes.
Teacher: Can I hug you?
Health: Yes. Hug.
Teacher: Don't clap. When are you waiting? You read together, read aloud, and you were afraid to read from the beginning. Now you dare to read, can you read? Can you love reading?
Life: Dare, know and love. (quietly)
Teacher: Love is shy again. If you don't love today, you won't love tomorrow. You will love slowly, understand? Read these two paragraphs in class.
Health: (read it all at once).
Teacher: divide the text into paragraphs. In fact, there are no paragraphs in ancient Chinese, and sometimes there are no punctuation marks. It is connected. We should read these two paragraphs together. Why? This is a level. Because the first child said, near, why, because it looks big; Why is noon far away? Why? Because it looks small. It looks big in the morning and small at noon, so it's big near and small far away. Another child said, it looks far in the morning, why, because it feels cold, and it looks near at noon, why, because it feels hot. The two children are tit for tat. They read these two paragraphs together. It is good to understand the meaning. Everyone looked at the book and read the taste.
Health: (read it all at once).
Teacher: At this moment, two children asked Confucius. Mr. Kong, which one of us is right? Can Confucius judge? Can you decide?
Health: No.
Teacher: How do you say ancient Chinese?
Health: Confucius can't decide.
Teacher: Read it again. In the present words, Confucius can't judge. The two children smiled and said, "Who is Zhihu?" What do you mean?
Health: Who says you know more than we do?
Teacher: Yes. Who says you know more than me? Who is who; Doing is thinking and saying; You are you; Knowing more means knowing more; Almost, yes, there is no "what are you?" How did the two children say this sentence?
Health: Laugh.
Teacher: Study what kind of smile this smile is. You say.
Student 1: Irony.
Student 2: Laugh.
Student 3: Laugh.
Health 4: ridicule.
Teacher: Irony, ridicule, ridicule, ridicule, sneer, anything else? Right? Listen to the teacher, and then realize whether this is a kind smile or a malicious smile. Is it good or bad?
Health: Kindness, because your tone is getting lower and lower. If it is malicious, it should be higher and higher.
Teacher: The article is not expressed, but what I read after reading it. What kind of smile is this?
Health: It's a malicious and sarcastic smile. How can it be well-meaning?
Teacher: Well, we have different opinions. Let me ask you a question. Does Confucius know the question of size? Say you don't know if you don't know. What's this called?
Health: knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is also.
Teacher: Yes, in today's words, it means seeking truth from facts. Should I be sarcastic? Should I sneer?
Health: No.
Teacher: Confucius is practical and realistic. If he doesn't know, he doesn't know. How will they feel?
Health: They will be disappointed. They think Confucius can help them solve their problems.
Teacher: Oh, that's a disappointed smile, but those two children don't know Confucius. He thought it was just a silly smile? Do they know Confucius? Where can they tell from the text?
Student 1: Yes, because Confucius has a realistic attitude.
Student 2: Yes, because according to the two children, "Who says you know more than us?" This is a rhetorical question. Confucius is a saint.
Teacher: You are a saint, so you must know more than us? Aren't you a saint and won't answer? Is that what you mean? Do you think they know Confucius? Yes, well, the more you know, the more you learn. You should not only ask, but also think. Not only to think, but also to demonstrate; Not only argue, but also obey the truth. As long as what others say is reasonable, I will obey. Do you think Confucius did the right thing? Yes, where is it? Tell me.
Health: Confucius was afraid that his nonsense would mislead his children.
Teacher: By the way, Confucius is a saint, but he doesn't know everything in the world, does he? What people in the world know everything? Is it possible?
Health: Impossible. If science and technology were developed at that time, Confucius would have known it.
Teacher: I'm afraid Confucius doesn't know as much about science as you do today. Do you accept the limitations of the times, history and technology? Do you think the sun is far away in the morning or at noon, big in the morning or small at noon? Read the information quickly and help Confucius out. Students go back to the internet to find a better answer to explain. Please raise your hand if you understand, and please stand up if you understand. This is the harvest of reading. I read it and got it. Well, ask three questions and I'll know if you understand.
Teacher: (1) Is the sun as big as noon in the morning?
Health: Same age.
Teacher: (2) Is it small at noon in the morning? Or is it small in the morning and big at noon?
Health: Neither. Same size.
Teacher: Why does it look big in the morning and small at noon?
Health: eyesight, illusion. It has something to do with the background, not the near big and far small.
Teacher: Besides, is the distance related to the heat and cold of the sun?
Health: No, I feel hot at noon because the sun has been shining for a long time and the ground is very hot.
Teacher: The students have all learned the text "Sun". How far is the sun from the ground?
Health: from1.500 million yuan.
Teacher: Is there a problem? Now we should write ancient Chinese into vernacular Chinese, with hundreds or even thousands of words. Do you know how many ancient texts are used in this article? 1 17. It's just a little more than five lines on your manuscript paper. I finished the story in such a short time. Next, I will ask my classmates to play two children. Can we play?
Health: OK.
Teacher: Who plays the first child and who plays the second child? Can I play Confucius? You start the debate now, and the more lively the debate, the better. Have you memorized all your opinions?
Student performance.
Teacher: What's wrong? I recite the whole text together.
Students recite.
Teacher: Just read one by one and accumulate one by one. Write down the original source of this story. Study hard, take notes and take notes in the future. Remember to take notes accurately, mark the points you don't understand and argue, and obey what others say makes sense. This is the best style of study. I have learned a lot from the little teachers here in this class, so you are also teachers and I am also a student. We interact with teachers and students.
Attached:
An argument between two children.
Confucius traveled eastward and saw two children arguing. Ask why.
A child said, "I think the sun is close to the sky at sunrise and far from the sky at noon." . "
A son is far from the beginning of a day, and Japan and China are close.
A Confucius said, "The beginning of the day is as big as a car cover, and the middle of the day is like a dish." (1), this is not for those who are far away, but for those who are near. "
A Confucius said, "It's cool at the beginning of the day, like exploring soup at noon." (2) It is neither hot nor cold. "
Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right or wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who is Zhihu?"