The difference between Chinese and western palaces
Sweden: Osrad Sai Ren
The Beijing City and the Forbidden City are the products of China's local culture, which are quite different from other civilizations. They are cities built under the guidance of the geomantic omen theory, thus producing a set of unique architectural languages of their own, such as Hall of Supreme Harmony, Gan Qing Palace, Kunning Palace, Shenwumen and Wumen. Although the appearance of this building has not changed much, its layout and name positioning are very important, which is directly related to the function and grade of this building. The name of the building embodies the spiritual territory advocated by Chinese civilization. Western buildings are different, such as Versailles, which directly uses the name of a small town outside Paris, Buckingham Palace in England, and has no literal meaning. The White House in the United States is named after its white palace, and the Pentagon is named after its shape. The name of western architecture directly reflects the form of the building itself.
First, Chinese and western architectural concepts are different.
The ancient sages of China looked up at astronomy and looked down at the mysteries of the universe discovered by geography, which was sanctified and emotional, and became an unquestionable rational principle. From the original truth reasoning, a set of metaphysical models has evolved, which corresponds the movement of celestial bodies with the time changes and seasonal changes on the earth, and draws the conclusion that everything on the earth and even the fate of people are reflections of heaven. Therefore, the ancient buildings in China can talk to the universe, and the mountains, land and buildings can be integrated.
There are two ideas behind the formation of the Hall of Supreme Harmony: one is the ancients' understanding of the way of the universe, and the other is the expression of imperial power. In the Ming Dynasty, the Hall of Supreme Harmony was called Fengtian Hall, which was the embodiment of imperial power. In the Ming Dynasty, the Hall of Supreme Harmony was called the Fengtian Hall and the Imperial Palace, which means "the gentleman is in the right place" and means the North Star. Confucius said, "Governing the country by virtue is like Beichen." The emperor should govern the country like the North Star. What is the Star of Beichen? It is the center of the sky, always fixed, and all the stars revolve around it. Why is it called "Fengtian"? Just in the right place, you need a star like Beichen to protect you, so that you can realize Confucius' ideal of "listening to the world in the south", which is what the Spring Festival couplets of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in Qianlong period said: "The dragon is in the sky, and the four seas are in harmony, Guang Yun; Fengcheng belongs to Beidou, and Wanbang is peaceful. "
In the Qing Dynasty, the palace was changed into the Hall of Supreme Harmony to give vitality to the universe. The Book of Changes said, "When the dry yuan is great, everything will unify the sky. Cloud and rain, goods and logistics. Daming will always be, when six people succeed, when six dragons rule the sky. The road changes, each for his own life. Protecting peace and harmony is conducive to chastity. The first affair, Xianning, the world. " Only by constantly gathering the vitality given by Ganyang and achieving great harmony can everything be in its proper place and all countries be at peace. Of the three halls, only Xuanyuan mirror is hung on the throne of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which looks like Xuanyuan star in the sky. Sima Qian said that it is the body of Huanglong and the main symbol of "sex and rain". Therefore, the Hall of Supreme Harmony symbolizes "sex and rain" with Xuanyuan mirror, which makes all kinds of things get different shapes due to the flow and change of dry elements. There are six gold pillars in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, symbolizing that "Daming will always be there, six people will succeed, and six dragons will rule the sky." "Daming" refers to daylight, "Daming Zong" refers to the repeated movement of the sun from morning till night, "six-position timing" refers to the formation of daylight in six different periods, and "riding six dragons to rule the sky" means that Ganyang dominates the operation of celestial bodies in different periods like riding six yang hexagons. There are sundial, Wenlou, Wenhua Hall and Chongwen Gate in the east of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and Liu Jia, Wulou, Wuying Hall and Xuanwu Gate in the west, symbolizing the duality of heaven and earth. These are the inherent qualities of the Hall of Supreme Harmony.
The imperial power of the Hall of Supreme Harmony is manifested in the hierarchical etiquette system, which is the ultimate in architectural form, that is, width, height, depth, roof, caisson, painting and so on. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is 9 rooms wide and 5 rooms deep. The architectural layout conforms to the highest level of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, with double eaves and cornices 10 animals. This is the shape of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. From these two aspects, the Hall of Supreme Harmony surpasses any other building.
Moscow shows the center of the universe in a different way from the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which is not as rich in meaning as the Hall of Supreme Harmony. The whole city is concentric and annular, with 9 to 16 floors. The Kremlin is the center of the city. Its main building has a five-pointed star, decorated with gold, symbolizing the North Star. Several avenues or axes radiate from the Kremlin, so the Kremlin is considered as the center of the universe.
China believes that man is just a small molecule in the universe, and his life breath is connected with the universe. Therefore, whether it is to build a tomb for the dead or a house for the living, it is necessary for Feng Shui masters to travel all over the castle peak to find the best geographical environment, the so-called auspicious place, in order to build a tomb and build a house, so that life can last forever and benefit future generations. The construction of Beijing City is planned from the perspective of astronomy and geography by bringing Beijing City into the general trend of Kyushu. Therefore, what is reflected behind Beijing is a kind of Tao, that is, the ancients' perception and cognition of life, society, nature and universe. Why build a city? The ancients in China had to find a mountain range called "Long Mai" for it. According to the western concept, as long as it is a transportation hub, it is the best location of the city. The ancients in China didn't think so. They think that traffic arteries are only a metaphysical factor in building a city, and the metaphysical thing is "Tao". Therefore, there are mountains behind the ancient capital of China. There are no mountains behind the Forbidden City, so the Ming people had to use manpower. But behind Beijing is Beiganlong, which stretches for thousands of miles, and Kunlun Mountain is the ancestral mountain of Beijing.
When we look down at Beijing from the air, it has surpassed the function of urban life and risen to the existence of Tao. Above Beijing is Polaris, and the central axis is the projection of the celestial axis. Beichen in Beijing is the tallest, "listening to the world in the south", and Wan Li's mountains and rivers bow down. Beijing and Kunlun Mountain come down in one continuous line, and the vitality in the sky is introduced into the city, making Beijing endless. The central axis of Beijing divides the city into two parts: Yin and Yang. The three palaces in the back bedroom of the Forbidden City are composed of dry hexagrams, Kun hexagrams and Thai hexagrams. The north of the Forbidden City is the symbol of seven nights in the sky, and there are buildings symbolizing the five elements of gold, wood, fire, water and earth in the middle of the southeast and northwest. The three halls are built on the earthen platform, symbolizing the earth, and Longde is at the zenith, which is the center of the world and the place where everyone looks up. Therefore, the construction concept of Beijing City originated from the philosophy of "only gas" of China ancestors, but it also incorporated the mysterious elements of the ancestors' induction of heaven and earth, making the city have the nature of yin and yang gossip. It is precisely because of Beijing's transcendental design that it ignores the other side, that is, from the perspective of life and economic development, it brings inconvenience to east-west traffic. Shichahai, the economic center of the former Yuan Dynasty, also declined rapidly. The prosperous urban pattern centered on rivers, which was originally formed in the Song Dynasty, quickly collapsed and was replaced by a retro and metaphysical "Tao" urban model.
The ancients in China liked to build houses with wood, which was a reflection of their thoughts. Wood is located in the east in the five elements, where the sun rises, belonging to the sun and representing spring. The Book of Changes said, "Heaven has great virtue, and life has life." When did everything come into being? Everything germinates from spring, so wood symbolizes life. The ancients built houses with wood, representing life. Although wooden buildings are easy to burn, the possibility of preservation is extremely small. On the other hand, the frame of wooden buildings is made up of tenons and mortises, not an iron nail, because the ancients thought that gold could cut wood.
1 1 to1The rise of western cities in the Italian peninsula in the 2nd century was due to the growing demand for luxury goods in Europe. The trade between Christian countries and northern Europe is becoming more and more frequent, and the trade between Byzantine Empire and eastern Islamic countries is also very active. Italian businessmen took advantage of this favorable condition to develop business, and the urban population increased rapidly. By 1300, Milan and Venice had more than120,000 people, and then seven cities in Italy had more than 30,000 residents. The lack of centralization in northern Italy has enabled these towns to benefit from the power struggle between the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire. Their independent status has also been recognized. The wealth of businessmen replaced the right of inheritance and became the basis of power. They have the right to vote and hold political positions, and they can directly participate in government management. The rise of citizens' power has made the urban construction develop unprecedentedly, but they only pay attention to the architectural construction symbolizing power and wealth in the city. The most famous building in these new cities is the cathedral, and events of special decisive significance to the city usually stimulate and promote the development of architecture. The construction of Pisa Cathedral began shortly after the Arabs were defeated in Sicily. The importance of the new commercial rulers who demand material wealth is reflected in the luxury of cathedrals, and the competition among city-states urges people to seek strange images and elaborate designs. The government building is not as big as the cathedral investment, and the image of the new regime needs to show more morality. The open space around West Nurija Palace is an integral part of the whole project. This site is a propaganda material carefully produced by the municipal government, and the site selection has always been intended to show the power of the new regime. In the hilltop city of Siena, the difference between the People's Palace and the Cathedral can be enhanced by the location of the building. You can see a huge and magnificent design from a distance. The marble cathedral makes people see the power and wealth of Siena city-state at a glance. In Venice, the relationship between folk buildings reflects a completely different government system. The Vecchio Palace in Florence, built in 1299, used rather rough stones, in contrast to the expensive marble used in the cathedral. The city government wants to give it an image of strength, morality and majesty. Florence Cathedral was started in 1299. The expensive white marble brought from carrara in 1334 matched with the local red and green stones, creating a special image of Florence's prestige. The facade of St. Kyle's Cathedral in Venice began at 1093. The four bronze horses at the gate, like many pillars below, were acquired by Venetians and Crusaders from looting Constantinople, and their new position strengthened the strength of Venetians. In France, the Palace of Versailles will not have the hierarchical relationship in China's ancient buildings, but only emphasize the exquisiteness and richness of the building itself. The palace is decorated with paintings by the painter Rembrandt, and various sculptures are dotted between buildings, paying attention to symmetry and geometric figures. On the terrace connecting the king's bedroom and the queen's bedroom, there is a famous mirror gallery. 17 tall arched door and 17 glass mirror false arched window correspond to each other, which is magnificent. The palace also combines the most decorative Corinthian cylinder and mixed cylinder among the classical columns, and is beautifully decorated. Fontainebleau in Paris, the interior wall is decorated with gray stilts, and the panel is painted with the most popular paintings in Italy at that time. The square courtyard of Louvre is its exquisite decorative classical new court building with Italian style. Western architecture shows the scientificity and eternity of architecture from this angle, and embodies the wealth and power of the owner.
Western architectural concepts emphasize the design and texture of the building itself, using solid and expensive stone and luxurious decoration. Some buildings may take hundreds of years to build, and the exquisiteness and luxury of buildings symbolize power and wealth, without strengthening the design of the whole city. The palace is the center of state power, not the center of the city. For example, the Palace of Versailles is located in the suburb of Paris18km.