How did humans come into being?

When exploring the origin of human beings, we must first establish a premise that human beings are a biological species and can only have one ancestor, not multiple ancestors. So how did humans form? I have compiled the history of human formation here for your reference. I hope you get something from reading! In the historical theory of human formation, the process of human origin is divided into three stages: the anthropoid stage; The stage of becoming a man and an ape; The stage of people who can make tools The latter stage includes two periods: ape-man and homo sapiens; They are divided into early stage and late stage. 1859, the British biologist C. R. Darwin published the book "The Origin of Species", which clarified the development law of biology from low to high and from simple to complex. 187 1 year, he published the book "the origin and sexual selection of human beings", listing many evidences that human beings evolved from extinct apes. But he didn't realize the essential difference between humans and animals, and he didn't correctly explain how apes evolved into adults. Engels put forward the scientific theory that labor creates human beings. 1876, he wrote the article "the role of labor in the transformation from apes to humans", pointing out that the fundamental reason for human beings to leave the animal state is labor, and the essential difference between human beings and animals is also labor. This paper discusses the transformation process from apes to humans: at first, apes lived in tropical and subtropical forests in groups, then some apes went down to the ground to look for food, gradually learned to walk upright on two feet, liberated their forelimbs, used tools such as stones or sticks, and finally developed into making tools by hand. At the same time, physique, including the brain, has also developed accordingly, and various characteristics of human beings have emerged. What did Engels call an ape living in a tree? Apes climb trees? , known as a creature during the transition from apes to humans? People in creation? Also called people who can make tools? A fully formed person? . With the continuous discovery of fossil materials and the continuous improvement of dating methods, people's understanding of the origin of human beings has also deepened. Although there are still many problems, we can outline the clues of human origin and development. Scientists say that humans evolved from prehistoric sharks that roamed the ocean more than 300 million years ago. According to the latest research, this primitive fish named Spinosaurus is the common ancestor of all jaw vertebrates on the earth, including humans. The reanalysis of a skull dating back to 290 million years shows that it is an early member of modern jaw vertebrates, which means that jaw vertebrates include tens of thousands of living vertebrates, reptiles, mammals and other animals, from fish to birds. Spinosaurus existed in the period before the earliest sharks and bony fish began to evolve, and this lineage finally continued into human life. Scientists have found fossils of Spinosaurus in Europe, North America and Australia. Compared with other spiny sharks, it is relatively large, 1 foot (about 0.3 meters) long. They have gills instead of teeth, big eyes and feed on plankton. The appearance of jaw is a great leap in the history of vertebrate development. In the competition for survival, food is an important factor to determine whether animals can survive. Anatomy and paleontology not only proved that jaws evolved from branchial arches, but also pointed out that they evolved from those branchial arches. Because although the shape of the branchial arches is the same, the nerves that dominate each pair of branchial arches are different. For example, the head turtle has 10 pairs of normal branchial arches, in which the first two pairs are innervated by trigeminal nerve, the third pair by facial nerve, the fourth pair by glossopharyngeal nerve and the fifth pair by vagus nerve. In fish, there are usually five pairs of normal branchial arches, one of which is innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve and the other four by vagus nerve. The nerves that innervate the mandible and lingual arch are the trigeminal nerve and facial nerve respectively. Doesn't this fact also prove that the mandible has been successfully transformed and deformed by the branchial arch? In fact, anatomy has proved that, like fish, the jaws of all vertebrates with jaws are dominated by trigeminal nerves. For example, patients with trigeminal neuralgia sometimes feel toothache, although there is nothing wrong with their teeth. The reason is that the nerve in the jaw belongs to trigeminal nerve. It can be seen that the jaws of all vertebrates with jaws are successfully reconstructed by the branchial arches dominated by the trigeminal nerve, or, according to the situation of the head turtle, more precisely, developed by the last pair of branchial arches dominated by the trigeminal nerve. The consistency of jaw origin also shows that vertebrates with jaws have the same origin. The future human in science fiction is the human from the future and the present. Because of grandfather's paradox, we still can't know whether there are people from the future among us. In The Big Bang Theory, Sheldon proposed a proof method: he forced Leonard to sign a roommate agreement, one of which was that if anyone invented the time machine, he had to go back to time five seconds after signing the roommate agreement. Five seconds later, nothing happened, which proved that neither of them invented the time machine. Obviously, the time machine is not so easy to invent. Go home. At the same time, there is a saying that there is only one timeline (for a single individual, such as himself), which is the same from birth to end. He is unique in the world. From the future to the present, he can only be his own timeline, and he can't intersect with what happened to others. The butterfly effect only affects his own future but can't change others' future. We can go back, but we can't do anything. This is the future. The other is the bifurcation of time line (from which we can think of quantum physics, Schrodinger's cat, parallel world and so on). ). At the same point in time, there are countless egos, doing the same or different things, affecting their future (it is worth mentioning that Doors of Destiny is a story based on this, which is stupid but beautiful), and we can go back to the past (fixed). In addition, it is to go back to the past, not to mention what tools we use and whether it is feasible in theory. As we all know, the fastest speed in the universe is the speed of light. Particles move at the speed of light, so do the particles that make up our bodies. Therefore, we are getting old and time is passing. But when we move at the speed of light, the movement with particles is relatively static, reaching time stagnation (note that time is still passing for others). When we slow down to the normal state, we will reach the future (under normal time), but if we want to go back to the past, we must go faster than the speed of light. As we all know, the fastest thing in the universe is light. It is not easy to reach it, and it is faster than it. The difficulty can be imagined, so it is easy to reach the future, but it is not easy to go back to the past. It seems that traveling by time machine may be a one-way ticket. After the Survivors' Catastrophe, the science fiction "Time Machine", which tells about the division of human beings, describes the great influence that the catastrophe may have on the surviving human beings: after the earth civilization was destroyed by an extraterrestrial disaster, the surviving human beings evolved into two cruel underground cannibals and a declining ground civilization race. In fact, the rest of the robbery story began in the era of Noah's Ark. From super floods, plagues, nuclear wars to asteroids hitting the earth, these unpredictable disasters can destroy most of the brilliant civilizations built by human beings. Then the survivors of the catastrophe will embark on their own evolutionary path. Different people have been separated by thousands of generations in different places, which naturally leads to different races. For example, if the world is attacked by deadly biochemical terrorism, people who are resistant to biochemical viruses will survive in a polluted environment and breed immune offspring. Those who have no immunity but survive in shelters form their own races in the quarantine area. The basis of this theory can be found in the spread of HIV among human beings. Biologists say that although some people are often exposed to HIV infection, they will not show HIV-positive. The reason may be that their ancestors survived a plague 500 years ago. However, if the disaster really happens, if human beings can survive, will they be isolated from each other for a long time? The answer is likely to be? No? Even if there is racial differentiation, there must be a race that completely replaces or assimilates competitors. The most convincing example is human beings? Brother, the demise of Neanderthals. Many paleontologists believe that although Neanderthals were much stronger physically than our ancestors Homo sapiens and had contact with Homo sapiens tribes, they failed to make advanced weapons and were replaced by Homo sapiens who mastered art and civilization because of their intellectual disadvantages. So that there is no trace of Neanderthal descent in the genes of modern people. People transformed by genetic technology will surpass ordinary people in some aspects, such as intelligence and longevity. But this change needs to pass moral and technical barriers. Semi-robot artificial intelligence, man-machine integration, in addition to changing human genes, combined with more and more advanced high-tech machines, may also become another way for human beings to improve their own capabilities.