Summary of compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior one of People's Education Press.
Summary of compulsory knowledge points of geography in senior one of People's Education Press.
1. Celestial body types: nebula, star, meteor, comet, planet, satellite, gas and dust in interstellar space, etc.
2. The level of celestial system: the total galaxy-the Milky Way (galaxy other than the Milky Way)-the solar system-earth-moon system.
3. Planets are classified according to their characteristics: terrestrial planets (water, earth and fire), giant planets (wood) and distant planets (sky and sea).
4, the moon:
(1) The front of the moon always faces the earth, and it also changes day and night.
(2) There is no atmosphere, so the temperature difference between day and night on the surface of the moon is large, with many craters, no sound and no wind.
(3) There are mountains, plains and volcanoes on the surface of the moon.
5. Reasons for life on the earth: stable lighting conditions, safe cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.
6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).
7. Solar activity-sunspots (signs) and flares (strongest). The change period of sunspots is 1 1 year.
8. The influence of solar activity: sunspot-climate influence, flare-ionosphere-radio communication, charged particle flow-magnetic field-magnetic storm.
9, the influence of solar radiation:
(1) is the main driving force to maintain the surface temperature and promote the water, atmosphere and biological activities and changes of the earth.
Solar energy is the energy we use every day.
10. Rotation direction: from west to east, counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole.
Speed: ① linear speed (decreasing from equator to pole to zero) ② angular speed (equal everywhere except pole to zero).
Period: ① sidereal day (real period 23h56m4s) ② solar day (24: 00, alternating day and night).
Significance: ① Alternating day and night; ② Different longitude places; ③ Deviation of horizontally moving objects (north right south left).
Summary of a compulsory knowledge point of geography in senior high school
1. Celestial bodies and celestial bodies systems
2. Types and characteristics of celestial bodies
3. The energy source of solar radiation and the influence of the sun on the earth.
4. Main types of solar activities and their impacts on the earth.
5. The generality and particularity of the earth and the living conditions on the earth.
Knowledge structure
First of all, the universe
1, celestial bodies: concepts and types
2. Celestial system: concepts and levels
Second, the sun.
1, the energy source of solar radiation and its influence on the earth
2. Solar activity
(1) Stratification and activity of solar atmosphere
Photosphere: sunspot
B chromosphere: Flares and sunspots.
C corona layer: solar wind
(2) Impact on the Earth
A interferes with radio short-wave communication on the earth.
Magnetic storms and auroras
Impact on weather and climate
Second, the earth.
1, universality
(1) The nine planets * * * have the characteristics of the same direction, near circle and * * * circle.
(2) According to the structural classification, it belongs to Earth-like planets.
2. Traits
(1) is alive.
(2) There is life
The movement of the earth in the third quarter
Knowledge abstract
1. Features of the Earth's rotation, such as direction, period and speed.
2. Geographical significance of the earth's rotation ―― alternation of day and night, local time difference and geostrophic deflection.
3. Calculation of local time and time zone; international date line
Knowledge structure
First, the geographical significance of the earth's rotation.
1, general situation
(1) direction: from west to east, it is counterclockwise when viewed from above the North Pole, but the opposite is true at the South Pole.
(2) Cycle: sidereal day: 23: 56: 04.
(3) Speed: the size and distribution of linear velocity and angular velocity.
2. Significance
(1) produces day and night alternation.
(2) Time difference:
A local time: every longitude 15 degrees, local time difference 1 hour, east early and west late.
B time zone division: the world divides one time zone every 15 degrees, and the world divides 24 time zones.
Calculation of time in area C: Take the local time of the central meridian of each time zone as the time zone of this area.
D International international date line: roughly coincides with meridian 180 degrees, and the date in the west is one day longer than that in the east.
(3) Horizontal moving objects are biased: the northern hemisphere is to the right, the southern hemisphere is to the left, and the equator is not biased.
Knowledge abstract
1. The characteristics of the earth's revolution, such as direction, period, speed and orbit.
2. The intersection of yellow and red and its influence
3. The geographical significance of the earth's revolution: the change of the height angle of the sun at noon, the change of the length of day and night, and the division of the four seasons and five zones.
Knowledge structure
First, the geographical significance of the earth's revolution
1, general situation
(1) direction: from west to east
(2) Speed:165438+ near perihelion in early October, which is relatively fast; At the beginning of July, near the perihelion, the speed was slow.
(3) Cycle: Tropical Year: 365 days, 5: 48: 46.
2. Huang Chijiao
(1) concept: the angle between the ecliptic plane and the equatorial plane.
(2) Degree: currently 23 26'
(3) Influence: The direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of Cancer.
3. Geographical significance
(1) Annual variation of the midday sun height
(2) Annual variation of the length of day and night
(3) Division of four seasons: astronomical four seasons; The climate has four distinct seasons; The traditional four seasons in China; Warm weather in four seasons.
chapter two
Knowledge abstract
1. Composition and structure of the atmosphere; The composition of the lower atmosphere, the main components and functions of clean air; Vertical stratification and characteristics of the atmosphere.
2. The heating process of the atmosphere; Global atmospheric circulation and pressure zone.
3. Atmospheric movement, the basic form of atmospheric movement.
4. Common weather systems, subtropical high and meiyu and summer drought in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Knowledge structure
I. Composition of the atmosphere
1. Clean air: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and ozone.
Step 2: Moisture
3. Solid impurities
Second, the structure of the atmosphere.
1, troposphere
2.stratosphere
3. Upper atmosphere
Third, the cause of atmospheric movement.
1, the root cause: uneven hot and cold.
2. Direct cause of horizontal movement: air pressure difference in the same horizontal plane.
3. The motive force of horizontal movement: horizontal pressure gradient force.
Fourth, the horizontal movement of the atmosphere.
1, horizontal pressure gradient force: determines the original wind direction and wind speed.
2. Geostrophic bias: change the wind direction without changing the wind speed.
3. Friction: change the wind direction and reduce the wind speed.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) atmospheric circulation
1. Formation and distribution of three-circle circulation: low latitude, middle latitude and high latitude.
2. Monsoon circulation
(1) reason: the difference of thermal properties between land and sea; Seasonal movement of pressure zone and wind zone
(2) Distribution: East Asia: temperate monsoon climate; South Asia: tropical monsoon climate
Sixth, the distribution of land and sea affects circulation
1, and the pressure zone in the northern hemisphere is distributed in blocks.
(1) 1 Monthly continental high and oceanic low.
(2) In July, continental low pressure and ocean high pressure.
2. The pressure belt in the southern hemisphere is banded.
Seven, common weather system
1, front
(1) cold front
(2) Warm front
(3) quasi-static stop front
2. Cyclones and anticyclones
Summary of the latest knowledge points of geography compulsory in senior high school
2. 1 Material composition and material cycle of the crust
1. Composition and circulation of crustal materials
(1) minerals that make up rocks
Elements: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, etc.
Combine into a simple substance or compound.
Minerals: the most basic unit of rocks. The main rock-forming minerals are quartz, mica, feldspar and calcite.
Accumulation magmatic rocks: there are two forms: intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks. The typical intrusive rock is granite; Eruptive rock: basalt
Rock sedimentary rock: It has layered structure and usually contains fossils, including (limestone, shale, sandstone, conglomerate, etc. ).
Metamorphic rocks: rocks formed by metamorphism, such as marble, quartzite and slate.
(2) From magma to the formation of various rocks, and then to the formation of new magma, this process is the cycle of crustal materials. Note the name of the role (arrow) in the process of rock deformation. Energy for promoting the circulation of materials in the earth's crust: thermal energy generated by the decay of radioactive materials in the earth (internal energy of the earth)
Crustal material cycle
sedimentary rock
2.2 Earth surface morphology
1. Geological action: According to different energy sources, it can be divided into internal action (internal energy of the earth) and external action (mainly solar energy).
Internal force: crustal movement, magmatic activity, metamorphism, earthquake, etc.
External force: weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and consolidation into rocks. Debris flow, landslide and collapse are also external forces.
Second, the role of internal force and surface morphology
1 Basic arguments of plate tectonic theory:
(1) The global lithosphere is not a whole, but can be divided into six basic plates (name and distribution).
(2) The plate is in constant motion, the interior of the plate is relatively stable, the crust at the junction of the plate is active, and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes.
(3) Rifts or oceans are often formed by plate extension, such as the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and the Atlantic Ocean; The collision and compression of plates often form trenches and orogenic belts. When the ocean collides with the continental plate, trench-island arc or trench-coastal mountains are formed, and when the mainland collides with the continental plate, huge folded mountains are formed.
2 Geological structure and tectonic landform
(1) Geological structure: crustal deformation and displacement caused by crustal movement. (Deformation fold, displacement fault)
(2) Common geological structures and structural landforms
Volcano, seismic activity and surface morphology
Volcanoes and earthquakes are strong forms of energy release on the earth and concrete manifestations of internal forces. Volcanic eruptions often form volcanic cones, craters and so on. When an earthquake occurs, the crust will break and move.
Four. External force and surface morphology
1. External force forms: including weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and consolidation diagenesis;
2. External force and terrain.
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