Explore the historical origins of Hailufeng's "Wuhongqi" from fighting endlessly to uniting as brothers.

A preliminary exploration of Hai Lufeng's ""Wuhongqi"" Hailufeng's ""Wuhongqi"" were two major "anti-Qing and restoration of Ming" secret organizations in the early Qing Dynasty. With the great rule of Kangxi and the prosperous period of Qianlong, the people's ""Wuhongqi" The consciousness of "Qing and Fu Ming" gradually faded away. It evolved into two major banners, regardless of surnames, clans, administrative regions, or political opinions, with the purpose of uniting villages to resist foreign aggression, fight against bandits, and promote social harmony. After the Opium War, the great powers In the third year of Xianfeng's reign (AD 1853), Hai Lufeng's "Three Points Meeting" emerged. "Wuhongqi" is no longer a traditional meaning. It is a non-governmental organization that has no explicit rules and regulations. It only has the belief of living in harmony and helping each other to continue the role of the flag. The members are not specific individuals, but the village (community) as a whole. It has no clear leader and generally has a large population and strong economic strength. When conflicts arise between villages, most of them are resolved through coordination and resolution by the clan association. If the clan association cannot solve the problem, they will use their flags to resolve grievances between villages (communities) with different banners. When conflicts arise among themselves, villages (communities) with different banners will automatically organize and coordinate, and most of them turn conflicts into friendship. The so-called "Wuhongqi Armed Fight" in Hailufeng refers to a large-scale armed struggle between villages or joint villages with flags as signs. Over the past 260 years since the Qing Dynasty. , there are two historical records of "Black and red flag fighting occurred in Qingcao (Hongcao) Sanxiang" on October 12, the first year of Xuantong (December 2, 1909) in the third year of Guangxu's reign (1877). It may be that In less than 30 years at the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were two "Black Red Flag Fights". Perhaps it was because the tragic tragedy of the destruction of the countryside in the first year of Xuantong was unforgettable and deeply disgusted. After that, Hai Lufeng's "Black Red Flag Fight" never happened again. Hai Lufeng Fights that occur from time to time are mostly due to disputes over land boundaries, mountain boundaries, field boundaries, water sources, etc., between villages, between different surnames, between different clans with the same surname, and between different ""fangtou"" of the same clan. , once a conflict occurs and coordination is weak, the killing incident with fists to judge the superiority and inferiority is not a "black red flag". Regarding the disputes or armed fights that occurred in his hometown from time to time, Chen Jiongming never called it "" black red flag" when he was in power in Guangdong. "Armed fights" to expand conflicts, but advocates reasoning based on the facts. For boundary disputes, we should intervene and negotiate according to customary practices, follow the principle of reason and reason, and organize public trials. We strictly state that anyone who dares to use the excuse to incite armed fights will be prosecuted by both parties under military law. , the public taste of the village (tang clan) concerned will be confiscated, and no leniency will be given. The flag of the Hou Peng Pai "Peasant Association" adopts black and red colors, symbolizing the great unity of the people. (Given by Chen Zhi) The origin of the black red flag before the Republic of China. The black red flag or the white flag is popular in various communities, villages and clans in Hailufeng. This seemingly mysterious and frightening story confuses people. Some say it was set up by the county magistrate Bai Taiye during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty to allow the two factions of the black and red flags to restrict each other. Some say it started during the Xianfeng period, etc. There are different opinions. In modern times, some villages still raise flags during festivals. So, what is the connection between the Wuhongqi and the Tiandihui and the Sandianhui (also known as the Sanhehui). What? When, where, what, and who did it originate? According to relevant historical materials and "Jin Yong's novel "The Deer and the Cauldron", it should be traced back to the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the history of the patriotic national hero Zheng Chenggong's resistance to the Qing Dynasty. In the 18th year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong sent Cai Dezhong, Fang Dahong, Ma Chaoxing, Hu Dedi, and Li Shikai to Putian, Fujian, in disguise, and entered the southern Shaolin to become monks and worship Abbot Zhitong as their teacher. These five people were the "first five ancestors" of the later "Hongmen" of the Tiandihui. Zheng Chenggong's general Fang Dahong was one of the founders of Hongmen, an anti-Qing and restoration patriotic organization in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. One of the "Five Ancestors" of Hongmen (also known as the Five Ancestors of Shaolin). The Five Ancestors are divided into "Tiandihui", "Sanhehui", "Paoge", "Brotherhui" and "Xiaodaohui" throughout the country ". Fang Dahong is the founder of the "Triad". In the early Qing Dynasty, after the imperial court "burned the Northern Shaolin", five people, including Emperor Hu De, Li Shikai, Ma Chaoxing, Fang Dahong, and Cai Depei, fled to Fujian and stayed in the Southern Shaolin Temple as a cover. He carried out the "anti-Qing and restoration of Ming" activities and was called the Five Ancestors of Shaolin. Fang Qiniang of Xiapu County, Fujian (later lived in Yongchun), a martial arts master in the Qing Dynasty, was the master of the Five Ancestors of Southern Shaolin (Taizu Quan, Luohan Quan, and Dazun Quan). The founding master of White Crane Boxing, one of the five types (Fifth Form, Xingzhe Boxing, and White Crane Boxing), White Crane Boxing is also known as "Yongchun Boxing". She spread her martial arts skills widely and participated in anti-Qing activities. ""Yongchun Boxing"" has a huge influence in Fujian and Guangdong overseas.

Fang Dahong was appointed as the incense master of ""Hongshun Hall"" of Tiandihui, and was named ""Hongmen". Hongmen, who worshiped Guan Gong and Zheng Chenggong, together with the Qinggang and the White Lotus Sect, were all anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty organizations at that time. They were known as the three major gangs in the world, commonly known as ""Red flowers, green leaves, and white lotus roots." Since Zheng Chenggong opened Jintai Mountain and established Mingyuan Hall, Hongmen has always held high the banner of resisting the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty. The Hongmen brothers have been engaged in the anti-Qing cause one after another. In the thirteenth year of Kangxi's reign, he was known as "The Five Ancestors" (also known as the Five Ancestors of Shaolin) Cai Dezhong, Fang Dahong, Ma Chaoxing, Hu Dedi, and Li Shikai, after the failure of the Honghuating Uprising, discussed the establishment of five ancestral halls, dispersed them to various places, developed each, and retained the ability to resist the Qing Dynasty With his strength, he created a unique secret gesture and code word as a symbol of the brothers' reunion. The code word: The five people separated in a poem, and no one knew about it. When they met and reunited, Cai Dezhong was named. It is Changfang's "Jiang Biao" flag, also known as Yijiuti. The flag is black. It mainly develops activities in Fujian and Gansu. It is called "Jiang Biao". Hongmen in Taiwan also belongs to this flag, and its names are Qingliantang and Fenghuang County. , also known as ""Heaven and Earth Meeting"". The poem is a code word: the first branch of the Black Flag in Fujian, the beginning of the Gansu Uprising. The word "Golden Orchid" spreads all over the world, who dares to bully Jiujiangshan. Take Fang Dahong as the second room ""Hushou" "The flag is called Twelve Ladders. The flag is red. It mainly develops activities in Guangdong and Guangxi. It is called "Hong·Hushou". It is named Hongshuntang and Jinlan County. It is also known as the "Triad". The poem is a code word. : The second branch of the Guangdong red flag, when Gaoxi separates the two Hus, the base of the character Shou becomes 49, and the character 49 changes to depend on each other. The flag is named Jiu Lai with the character "Huhe" written by Emperor Hu De. Developing activities in Sichuan and Yunnan, he was named ""Bo·Huhe"". He was also known as ""Paoge" in the famous Hooutang and Lianzhang County. The poem was drafted as a code word: the third branch of Yunnan Red Flag, the Sichuan uprising destroyed Hu'er. The word "Hong" is a secret sign, and the emperor and his ministers have their own peace. Ma Chaoxing is honored as the four-room "Huhe" flag, which is called Erjiuti. The flag is white. It mainly develops activities in Hunan and Hubei, and is called "Qi Huhe". "The font name, named Shen Taitang and Jinxiang County, is also known as "Ge Laohui". The poem is a code word: the fourth branch of the Huguang White Flag, the first flag of Guizhou in the south of the Yangtze River, and the word sworn to revolt, restore the throne of the country and the mountain. Li Shikai is the five-room "Hutong" flag, which is called Siqiti. The flag is green. It mainly develops activities in Zhejiang and is called "溙·Hutong". It is named Honghuatang and Dexing County, also known as It is called ""Xiao Dao Hui"". The poem is a code word: the fifth branch of the Zhejiang Green Flag, Shandong brothers secretly support. They sacrificed this flag to rise up and reunited in the Ming Dynasty. Later, the black flag, the red flag, the red flag, the white flag, the green flag The five major banner organizations have been carrying out anti-Qing activities in various places for a long time. Since the purpose of Hongmen is not limited to any religion, ethnicity, status, or region, anyone can join as long as it conforms to its spirit of loyalty. Therefore, the level of Hongmen expansion is quite broad, ranging from According to the Qianlong edition of "Haifeng County Chronicles" and "Cai Huangxiang's Notes", the spread of Wuhongqi in Hailufeng ranged from high-ranking officials to peddlers. Li Delin and others were ordered by Zheng Jing to plant a white flag and carry out anti-Qing rebellion. According to the "Haifeng County Chronicles·Sustained Chronicles Vol. 2·Yi Shi" compiled by Cai Fengen, the county magistrate in the twelfth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty: ""In the ninth year of Jiaqing (1804), the Tiandihui bandit Shi Chenglian and others, together with the leader of the Lufeng Jiazi bandits Li Chongyu and others, worshiped The alliance formed an alliance and sent Party Yang Yuren to Haikou to collude with the foreign bandit Zheng Wuzhu. He was arrested for his evil intentions. First, the bandits Shi Chenglian (i.e. Dazhuwan), Yang Yuren, Ma Dinglong, etc., contacted Li Chongyu of the Jiazi Institute and initiated the name Tiandihui. On December 29 (the ninth year of Jiaqing), the leader Yang Yuren ordered his younger brother Yang Xusheng to go west At the fort's Haikou, foreign bandits Zheng Wuzhu and others first entered Meilong to commit robbery. They passed through Jianwei Township and were discovered by Liu Yingchen, deputy tribute of the township. He was captured by the township yong and found the bandits' posters, red cloth, and unmarked handwriting. "The Chengjie County was moved from Changsha to floods."... "In the autumn of the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the "Three Points Meeting" started. It was originally initiated from Lufeng and extended to Haiyi. Those who were incited were all crazy, and there was a large list of culprits. , old mother, iron straw shoes name." In February of the 20th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, Li Zhongjue, who served as the magistrate of Lufeng County, recorded that "..." in his "Guishan Cumulative Slips" also revealed that gangsters in Guangdong Province were secretly plotting to revive the ""Tiandihui"", with different names in recent times. and so on." From local chronicles, relevant records and various understandings, Wuhongqi is an anti-Qing secret organization of the ""Tiandihui"" and ""Trihehui"". It began in the 13th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty and was born in the Southern Shaolin Temple in Fujian. Kangxi, During the Qianlong period, it was gradually introduced to Huilai County, then to Lufeng Jiazi, and then to Haifeng and other places from Lufeng.

In the third year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty, the activities of Tiandihui and Sandianhui (also known as Sanhehui) made great progress. Flags were raised in various places, including red flags, black flags and white flags. For example, Longmen County in Guangzhou Prefecture is divided into red flag and black flag, Huizhou is divided into red flag and white flag (Zhangpu, Fujian is also divided into red flag and white flag), Xingning is divided into red flag and black flag, etc. Hailufeng also has red flags, black flags and white flags. In some places, in order not to be involved in the dispute between black, red and white, a yellow flag is erected. Because the center (center) of the five elements belongs to earth, its color is yellow, such as Haifeng County Yellow flags were erected in Chengqiao East, Tung Shing Society, and Tai Po House in Ho Tong. For example, white flags were erected in Xin Lou Village and Shi Tsai Ling Village in the suburbs of Ping Ping Hui. Red flags were erected in Ping Ping Xin Market and black flags were erected in Ping Ping Old Market. It is understood that the black and red flags are mostly used in Hailufeng, and the yellow and white flags are very few. However, some of them originally belonged to the black flag, but in order to avoid being attacked by the red flag, they changed it to the red flag. There are also code regulations for flag making. For example, if the flag is black and surrounded by red, it means friendship with the red flag; if the flag is red and surrounded by white, it means friendship with the white flag, etc. Except for a few measures that hurt national sentiments, the ruling policies of the early Qing Dynasty were all in compliance with history. In fact, the slogan "Anti-Qing and Revive Ming" only appeared in the early Qing Dynasty, but faded in the later period. The people had already adapted and became obedient people. In the early period, the Ming Dynasty had just perished, and the people had deep national sentiments. In addition, the small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty With the use of the Qing Dynasty, the slogan of "anti-Qing Dynasty and restoration of the Ming Dynasty" emerged. In the later period, when faced with the invasion of foreign invaders, the people put forward the slogan of "support the Qing Dynasty and destroy the foreign countries". Later, when the officials of the Qing court were corrupt, Hong Xiuquan used the "red flag" as the "red flag". During this period, the Taiping Rebellion was launched, and all parts of the country rebelled and joined in the war to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. During this period, local governments and evil gentry used the "black flag" or "white flag" to maintain public order and rights, thus causing " A serious incident of armed fighting between the "black flag" or the "white flag" and the "red flag". In the 20th year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty, Li Zhongjue, the magistrate of Lufeng County, recorded in "Guishan Cumulative Letters": ""... During the Xianfeng period, the red and black flags gathered in the countryside. The ordinary people with few people and weak power will form a party, either from three to five townships and one banner, or from seven to eight townships and one banner, or from dozens of townships and one banner. As a result, the wind of armed fighting broke out. "Some are even employed as a profession by various towns to participate in armed fighting, called "gunshou". "They attach importance to wealth but ignore life, and have a long history of being brave and ruthless." Five years ago, the Wuqi clan of a village in Chikeng, Haifeng, and the Hongqi clan of a village in Ketang were instigated by local evil gentry to engage in armed fighting, which spread throughout the county. More than 300 farmers on both sides died, tens of thousands of taels of silver were consumed, and thousands of crops were lost. There are more than a hundred families selling their children and women (see the Haifeng New Chronicles in the Haifeng Archives). Of course, in some villages, there were fights between clans under the Black Red Flag due to Feng Shui disputes or dragon boat races. Not all Wuhongqi villages are necessarily hostile, and the people in some Wuhongqi villages have strong feelings of friendship. The imperial court suppressed Hailufeng Wuhongqi. On the 19th of the first month of the eleventh year of Guangxu's reign, Guangdong Navy Admiral Fang Yao came to Hailu. Feng "Qingxiang" suppressed the latent ""Three O'clock Meeting"" and killed 69 people in Haicheng East Jiachang for the first time. Fang Yao ""Qingxiang" was extorted from nearly one million taels of silver, and several Haifeng " The evil gentry of "Line Secretary" became a rich man (see the manuscript of "Haifeng New Chronicles" in the Haifeng Archives). In the fifteenth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial envoy Fang Yao was sent to Haifeng to "handle the case", and Shanwei was listed as a coward. There were forty-nine members of the "Three Points Society". At that time, Weng Tianhu (from Shanwei) had just taken the Chinese-style Jinshi examination in Kyoto. Before the imperial examination, he went to bail. As a result, forty-four people were released on bail. Shanwei's famous "Three Points Society" "The boss Yan Shiliang was also released on bail. (See the manuscript of "Haifeng New Chronicles" in the Haifeng Archives). Local historical materials describe Wuhongqi in "Haifeng County Chronicles·Extended Chronicles·Yishi" written by Tongzhi of the Qing Dynasty: " "In the third year of Xianfeng (1853) Autumn, get up at three o'clock. On the ninth day of the seventh month of the fourth year (1854), Huang Lvgong and others attacked the county seat. The county magistrate Lin Zhiling died, and the commander-in-chief Li Chun defended the city. Lin Qisheng, the witness, climbed to the city to attack the thieves and was killed at the same time. Bandits were prevalent at that time. In the third year of Xianfeng (the third year of Xianfeng), they broke Huilai in the fifth month, robbed Pingshan in the sixth month, and forced people from east to west. The Lin (county) order said that it should be dissolved first. Take Yong to Wushiqiao (Haicheng) to get Yan Beilong's Fa Zhengfa and search his name book. At that time, the bandits Huang Lugong, Wang Yuchun, Li Yuchun, Yan Xiachun and others colluded with the three-point bandits in Luyi and formed an alliance...". ""The bandits actually branched out to various townships on the 22nd of July (4th year). nuisance. …On August 27, bandits attacked the back door fort. Lin Guangzhao, a gentleman from Meilong, led the brave team and cooperated with Wang Xuzhen of the branch to repel them. More than ten bandits were killed, two were beheaded, and two red flags were captured..."

"" On New Year's Day of the first month of the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), bandits massacred the Jiuwei Village (now in Gongping Reservoir). At that time, both the government and the army were encircling the old polder stockade and engaging in repeated battles. From Chen to Xu, the gangs of thieves spread and they could not defeat the enemy even though they fought hard. Hundreds of people were massacred. ..." "On the fifth day of the first lunar month (1856), Nanlinggu The bandit Xu Lisheng (now from Huidong) and others burned Bitao Garden (now east of Haifeng City). The righteous people of Bitao (belonging to Wu Banner) resisted the thieves and were outnumbered. More than a hundred people were killed, and the residents outside the city were killed. "All the houses and shops were destroyed."..." "On February 24, the sixth year of Xianfeng, thieves broke into the Shanmei Fort, and Governor He Fang, who was protecting the town, fought bravely and could not burn himself. The thieves attacked the Chi'an army on the 17th of the first lunar month, and then on the 28th and 9th, they defeated Longya and Bamboo. On February 11th, Dongyong was broken, and all the traitors and bandits came out to cause trouble and spread all over the country. The towns such as Heiqi that they passed through were massacred. "" In the spring of the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), the Biao Zhong Temple was rebuilt , install the sacred statues. In the sixth year (1856), thieves invaded Wupoling and all the temple icons were destroyed." The Red Flag (Red Flag) fought against the Qing Dynasty, and a war broke out, while the Black Flag (Black Flag) fought for self-defense or to assist the Qing Dynasty in resisting, resulting in a struggle between the Wuqi and Red Flag factions. The two factions fought at sea because of their flags, clan conflicts, etc. Lu Feng caused long-term armed fighting and vendetta in Wuhongqi, and its evil influence greatly affected the unity among the peasants. In the summer of 1922, Comrade Peng Pai secretly organized the six-person Peasants' Association, then openly established the Chishan Peasants' Association, and in 1923. China's first county-level farmers' association was established on January 1. He realized deeply from practice that in order to grow and develop the farmers' association, the poison of the black and red flag fighting left over from history must be eliminated, so he personally designed it. The meaning of this peasant association flag is that all the peasant brothers in Wu and Hongqi villages in Hailufeng should unite under the leadership of the general peasant association to completely overthrow the feudal system and strive for their own liberation. , played a role in the great unity and fighting of the farmers in Hailufeng, and also showed that the designer had a sharp vision to understand and resolve conflicts. By the time the first Eastern Expeditionary Army arrived in Haifeng in February 1925, Haifeng farmers were The association changed to the province-wide uniform red cloth flag with a yellow plowshare pattern. The article is reproduced from ""Haifeng Daily"