China is a country of etiquette. What does etiquette include?
Etiquette and ceremony in China: In ancient China, there were five rituals: the ritual was auspicious, the marriage was festive, the guest was a guest's ritual, the army was a military ceremony, and the funeral was a fierce ceremony.
According to folklore, etiquette includes four kinds of life etiquette: birth, coronation, wedding and funeral. Actually, etiquette can be divided into politics and life.
First, the political category includes offering sacrifices to heaven, land, ancestors, sages, drinking ceremony, social ceremony and military ceremony.
Political etiquette
Worship heaven
Worship to heaven, which began in the Zhou Dynasty, is also called suburban worship. On the day of winter solstice, it is held in the capital of the southern suburbs. The ancients first paid attention to the worship of entities, and the worship of heaven was also reflected in the worship of the sun, the moon and the stars. All these specific worship, after reaching a certain amount, are painted as worship of heaven. The worship of heaven in Zhou Dynasty developed from the worship of "emperor" in Yin Dynasty. The supreme ruler is the son of heaven, and offering sacrifices to heaven serves the supreme ruler. Therefore, the prevalence of worship of heaven did not come to an end until the Qing Dynasty.
Sacrificially
The solstice in summer is the day of offering sacrifices to the earth, and the etiquette is roughly the same as that of offering sacrifices to heaven. In the Han Dynasty, the Earth God was called Mother, and she was the goddess who blessed mankind, also known as the country God. The earliest place of sacrifice was blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, the belief in geomantic omen, which was not suitable for breaking ground, prevailed, and the rituals of offering sacrifices to the land included offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, offering sacrifices to the land gods, the valley gods and the country.
Ancestral temple sacrifice
The ancestral temple system is the product of ancestor worship. Ancestral temple is a place where people set up for the deceased before his death. The ancestral temple system consists of seven temples for emperors, five temples for princes, three temples for doctors and one temple for scholars. Temples are not allowed in Shu Ren. The ancestral hall, the son of heaven and the princes are located on the left side of the door. Doctors sleep on the left and right in the temple. The common people set the ancestral hall next to the kitchen hall of the dormitory. When offering sacrifices, choose a corpse. Bodies are usually served by grandchildren. The god in the temple is a wooden cuboid, which is only placed when offering sacrifices. Sacrifices cannot be called by their first names. During the sacrificial ceremony, nine worships such as kowtow, nod, empty bow, vibration, auspicious worship, fierce worship, strange worship, praise worship and Su worship are performed. The ancestral hall also offered sacrifices to the first generation of emperors. The Book of Rites Quli stipulates that all the ancestors who made contributions to the people, such as Yao, Shun, Yu, Huangdi, King Wen, should make sacrifices. Since the Han Dynasty, people began to build cemeteries and shrines to offer sacrifices to the previous emperors. On the other hand, Ming Taizu established an imperial temple in Kyoto. During the Jiajing period, the Emperor Temple was built in Fuchengmen, Beijing, to worship the first king and the 36th emperor.
offer sacrifices to ancestors
After the Han and Wei Dynasties, the Duke of Zhou was a saint and Confucius was a teacher. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was the sage and Yan Hui was the teacher. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the ceremony of "releasing wine" has always been a ritual of learning and a ritual of offering sacrifices to Confucius. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, wine-releasing ceremonies were held twice a year in the spring and autumn, and Confucius and Yan temples were also set up in county schools all over the country. In the Ming Dynasty, Confucius was called "the most holy teacher". In the Qing Dynasty, Shengjing (Shenyang, Liaoning Province) established the Confucius Temple. After making Beijing its capital, imperial academy, the capital of Beijing, was elected as imperial academy and set up a Confucian Temple. Confucius called it "the forerunner from Dacheng to Wenshengxuan". Qufu's temple system, sacrificial vessels, musical instruments and etiquette are all based on Beijing imperial academy. Rural drinking ceremony is the product of offering sacrifices to sages.
Meeting ceremony
When subordinates meet their superiors, they should pay their respects to each other, and officials should also pay their respects to each other. When they meet, Volkswagen, Marquis and Ma Xu should pay tribute twice. The subordinates face west first, and the superiors face east first. When civilians meet, the young and the old salute, and the young salute. Say goodbye to the four foreign worshippers and pay homage nearby.
military salute
Including conquest, taxation, hunting, construction, etc.
Second, life includes five sacrifices, high sacrifices, Nuo ceremony, birth ceremony, crown ceremony, food etiquette, gift etiquette and so on.
Life etiquette
Birthday ceremony
From a woman's seeking for a child when she is not pregnant to a baby's first birthday, all etiquette revolves around the theme of a long life. Shu Gao's sacrifice is begging etiquette. At this time, an altar was set up in the southern suburbs, and all the empresses participated. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, there were sacrifices made by Gao Qi. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the ceremony of Gao Qi was formulated. During the Jin Dynasty, Gao Qi offered sacrifices to Di Qing, and a wooden square platform was built in the north of Yong 'anmen in the east of the imperial city. There was no sacrifice by Gao Qi in Qing Dynasty, but there was a ceremony of "changing rope" with the same meaning. Birthday ceremonies have a preference for sons over daughters since ancient times. Birthday ceremonies also include "Three Dynasties", "Full Moon", "Hundred Days" and "One Year". The Three Dynasties were three days when the baby was born and received all kinds of congratulations. When the baby is one month old, the full moon shaves the fetal hair. Hundred-day uncle recognition, naming ceremony. At the age of one, we should grasp the rites of the week and predict the fate and career of our children.
Pass the ceremony
Also known as the coronation ceremony, it is a coronation ceremony for men to enter the ranks of adults. The coronation ceremony evolved from the adult ceremony attended by young men and women who were popular in clan society at maturity. The Han dynasty followed the crown ceremony system of the Zhou dynasty. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Jia Guan began to accompany with music. Crown ceremony was practiced in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and was abolished in the Qing Dynasty. Many ethnic minority areas in China still have ancient adult rituals, such as pulling teeth, dyeing teeth, wearing skirts, trousers and tying a bun.
Yande's Catering Etiquette
Dining is held in the ancestral temple, and the cooking is too firm to drink guests. The emphasis is on etiquette rather than diet. Yan is a banquet, the ceremony is held in the bedroom, and guests and friends can enjoy drinking. Yan Li has a profound influence on the formation of China's food culture. Festive banquets have formed festive food etiquette in China's folk food customs. Eating Yuanxiao on the 15th day of the first month, cold rice and vegetables in Tomb-Sweeping Day, zongzi and realgar wine in Duanyang in May, moon cakes and laba porridge in Mid-Autumn Festival, and making friends to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new are all festive ceremonies. Eating certain foods on some festivals is also a kind of eating etiquette. Seats at the banquet, the order of serving, and the etiquette of persuading people to drink and toast all have the requirements of men and women, the relationship between elders and children, and the taboo of praying for blessings in social customs.
Courtesy to guests
Mainly used to receive guests. There are different levels of gift etiquette for guests. When the scholars meet, the guests see the master, taking the pheasant as the guide; When doctors meet, they take geese as baskets; When you meet a doctor, you should take a lamb as a basket.
Five sacrifices
Refers to the sacrificial gate, gate, well, stove and middle room. In the Zhou Dynasty, people visited households in spring, roamed around in summer, visited doors in autumn and visited wells in winter. During the Han and Wei dynasties, there were five sacrifices every season, and in March of Meng Dong, there was a total sacrifice. In the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the theory of "Seven Sacrifices to Heaven Emperor" was adopted, offering sacrifices to Siming (a minor god in the palace), Guo Men, Guo Xing, (a wild ghost), Hu and Zao. Five sacrifices were still offered in Ming and Qing Dynasties. After Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, special sacrifices such as doors, households, baby carriages and wells were abandoned, and only the stoves were sacrificed on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, which was in line with the folk story that the kitchen god told things in the sky on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month. The national sacrificial ceremony adopted a folk form.
Nuo instrument
Originated in prehistoric times and prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Nuo ceremonies in the Zhou Dynasty were designed to drive away evil spirits and epidemics in the four seasons. Zhou people believe that the operation of nature is closely related to the good or ill luck of personnel. With the change of seasons, the variation of cold and heat, the epidemic of plague and the taking advantage of ghosts, timely mourning is needed to exorcise evil spirits. Fang Shixiang is the main god in Nuo ceremony. Twelve animals formula Shixiang appeared in Nuo instruments in Han Dynasty. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties followed the Han system, and entertainment elements were added to Nuo ceremonies, with musicians playing Fang and twelve animals. So far, the Nuo ceremony of Tujia nationality in Guizhou is the most complete and typical.
social etiquette
Handshake etiquette
Handshaking etiquette originated in ancient Europe, which shows that they are unarmed and friendly. Later, it became a fashion, prevailing in Europe and America. After the Revolution of 1911, China became accustomed to it. In today's business communication, shaking hands is the most commonly used greeting ceremony.
How to shake hands:
Both sides stretch out their right hands, keep a distance of about one meter from each other, and extend their palms slightly forward and downward.
Handshake etiquette
Straighten out, put your right four fingers together, thumb up, palm to the left, and the height of your hand is roughly flush with your waist. When you hold each other, you should look at each other with a smile and say a few commonplaces.
Pay attention to when shaking hands:
1 Don't be half-hearted and stare at each other;
② The handshake time should not be too long (usually about 3 seconds to 5 seconds);
Don't clap the other person's arm when shaking hands;
Don't shake hands too hard.
(the relationship is average, the two sides hold hands slightly and shake up and down; If the relationship is close, you can use a little force and shake it up and down a few times to show your friendship or deep feelings. But it is impolite to just hold your fingertips or just pass them or put your hands around each other's hands.
Handshake etiquette
When shaking hands, the principle should be followed: honour person takes precedence.
Between the superior and the subordinate, the superior should reach out first; Between the younger generation and the older generation, the elder should reach out first.
Between men and women, Ms. Ying should reach out first; Between peers at the same level, whoever reaches out first.
Note: When two handshakers meet two or more of the above orders, generally, the location is considered first, then the age is considered, and then the gender is considered.
Note: when introducing, you should respect the last person (introduce the person with lower position first, then introduce the person with higher position); But when shaking hands, the distinguished person should come first (the person with the highest status reaches out first).
When the guest shakes hands with the host, the order of reaching out is different. When welcoming guests, the host reaches out first; Send away the guests, the guests reach out first. When the guests arrive, the general host extends his hand to welcome them first; When guests leave, they usually reach out first. The guest held out his hand first, expressing his hope that the host would stay.
Taboo of shaking hands
No handshake, no left handshake, no cross handshake, no gloves, no dirty hands.
When shaking hands, don't put your other hand in your pocket and shake hands without sunglasses, except those with eye diseases or eye defects.
Business card etiquette
Business card is an economical and practical communication tool in modern business communication. It is a kind of "letter of introduction" and "contact card" of self.
Business people should know the etiquette of choosing, making and handing business cards.
Business card etiquette
Specifications The specifications of business cards are generally 8.6 cm long-10 cm and 5.5-6 cm wide. At present, the most common business card specification in China is 9cm×5.5cm.
The colors are mostly white, milky white, light blue, light yellow and other colors.
Horizontal and vertical layout (horizontal business cards are arranged from top to bottom, and the word order is from left to right)
The texture of business cards is suitable for soft and wear-resistant white cardboard, scented paper and so on.
Plane business card pattern should be simple; Simplified Chinese should be used as characters, and the two characters should not be alternately printed on the same side of the business card. The same content is best printed in simplified Chinese characters, and the other text is printed on both sides.
Contents of standard business cards:
My unit (enterprise logo, work unit and department) and my name (name, position and title).
Contact information (address, telephone number, fax number, company postal code, company website, personal email or mobile phone, etc.). ).
Etiquette norms for handing business cards-How to ask for business cards
1. Take the initiative to hand in your business card (such as: Hello! This is my business card. Please keep in touch or take care of me later! )
2. Offer to exchange business cards (for example, can we exchange business cards? Or nice to meet you. I wonder if I can exchange my business card with you? )
Ask a senior for a business card (I've heard a lot about you, I don't know how to ask you in the future? Still nice to meet you! I will ask you for advice in the future. I don't know how to contact you. )
Ask your peers or younger generations for business cards (how to contact them in the future? )
note:
If someone asks for your business card, but you don't want to give it, you should express it euphemistically and can't refuse it directly. What should I say?
What should I say without a business card?
Order of handing business cards: generally, the person with the lowest position gives the business card to the person with the highest position first, the younger generation gives the business card to the elder first, the man gives it first, and the latter returns it; When handing business cards to many people, you should be condescending, from near to far, and (round table) should be done clockwise in turn.
Business card delivery method: smile, face the business card to the other party, hand it to the other party with both hands (hold the two corners at the top of the business card with your thumb and forefinger respectively) and say hello. This is my business card, please give me more advice or keep in touch! When handing a business card, use both hands if it is handed unilaterally; If both parties exchange business cards at the same time, they should hand them in the right hand and pick them up in the left hand. Don't give it to others with your finger. When handing a business card, if you are sitting, you should get up or bend over.
Etiquette norms for handing business cards-how to receive business cards
1. When you receive a business card, you should get up or lean over, smile and grab the lower corner of the card with both hands. Thank you after receiving the business card and read it carefully to show your attention to the other party;
2. Keep the business card properly after reading it, and don't fiddle with it in your hand or put it on the table at will.
3. If you put it on the desktop temporarily, don't put other items on the business card, and don't leave it behind.
Matters needing attention in business cards:
Don't write irrelevant things on other people's business cards; Remember to bring your business card when attending business social activities.
Etiquette standard of handing business cards-the placement of business cards
Carry-on business cards should be placed in a business card holder or in the inner pocket of a suit jacket or briefcase.
It is impolite to put your business card in other pockets, especially in your back trouser pocket, skirt pocket or wallet.
It's best to separate other people's business cards from your own.
Chinese etiquette plays the role of "quasi-legalist" in China culture. Chinese etiquette permeates people's daily life. Table manners, hospitality, visiting gifts, etc.
Now the "Eight Rites and Four Instruments" are popularized.
Eight rites refer to etiquette, etiquette, speech, governance, behavior, observation, travel and meals. Including clean face, decent clothes, natural hairstyle and generous manners. Dietary ceremonies include paying attention to hygiene, cherishing food, frugal diet and elegant diet. The gifts of a speech include civilized language, calm and patient listening, sincerity and friendliness. Politeness in dealing with people includes respecting teachers, loving partners, being tolerant and polite, and being sincere with others. The gifts of walking include obeying the rules, giving courtesy first, helping the old and taking care of the young, and offering your seat. Watching the ceremony refers to observing order, caring for the environment, paying attention to appreciation and politely cheering when watching cultural performances and sports competitions. The gift of sightseeing is to treat the scenery well, cherish cultural relics, respect folk customs and abide by public morality. Ceremony refers to paying attention to civility, courtesy, respect and solemnity.
"Four Instruments" refers to the entrance ceremony (7 years old), adult ceremony (10 years old), youth ceremony (14 years old) and adult ceremony (18 years old), so as to educate and guide minors to strengthen civilized etiquette.
There are ten etiquette movements and two routine etiquette movements. Carry the principles of two-way reciprocity, orderly status, indispensable, suitable for both sides, and the principle of being a man.
Ten etiquette movements are: bow, bow, bow, bow, bow, bow, bow, bow.
Two routine etiquette actions are: meeting for the first time, greeting parents and bowing to friends, classmates and colleagues.
Bowing ceremony
Put your hands together on your chest and take them back from front to back in a hand shape. Push forward, don't bow your head.
Depending on the distance, it can be high and not lower than the chest.
Daily meeting ceremony, farewell ceremony.
politeness
Holding your chest with both hands is lighter than making a fist and more important than fighting. Slightly or not.
Used for daily salute, respect for elders, and mutual respect among classmates and friends.
Worship ceremony (worship ceremony)
Spread your arms to your chest and put your hands together. In front of the male's left hand and the female's right hand. Bend down (30 degrees). Move your arms around your waist, but don't move your head.
Used for first meeting, respecting elders and expert ceremony. Only one can.
Ordinary gift.
Two services (farewell ceremony)
Spread your arms in front of your face and put your hands together. Bend down (45 degrees). Move your arms with your waist, but don't move your head.
Used to give big gifts to platoon leaders. Generally, a line is called "Bye-bye". Two at most, called "farewell".
Three Worshipments (Second Worship on the Forehead)
Stand still, stand up and be solemn.
"Hands are attached to the heart." Stick your hands between your chest and abdomen, with the boy's left hand in front and the girl's right hand in front. Fold, elbows in line with hands. Hand means "harmony with heaven and earth". Tiande is energetic, durable, trustworthy and has a big start. Dede is very tolerant, tolerant, rich and dedicated. Both virtues have their own characteristics. Showing virtue will change with time and environment.
"Senior one." Push your hands forward and up, to the front of your forehead, and keep your arms straight.
"Salute (worship)." Keep your head, neck and arms still, bend your waist and bow deeply (90 degrees).
"Xing." Stand up and put your hands on your forehead.
"Salute again (goodbye)."
"Xing."
"Front hand." Put your hands on your forehead and push them out.
"Three worships (three worships)."
"Xing."
"Li Cheng." Get your hands back to your chest and abdomen.
It is used to pay homage to the ancestors of heaven and earth, honor parents and give life gifts on specific occasions.
Used for group gifts.
The name of the ceremony is "Farewell Forehand", which is equivalent to the ancient "Farewell to kowtow".
Provocative ceremony
The ancients called it "sitting" and "sitting straight" because they sat on the floor with their calves and heels. It's convenient to make this gift.
The greatest gift of the ancients was "kowtowing again". Sit down first, stand up straight, and don't let your hips leave your calves, that is, don't kneel. Worship first and do two things. The action of bowing is to put your hands in front of your forehead, put them down, bow your hands to the ground in front of you, and lean forward with your arms. During the third ceremony, hands are put down, separated, palms up. Bend down, put the back of your hand on the ground in front of your body, and knock your forehead on the ground. The third etiquette action can also be folded hands, forehead hit the palm. These three ways show more and more respect. Today, people can worship and kowtow again, or they can just do a kowtow ceremony. Standing and walking are all "paying tribute again" and "paying tribute". Three means more, and more is still three.
It is only used for certain gifts, such as offering sacrifices to ancestors in the sky, offering sacrifices to teachers on specific occasions, offering sacrifices to biological parents on specific occasions, and paying homage to couples on the wedding day. You can't do whatever you want. Anything you do casually is blasphemy, blasphemy against each other.
Hold hands.
Hands stretched out side by side, the younger generation palms down, the older generation palms up, and the older generation holds the younger generation's hands. The elder can sit and hold the hand of the younger generation.
Family etiquette. Courtesy of husband and wife at marriage.
Fighting ceremony
Only used when students pay homage to Confucius, and the teacher returns the gift on behalf of Confucius. On the statue of Confucius, Confucius used this gesture of returning gifts. Cross your hands on your chest, push them out and flatten them.
Teachers can't just reciprocate.
Jugongli
Put down your hand and bow. Bow can be big or small, and the lower the bow, the more respectful it is.
Nodding and bowing are used by elders in return.
Hand-holding ceremony
Hands on the chest and abdomen, hands on the left, women on the right.
Stand in front of the ceremony and raise the national flag. Show sincerity and integrity.
Shaking hands, waving, waving, hugging, getting up, clapping, nodding, bending over, answering, smiling, asking for permission and showing off are also manners, which belong to the categories of "appearance" and "appearance".
The above etiquette movements seem complicated, but usually only the equal bow ceremony between friends and a worship ceremony to the elders are used. How can I pay back what the other party does? It's simple.
The rules of etiquette are reciprocal, reciprocal and orderly. When the other party salutes, it is necessary to reciprocate. No matter how high your position and seniority are, you should return the gift, otherwise it is impolite and impolite. Answering, nodding, and bending down are all replies.
Salute to the ancestors of heaven and earth, and the ancestors of heaven and earth do not reciprocate. Because they have been giving us "gifts", we just return the gift and repay it.
Etiquette action is based on etiquette and etiquette. These are just basic norms. Etiquette movements can be changed. Different cultures, customs and habits have different manners and behaviors. With basic formulas and differences, we can distinguish and be appropriate. Japan, South Korea and other countries and regions influenced by Confucian culture retain Confucian cultural traditions, which are all branches of Confucian culture. Salute according to your own tradition, so that there is a different place and it is appropriate. In Chinese mainland, etiquette was extreme by monarchy, and now it has been interrupted. We should return to the origin of the ceremony of Zhou, combine the achievements of western culture, formulate etiquette norms, and connect with ancient and modern China and foreign countries. The implementation may be different in different places.
The new ceremony inherits the ancient ceremony, and etiquette brings people closer together and makes them respect each other. At the same time, it develops and changes, conforms to people's hearts, draws people closer, and increases the ceremony of "holding hands" to make them fall in love. It is appropriate to get through the two things.
Etiquette moves change the humbleness, sense virtue, fortitude and justice, and Kunde is elegant and noble. Tribute to Gankun Hede.
abstract
The inherent rules of etiquette are: two-way giving, equality and reciprocity, and orderly position.
The function of ceremony is: ceremony gives birth to respect, respect gives birth to affection and respect gives birth to holiness. The respect of courtesy students can be transferred to work, study and treat people with things, so as to be dedicated, respect things, respect people and be respected. He is a first-class person. When people lose their manners and manners, they lose respect, disrespect everything and become second-rate and third-rate people. Ancestors' etiquette behavior makes life respected first. Shaking hands can only produce goodwill, not respect.
It is impolite to carry forward character and raise national dignity.
The ceremony is centered on the straight path, which is both righteous and lenient.
The law of giving (beginning): humble yourself and respect others, and respect others.
Rule of reporting: report straight, come and go, and return the favor. You can report it again, vote for me and report it to Qiong Yao. No return, no understatement, no omission.
Those who know propriety know reason, those who know propriety understand reason, and those who know propriety understand reason.
Rites are born from the heart, and they are made by themselves.
The combination of "self-denial" and "self-denial" The combination of "Fu Li" and "Ren".
Confucius said, "Self-denial is benevolence."
Confucius said, "Benevolence depends on itself, but on others?"