Kaipingliang ordered soldiers to watch Feng Shui.

Qin Shihuang (259 BC-2 BC10) was the first unified dynasty in China history-the founding emperor of the Qin Dynasty. Won the surname, Zhao, son of King Xiang of Qin Zhuang. Han nationality (formerly known as Huaxia nationality) was born in Handan, the capital of Zhao State (now Handan City, Hebei Province). In 247 BC, King Zheng of Qin acceded to the throne at the age of 65,438+03, because the Queen Mother, Prime Minister and Lao Ai were in charge of state affairs at a young age. In 238 BC (the ninth year of the reign of the King of Qin), when Qin Shihuang was 22 years old, he held an adult coronation ceremony of the monarch in the ancient capital Yongcheng, and began to "govern the country personally", getting rid of Lv Buwei, Lao Ai and others, and reusing Lisi and Liao Wei. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the six countries of Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi perished one after another. Xianyang is its capital. In 2 10 BC, Qin Shihuang died in a sand dune (now Xingtai City, Hebei Province) on his way to the East. Qin Shihuang thought that his contribution was better than that of the previous Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and changed the title agreed by ministers to "Emperor". Qin Shihuang was the first monarch to use the title of "Emperor" in the history of China, which had a far-reaching and significant impact on the history of China and the world, and was praised as "the first emperor through the ages" by Li Zhi, a thinker in the Ming Dynasty. In ancient times, surnames were different. The surname is the family number, which represents the racial appellation with the same blood relationship; Surname is the symbol of ancient aristocratic clans and a branch of surnames. Zhang's History of China Customs Part I Hunpu Times Section VI Discrimination of Names and Surnames said: "Surnames are origins, so the lineage of Ming Dynasty is different from other races; My family is still at home, so my family is at home. So a surname is divided into dozens and hundreds. " Surnames began in matriarchal times and remained relatively stable after their formation. History began in the paternal era and often changed with the change of historical conditions, and the situation was more complicated. Ying Shao of Han Dynasty said in "Custom Yi Tong": "Gai's surname is nine, or his surname is counting. Or the surname is Yu Ji, or Yu Jue, or Yu Guo, or Yu Guan, or Yu Zi, or Yu Zhai, or Yu Zhi. " In Historical Records, Sima Qian talked about the surname of Qin Shihuang, including the following points: the first surname, Yan, is found in Historical Records. Qin Benji. Sima Qian quoted Zhou as saying: "In the past, Bo Kun was the main animal of Shun, and the animal had much interest, so it had soil and was given its surname. Today, later generations also stopped their horses for me, and their land was a vassal. " Then, Sima Qian said, "The Qin Dynasty in the city made it possible to restore the worship of the Won family, which was called Qin Won." Sima Qian described Qin's lineage in Qin Benji, including Qin Shihuang, II and Zi Ying, and concluded: "Qin's family came first. Later, Guo Wei was enfeoffed, including Xu, Yong, Ju, Yun Yan, Tu Qiu, Huang, Jiang, Xiu Yu, Fei Lian and Qin. Qin, on the other hand, sealed Zhao Wei in the name of Zhao Fu. " The second surname is Zhao, which is recorded in Historical Records. "Biography of Qin Shihuang": "The emperor of Qin Shihuang, Wang Xiangzi of Qinzhuang also. King Xiang of Zhuang is the proton of Zhao and Qin. When he saw Ji, he accepted it and became emperor. In the first month of 48 years, Qin Zhao was born in Handan. Jisheng, named Zheng, surnamed Zhao. " To sum up, it is said that Qin Shihuang's surname wins is the total root; Qin Shihuang's surname Zhao refers to his branch. These statements are all from Tai Shigong, well-founded, well-founded, and can't say which one is wrong. However, in A Brief History of Clans, the fact that "men call their surnames and women call their surnames" was noticed in the pre-Qin period. Therefore, when writing official history, ancient historians such as Sima Qian and Ban Gu strictly followed the aristocratic surname system in the pre-Qin period (including the Qin Dynasty), and only called Qin Shihuang Zhao Zheng, without Ying Zheng. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Lv Buwei, Evonne, the mother of Qin Shihuang, was originally the concubine of Lv Buwei. For political purposes, Lv Buwei gave Zhao Ji, who was pregnant, to an alien (that is, the king of Qin Zhuang). Later, a famous government was born in Evonne; According to "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang", "The Emperor of Qin Shihuang, Qin Zhuangzi also. King Xiang of Zhuang made a proton in Zhao Shengqin. When he met Ji, he gladly took it and became the emperor. " As the son of an underrated proton, Zhao Zheng spent his youth in Handan, the capital of Zhao. At this point, the aliens have returned to the State of Qin through Lv Buwei's mediation, and recognized Mrs. Huayang as her mother. After many political struggles, he finally won the trust of Huayang. Lv Buwei spent a lot of energy and money to bring Evonne and her son back to Qin. From then on, Zhao Zheng began his political career in Qin king Palace. King Xiang of Qin Zhuang died three years after he ascended the throne (247 years ago) and became king of Qin. When he acceded to the throne, because he was young, national politics was dominated by Prime Minister Lv Buwei, and Lv Buwei was honored as Guanzhong. Lv Buwei not only controls the imperial court, but also has an affair with the Empress Dowager (Evonne). Seeing that Qin Shihuang was getting older, he was afraid of being discovered by him, wanted to leave the Queen Mother, and was afraid of the Queen Mother's resentment, so he presented false eunuch's old moxa to the Queen Mother, which was fake and rotten, and only pulled out his beard and entered the palace. Qin Shihuang grew up day by day, so they lied to Qin Shihuang, saying that the queen mother's bedroom was not feng shui and she wanted to move out of here. Qin Shihuang believed it, so they moved far away from Qin Shihuang. As a result, the Queen Mother gave birth to two illegitimate children. This false eunuch, Ai, pretended to be the king's father. With the help of the Queen Mother, he sealed a long letter, owned Yang Shan, Taiyuan and other places, and collected his own henchmen. Lao Ai has been operating in Yongcheng for many years, and has established a huge force, which is another powerful political force after Lv Buwei. Ai's success is inevitable. When he was drunk, he scolded a minister: "I am the false father of the king of Qin, how dare you provoke me." The minister was very angry after hearing this, and secretly found an opportunity to tell Qin Shihuang. Ed panicked and was ready to rebel. In the first 238 years, Qin Shihuang held a coronation ceremony at Yongnian Palace in Yongcheng. Lao Ai rebelled with the imperial seal of the King of Qin and the imperial seal of Empress Dowager Cixi, and captured the Palace of Prayer for the Year. Qin Shihuang had already arranged 3000 elite soldiers in the Prayer Palace to defeat the rebels. Lao Ai moved to Xianyang Palace, where there was already an army. Lao Ai fled alone and was arrested soon. Qin Shihuang dismembered Lao Ai's five horses and made them public. And put his mother Zhao Ji in the Luyang Palace in Yongcheng; Two illegitimate children born to Lao Ai and the Empress Dowager. Qin Shihuang then dismissed Lv Buwei and exiled Lv Buwei to Bashu. Later, although he listened to the noble of Qin, he issued an expulsion order to expel the diners from the six countries. However, it was discouraged by Li Si's "persuasion and expulsion". Later, he hired Liao Wei and Li Si. In 230-22 1 year, Qin Shihuang adopted the strategy of making a distant relationship and attacking near, divided and alienated Lian Heng, and launched the war of Qin Dynasty to destroy the six countries. In the seventeenth year of Qin Shihuang (230 years before the reunification of Qin), Korea was destroyed, in the nineteenth year of Zhao (228 years before), in the twenty-second year of Wei (225 years before), in the twenty-fourth year of Chu (223 years before), in the twenty-fifth year of Yan (222 years before) and in the twenty-sixth year of Qi (22 years before1year). Finally, the first unified, multi-ethnic, centralized autocratic country in China history-Qin Dynasty was established. Zhao was the first target for South Korea to destroy the King of Qin. Because Zhao's strength is the strongest among the six countries, it is the biggest obstacle to Qin's reunification. Therefore, Zhao has not reached the point of being vulnerable. Qin Jun attacked Zhao many times, but was repelled by Zhao. While attacking Zhao with the main force, Qin adopted the strategy of fostering pro-Qin forces and gradually dismembered South Korea. In 23 1 year BC, Nanyang County of South Korea became a "fake guard" (that is, acting as the county chief) and gave its territory to the State of Qin. Teng was appointed as a literature and history by Qin, and was later sent to lead an army to attack South Korea. Teng knew Korea like the back of his hand, so it went smoothly. In 230 BC (the seventeenth year of the Qin Dynasty), Wang Han 'an fell and South Korea perished. In 229 BC, Qin took advantage of the earthquake and famine in Zhao, and sent Wang Jian to attack Zhao. Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist, and the two sides remained at loggerheads for a year. At a critical juncture, Qin used its killer weapon-deviance. Wang Jian bribed Guo Kai, the favorite of Zhao Wang, with a large sum of money to spread rumors of rebellion between Li Mu and Sima Shang. Zhao Wangxin believed it and sent someone to replace Li Mu. Under the current enemy situation, Li Mu refused to give up the relieving. Zhao secretly sent someone to capture Li Mu and kill him, and at the same time killed Sima Shang. Killing Li Mu undoubtedly cleared the way for killing Zhao. From then on, like nobody's business, attack the city and attack Zhao. In 228 BC (the 19th year of Qin), Qin Jun attacked Handan, and this famous city fell into the hands of Qin. Soon, the fugitive Zhao was forced to give the map of Zhao to Qin. Zhao actually perished. But Gong Zijia fled to Daixian County (now Yuxian County, Hebei Province) with a group of people and became king on his own. In 222 BC, after Qin Jun destroyed Yan State, it occupied Yan State. At this point, Qin unified the north. In the process of destroying Zhao, Qin Jun has reached the border of Yan. The prince is in a state of panic. Seeing that Qin destroyed Sanjin, he wanted to commit suicide, but there was nothing he could do. Yan Taizi Dan finally came up with a desperate assassination, that is, the famous Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin in history, which was in 227 BC. The assassination failed, but the king of Qin almost died under Jing Ke's dagger. He hated Yan deeply and immediately sent more troops to attack. In 226 BC, Qin Jun captured Yan Dou thistle (now Beijing), and Yan and Taizi Dan fled to Liaodong County. Li Xin, the general of Qin Dynasty, led thousands of people to pursue Taizi Dan to Yanshui in Qin Jun. Prince Taizi Dan survived because he was lurking in the water. Later, after weighing the interests, Wang Xi of Yan sent someone to kill Taizi Dan and dedicate his head to Qin, hoping to get a truce and keep Yan. After Prince Xi fled to Liaodong, Qin Jun's main force was transferred to the downtown to attack Chu. In 222 BC (twenty-five years of the King of Qin), Wang Ben was ordered to attack the remnants of Yan State in Liaodong, capture the Ledu of Rebecca, and Yan State was completely destroyed. In 23 1 year BC, Wang Jingkun, forced by the powerful forces of Qin, offered Li Yi to Qin on his own initiative in order to stall his army. At this time, the king of Qin was mobilizing troops to launch a general attack on Zhao. He didn't want to disperse his troops to attack Wei, so he accepted the land proposal. This enabled Wei to maintain the endgame for several years. In 225 BC (twenty-two years of Qin Dynasty), just as the main force was going south to attack Chu, Wang Ben, a general of Qin Dynasty, led an army to besiege the girder (now Kaifeng, Henan). Wei Jun shut the gate, don't hold on. Because the girder Yugoslav capital has been built for many years and is extremely strong, Qin Jun cannot storm it. Wang Ben came up with a way to attack by water. A large number of foot soldiers in Qin Jun were arranged to dig ditches, take water from the Yellow River and canyons and pour it into girders. Three months later, the wall barriers of the girders all collapsed, and Wei had to surrender. The state of Wei perished. Chu Chu, a big country in the south of Chu, has a vast territory, dense forests and rich products, and is known as a million soldiers. However, the internal affairs of Chu have been sluggish, and the nobles always struggle for power and profit, which is particularly serious at the end of the Warring States Period. In 228 BC, Chu Youwang died and the ruling group split. Wang You's half-brother Jude ascended the throne and became king of mourning, but only two months later, he was killed by his half-brother's humble disciples. I became the king of Chu. The Chu royal family is even more divided. In 226 BC, civil strife broke out in Chu, and the King of Qin lost no time in transferring Qin Jun from the front line of cutting Yan in the north to attack Chu in the south, and successively captured several cities in Chu 10. In 224 BC, the decisive battle of Qin Chu was about to begin. Li Xin, the young general of the King of Qin, led 200,000 Qin Jun to attack the State of Chu and was defeated by the Chu army. Then he sent general Wang Jian to lead 600,000 Qin Jun to attack Chu. After Wang Jian entered Chu, he did not immediately launch an offensive. He summed up the lesson that Li Xin underestimated the enemy's aggressiveness, and adopted the strategy of stationing troops to practice martial arts, guarding the city wall, paralyzing the enemy and waiting for death. In this way, after more than a year, Qin Jun basically adapted to the situation of Chu, with high morale and abundant physical strength. At the same time, the Chu army, which was called to fight against Qin Jun, was gradually demoralized due to the lack of food and grass, and was ready to retreat eastward. When Chu Jun retreated, Wang Jian seized the opportunity and ordered the whole army to attack. Qin Jun defeated the main force of Chu army in one fell swoop, marched into the mainland and killed Xiang Yan, commander-in-chief of Chu army. Then, Qin Jun captured Shouchun (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu. In 223 BC (the 24th year of Qin Dynasty), Chu was destroyed. In 222 BC (twenty-five years of King Qin), the army that just destroyed Chu in the south conquered the Vietnamese army and established Huiji County. As a result, all the Yangtze River basins were incorporated into the territory of Qin State. In 22 1 year BC (the 26th year of the King of Qin), the King of Qin ordered Wang Ben to go south and attack Qi, the last of the six eastern countries. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the mid-Warring States Period, Qin Shihuang came to power, annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north. Historical records record that "everyone bows a hundred miles away", "a thousand miles north" and "the king of Qin sweeps six rivers". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice the area controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule of conquered land and system construction, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Caesar of Rome, who only emphasized conquest and did not emphasize system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". It means that Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in achievements, which is unparalleled in history. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today. Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (Brazzaville) to participate in and discuss state affairs (such as Reese and Meng Ao). All dressed in cloth, and only after military achievements). Compared with the feudal aristocratic politics, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries. The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. The so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "its system was unchanged from Qin" and "Qin political law was implemented in previous dynasties". China, in the era of imperial power in 2000, basically followed the system of Qin Dynasty in political system. Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks!" Sang Hongyang affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China in his works. Modern Zhang Taiyan also praised Qin Shihuang in Qin Zheng Ji 19 13. Mao Zedong commented on Qin Shihuang (1) and said that Qin Shihuang was an expert who cared about the present and ignored the past (2). He said to Zhang: You said that the * * * production party is equal to Qin Shihuang. This is not true. I have said it for more than a hundred times. (3) Confucius and Mencius are idealists, Xunzi is materialist and Confucian leftist. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi. Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years. 5] I advise you to scold Qin Shihuang less and discuss the reasons for burning the pit. The ancestral dragon's soul is still dead in Qin, and Confucius' scientific name is high. EMI is good at Qin politics and law, but ten batches are not good articles. Be familiar with the feudal theory of the Tang Dynasty, and don't return to King Wen from zihou. Politicians of all ages have made great achievements, and legalists were all in the early feudal society. These people advocate the rule of law and beheading if they break the law. They advocate respecting the present and cherishing the past. Confucianism is full of benevolence and morality, full of thieves and prostitutes, and all advocate respecting the past and cherishing the present. [6] Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society. I am also Qin Shihuang. Lin Biao called me Qin Shihuang. China has always been divided into two factions. A group said that Qin Shihuang was good, while a group said that Qin Shihuang was bad. I am in favor of Qin Shihuang, not Confucius. Because Qin Shihuang was the first to unify China, unified the writing and built a broad road. He did not use a country within a country, but a centralized system. The central government sent people to various places and changed them every few years. There was no hereditary system. Once, Qin Huang Hanwu, slightly lost literary talent-Mao Zedong also thought that Qin Shihuang lacked literary talent. Qin Shihuang was an advocate of female chastity. It is generally believed that Confucianism is the chief culprit in oppressing women, forcing them to be widowed and not allowed to remarry. As we all know, the first advocate of female chastity in the history of China was the anti-Confucian Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang's "Carving Stones in Huiji", which has been handed down to this day, has left a proof for future generations that he advocates moral integrity. According to historical records, Qin Shihuang toured all parts of the country before his death in 2 10 BC. He came to this area of Zhejiang and learned that local men and women are relatively free in marriage, and there are often incidents of escaping from marriage. A woman can remarry after her husband dies. He thought it was not in line with feudal ethics and laws, so he ordered people to carve the imperial edict on stones, and similar acts were not allowed to happen again. This is the so-called "Huiji stone carving". There are a few words in it: First, "marrying a son is unfaithful and dying twice", which means accusing those remarried widows that marrying a son is an unfaithful act of betraying her husband. He also said, "A wife can't escape marriage, and a son can't be a mother." . It means that if a woman finds another partner because she is dissatisfied with the man, it is lewd and immoral. In the future, her son can disown his mother, and others will not be guilty of killing her if they find out. Qin Shihuang also clearly stated in "Carving Stones in Huiji" that women's chastity is by no means an ordinary trivial matter, but a major event related to the "Jiabao Taiping" in the world. Qin Shihuang's "carving stone by meeting records" clearly put himself in the position of feudal guardian. He chose a typical example of Sichuan, which is the ancestral home of a local rich man with huge assets. After her husband died, the widow supported the family business alone and never remarried. Qin Shihuang set her up as a typical example of advocating women's chastity in China, and built a "women's pregnant platform" for widows as a symbol of advocating chastity. This is roughly equivalent to the later chastity archway. Qin Shihuang also punished some unfaithful women and even showed no mercy to his own mother. Evonne, the mother of Qin Shihuang, was originally the love of Minister Lv Buwei, and was later betrothed to King Zhuang Xiang, the father of Qin Shihuang, by Lv Buwei, who gave birth to Qin Shihuang. After Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, the love affair between Evonne and Lv Buwei continued. Lv Buwei was afraid that things would be exposed, so he recommended false eunuch Laoyi to Evonne (then the Queen Mother) to fool around with him. The Queen Mother and Lao Ai have two sons. When Qin Shihuang discovered this, he flew into a rage. Immediately put out three, ordered Lv Buwei to commit suicide by taking poison, put his mother in limbo, and put Zhao Jisheng's two half-brothers in a bag for culling. Of course, this matter involves many political factors, but Qin Shihuang hated infidelity, which is also the basis for his severe handling of the case. In May of the third year of Qin Zhuang Township (the first 247 years), his father Qin Zhuang Township died at the age of 34; Ying Zheng acceded to the throne, with Lv Buwei as prime minister, at the age of thirteen. In the first year of the King of Qin (246 BC), a large irrigation canal built by Korean Zheng Guo in Guanzhong took 13 years to be basically completed. In April of the year of Qin Jiu (238 BC), when 22-year-old Ying Zheng held a coronation ceremony at the Seven-year Palace in Yongcheng, Lao Ai rebelled and was immediately put down. Lv Buwei was relieved of his post as prime minister and Zhao was put in prison. In the seventeenth year (230 years before), the king of Qin destroyed Korea, and in the eighteenth year (229 years before), Zhao was destroyed. In the twentieth year of the King of Qin (the first 227 years), the State of Yan made Jing Ke stab the King of Qin, and soon attacked the State of Yan and defeated it. In 22 years (225 BC), the king of Qin destroyed Wei, in 24 years (223 BC), Chu, Yan, and Qi in 26 years (2265438 BC+0 BC). In the twenty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang (the first 22 years1year), he destroyed the six countries, unified the world, and formally established the Qin Dynasty. He was known as the "first emperor" in history at the age of 39. Qin Shihuang unified the system and built the Great Wall, which made an important contribution in the history of China. In the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), a meditation ceremony was held in Mount Tai. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang (2 13 BC), he burned poetry books. In the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang (2 12 BC), he was a pit warlock; Fu Su, the eldest son, remonstrated and sent Fu Su to guard the Great Wall. In July of the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), he returned from a patrol and died on a sand dune at the age of fifty.