What should be paid attention to in the design of house garage?
The determination of parking spaces provides a basis for estimating the building area of parking lots. Each parking space of a small car is about 30 ~ 40m2. The above indicators include parking spaces, driveways, and the area of building components such as walls and columns.
Actual engineering statistics show that the average parking space of underground parking garage is about 37~47㎡, and the average parking space of outdoor parking lot is about 27~37㎡.
Case Evergrande parking space size requirements
Mid-to-high-end/mid-end real estate: one parking space is guaranteed to meet 2400 mm× 5300 mm
High-end real estate: ensure that a parking space meets the requirements of 2700mm×5700mm (5% of the parking space of 2700mm×6000mm is considered near the pedestrian entrance).
▌ Second, fire protection design
1. Fireproof wall
Underground garages of large high-rise buildings are often large in scale. In order to control the fire within the scope and avoid spreading outward, it is necessary to divide the underground garage into fire zones according to a certain area.
According to the specification, the maximum building area of the fire compartment of the underground garage is 2000㎡ when the automatic fire extinguishing system is not installed, the maximum building area of the fire compartment can be doubled to 4000㎡ when the automatic fire extinguishing system is installed.
Each fire zone is separated by a firewall. When doors, windows and holes must be opened on the firewall, Class A fire doors, windows or fire shutters with a fire resistance limit of not less than 3.00h should be set.
2. Safe evacuation
The Code for Fire Protection Design of Garage, Repair Garage and Parking Lot provides the following provisions for the safe evacuation of underground garages:
(1) The personnel exit of the underground garage should be set separately from the vehicle exit. This is because no matter in peacetime or in case of fire, people and vehicles should be separated and go their separate ways to avoid traffic accidents and not affect the safe evacuation of personnel.
(2) There should be at least two personnel exits in each fire compartment of the underground garage, so as to effectively carry out two-way evacuation. However, if more exits are set randomly, it will increase the construction area and investment of the garage. Therefore, if one of the following conditions is met, an exit can be set.
A the number of people in the garage at the same time shall not exceed 25.
B. Class IV garages, that is, garages with no more than 50 vehicles.
C. When the underground garage has a large scale and is divided into more than two fire zones, and fire doors are arranged on the firewalls between adjacent fire zones, each fire zone can be provided with a safety exit leading directly to the outside.
(3) The indoor evacuation stairs in the underground garage should be provided with closed stairs, and the distance between them and the farthest indoor working point should not exceed 45m. When equipped with automatic fire extinguishing system, the distance should not exceed 60m. For a single-storey garage or a garage located on the first floor of a building, the distance between the farthest indoor working point and the outdoor exit should not exceed 60m.
(4) There should be no less than two car evacuation exits in the underground garage, but one can be set when the following requirements are met.
A. Class IV garages, that is, underground garages where no more than 50 vehicles are parked, can be provided with a one-lane exit.
B The vehicle evacuation ramp is a two-lane underground garage, which is less than 100 vehicles and only needs a two-lane exit.
When the underground garage is large in scale and the land is narrow, it is necessary to set up a multi-storey underground garage. According to this provision, the number of cars exported can be determined according to whether the number of vehicles evacuated from the underground garage exceeds 50 or 100. For example, a three-story underground garage has 60 cars on the first floor, 40 cars on the second floor and 30 cars on the third floor. When the driveway is equipped with automatic sprinkler system, because the number of evacuated vehicles is less than 50, one-way exits from the third floor to the second floor can be set. From the second floor underground to the first floor underground, because 40+30=70 vehicles, more than 50 vehicles and less than 100 vehicles can be evacuated, two-lane exits can be set; From the basement to the outdoor, because the number of car evacuees is 60+40+30= 130, which is more than 100, the two car evacuation exits are higher.
The width of the vehicle evacuation ramp should not be less than 4m, and the two-lane ramp should not be less than 7m.
The distance between two car evacuation exits should not be less than 10m.
Third, the channel width.
The tunnel width of underground garage is related to the parking mode of vehicles. Parking mode refers to the angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and the centerline of the carriageway after the vehicle is parked in the parking space, which generally includes 0 degree (i.e. parallel parking), 30 degree, 45 degree, 60 degree (i.e. oblique parking) and 90 degree. (i.e. vertical parking), etc.
Parallel parking mode is more convenient and safer for vehicles to get in and out of the parking space, but due to the need of getting in and out, each vehicle occupies a larger area.
When parking at an oblique angle, it is convenient to get in and out of the car, the required turning radius is small, and the width and area of the corresponding passage are also small. However, getting in and out of the car can only be in a fixed direction, and triangular areas appear before and after the parking space, so each car occupies a large area.
Vertical parking can get in and out of the car from two directions, which is convenient for parking. It occupies the smallest area among several parking methods, but it requires a larger turning radius and a wider lane.
Based on the advantages and disadvantages of several parking modes, vertical parking mode should be adopted for large-area multi-span underground garages in high-rise buildings. Parallel parking and oblique parking are only used for some spans with narrow column spacing.
▌ Fourth, ramp design.
1. Slope type
The types of ramps can be basically divided into straight ramps and curved ramps.
There is no fixed pattern when choosing the garage ramp type. Because of the complex basic conditions, it is often difficult to adopt a single type of ramp, and there are often broken-line ramps or ramps combining straight lines and curves.
2. Slope position
There are basically three ways to locate the ramp of the underground garage: the ramp is in the main building of the garage; The ramp is outside the garage main building; Part of the ramp is in the garage and part of it is outside the garage. Each of the three situations has its own advantages and disadvantages, so it should be handled flexibly according to the specific situation in actual engineering.
3. Slope
Code for Design of Garage Building (JJ100-98) stipulates that the maximum allowable longitudinal slope of straight ramp is 15%. When the design is really difficult, it can be relaxed to 20% (maximum climbing capacity of cars 18 ~24 degrees, medium-sized trucks 22 ~28 degrees); If conditions permit, the slope is 12%.
When the slope of the ramp is greater than 10%, a gentle slope section should be set at the position where the slope changes up and down. This is because when the vehicle passes through the bottom slope point, the front or rear end of the vehicle rubs the ground due to inertia; However, if there is no buffer slope at the top of the ramp, the driver's sight distance is limited, and the change of the slope makes the reinforcement and passengers feel uncomfortable. Therefore, the ramp should gradually cross the flat floor. The gradient of gentle slope section is 65438+ 0/2 of ramp gradient. The horizontal length of the gentle slope section of the straight ramp should not be less than 3.6m, and the curve ramp should not be less than 2.4m.
4. Ramp width
Width of vehicle evacuation ramp: one lane should not be less than 4m, and two lanes should not be less than 7m.
5. Garage height
The height of the garage is the sum of the clear height of the garage and the height of the structural floor. The clear height of the garage is the total height of the car plus a safe distance of 0.5m The clear height of the underground garage for parking all kinds of cars should be greater than or less than 2.2m in the parking space and greater than or equal to 2.4m in the passage, plus the height of the structure and equipment (fire sprinkler pipes, wires, lamps and air ducts). Therefore, the height of parking cars in underground garages is generally 4m. If medium and large buses are parked, the height will increase accordingly.