I want to climb mountains. I have been to Xiangshan Mountain. Are there any other mountains in Beijing that I can enjoy climbing?
This is the masterpiece of the Lion King brother. Let me give you an answer.
Section 1 Mountain Landscape
Scenery Mountain
1. The level of appreciation of mountain scenery
In a broad sense, the word mountain refers to the earth and rock landforms that have a certain height difference from the flat land. According to the definition of geology, it refers to "an uplifted landform with a large land surface height and a steep slope." Mountains are distinguished from plains and hills because of their large height; they are distinguished from plateaus because of their small mountaintop area. From a landscape perspective: mountains are the most basic skeleton of a landscape picture and the basis of composition.
As a scenic entity, mountains generally have two different viewing types: one is the mountain system and mountain range that constitute the overall framework of a region, such as Yanshan and Xishan in Beijing. Different geological and geographical conditions have an overall landscape characteristic, and to a certain extent determine the status and image of each medium- and small-scale scenic mountain.
But unless it is in space or on a terrain sandbox, mountains are invisible. The mountains we usually see often refer to a small mountain or a peak. They are respected by people because of their connection with human history, culture, military, science, etc., and their landscapes are therefore understood and utilized by humans. These specific mountains are the direct objects of our appreciation.
2. Characteristics of Beijing’s mountainous areas
Beijing is a mountainous place. The city's land area is 16,800 square kilometers, of which mountainous areas account for 10,418 square kilometers, approximately 2/3 of the city's area. The large area of mountainous areas provides a rich carrier for scenic tourism. Beijing’s mountainous landforms have the following characteristics:
(1) Clear veins and majestic mountains
Beijing’s natural veins have a semi-circular structure, with two mountains: the West Mountain and the North Mountain. Mountains meet in the northwest of Beijing, forming a semi-encircled mountain spatial pattern in the northeast, north, west and southwest.
The northern and northeastern mountains are called Beishan, also known as Jundu Mountain, and belong to the Yanshan Mountains. The territory is mainly composed of fault block mountains with several intermountain basins.
The western and southwest mountains are called Xishan and belong to the Taihang Mountains. The territory is composed of a series of folded mountains with alternating ridges and valleys running from northeast to southwest. Because it stretches for 100 kilometers, it is known as the "Two Hundred Miles of Xishan" called.
Xishan can be roughly divided into four series of mountains running from south-west to northeast. The order from north to south is: the first series of Dongling Mountain-Huangcaoliang-Beijia Mountain; the second series of Baicaopan-Baihua Mountain - Tiaoji Mountain - Miao'an Mountain - Qingshuijian - Miaofeng Mountain; the third row of Jiulong Mountain - Xiangshan; the fourth row of Dawajian - Mao'er Mountain. Among them, the second series of mountains, the first series of Dongling Mountain, the third series of Jiulong Mountain, and the fourth series of Mao'er Mountain all had relatively strong volcanic eruptions in the core of the mountain in the Middle Jurassic. The erupted volcanic rocks covered large areas of the mesa. In the subsequent erosion, because the volcanic rock is hard in texture and has stronger erosion resistance than other rocks, a topographic inversion was formed where the top of the mountain is young strata and the foot of the mountain is early coal-bearing strata. The mountains are high and steep, and the mountains are continuous, forming an obvious watershed. In the middle and low mountainous areas between the Dashi River and the Juma River, the mountains are mainly composed of Proterozoic siliceous limestone. In the low mountainous areas, due to the small inclination angle of the rock formations or their close to horizontal state, a large area of karst karst landforms has developed. . There are vast karst cave groups in the middle and low mountainous areas; the peak forest landforms represented by the Shidu area are developed in the low mountainous areas. The limestone mid-mountain area at the junction of Mentougou and Changping develops into a karst plateau.
Beishan can basically be classified into two rows of mountains running east-west (there are also mountains running north-south, such as Yunmeng Mountain). The northern row is Haituo Mountain-Foye Ridge-Houting Mountain; the southern row is It is Badaling - Yanyu Mountain - Fengtuoliang - Heituo Mountain - Yunmeng Mountain.
The Beishan Mountains are dominated by Mesozoic intrusive rocks, namely granite, followed by extrusive rocks. In low-mountain areas where crustal uplift is weak, granite landforms develop into mixed-round hills; in mid-mountain areas where uplift is more intense, granite is affected by the uplift of fault blocks and develops joints. Due to the high altitude, freeze-thaw As the force intensifies, the interaction between internal and external forces causes mechanical disintegration, developing into peak-columnar and spherical landforms.
The Yunmengshan granite body in the south and the Houdingshan granite body in the north constitute the core landforms of these two mountains.
The northern part of Pinggu Valley in southern Miyun is dominated by low mountains. The northern and central parts are composed of steep middle and low mountains made of quartz sandstone. The southern and eastern parts are mostly low mountains composed of siliceous dolomite. There are still some mountains in the central part. A range of low mountains and hills made of gneiss. Due to the development of fault structures in the mountainous area, a landform with straight valleys and multiple right-angle turns is formed, hence the name Pinggu.
Beishan and Xishan are two major landform units that form a semi-enclosed "bay" with an area of more than 5,000 square kilometers, known as "Beijing Bay". The ancient city of Beijing is located in the southwest of Beijing's small plain formed by the alluvial of this "bay". This spatial pattern of landform distribution provided ancient Feng Shui researchers with an important basis for site selection in Kyoto. As the ancients said: "The land of Youzhou is surrounded by the sea on the left, Taihang on the right, Juyong on the north, and Heji on the south. It is a land of abundance." Beijing's "shape is the best in the world, with mountains and seas, and the solid foundation of golden soup..." With the natural barrier formed by these two "dragon veins", Beijing has become a city with "nine rivers in front and tens of thousands of mountains behind". It has natural dangers to defend in the north and dragons, pans and tigers that provide easy access by land and water in the south. This place was called "Tianfu" and "Shenjing" by the ancients.
The mountains in Beijing not only have clear veins, but also have the advantage of greater ups and downs, making many peaks appear majestic, especially in the mid-mountain areas above 800 meters above sea level, with deep valleys and alternating ridges and valleys. The staggered formation of many majestic and dangerous cliffs hundreds of meters high on both sides of the river valley gives people a special sense of beauty. On the northwest Beijing Ring Road at the junction of Beijing and Hebei Province, there are a series of ridges and peaks with an altitude close to and exceeding 2,000 meters, such as Baihua Mountain with an altitude of 1,991 meters, Baicaopan with an altitude of 2,035 meters, and Dongling Mountain with an altitude of 2,303 meters. , 2234-meter Haituo Mountain, etc. These peaks are a series of famous mountains that reflect the majestic and beautiful scenery in Beijing. They are of special geographical significance to the city's mountain sightseeing tourism. In recent years, many peaks have become hot spots for Beijing citizens to visit and enjoy the scenery.
(2) The terrain rises in a stepped manner, forming several levels of viewing platforms
Beijing is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. The northwest is mountainous and the southeast is plain. If you draw a cross section, you can see that there are two obvious steps on the west mountain, which are called planation planes in geoscience. This layered topography is a typical product of the interaction between crustal activity and external forces. It shows that Beijing’s crust has risen intermittently since the Mesozoic Era, with activity characteristics of uplift and quiet phases alternating.
The first-level planation plane is the Beitai stage planation plane in the early and middle Tertiary period. It forms the main peak of the Xishan Mountains. It can be divided into three levels according to its surface height: the highest level is 2000 meters above sea level. meters, such as Dongling Mountain, Baicaopan, and Baihuashan platforms; the second layer is 1,400 to 1,600 meters above sea level, mainly distributed on the tops of Huangcaoliang, Nanshanan line, Laolongwo, Miaoanling-Tiaojishan line; the third layer The altitude is 1000-1200 meters, such as the tops of Baiyuxi, Liangjiashan, Miaofengshan, Zhangjiashan, Jiulongshan, Maoershan, Shangsiling, Dawajian and other mountaintops.
The second level planation plane is the Tangxian stage planation plane in the middle and late Tertiary period. They are at a lower altitude and are mostly distributed in the low mountains on both sides of the river valleys. The gravel layer and loess layer left by the river can be seen on the top of the platform. Geoscientists divide it into two levels based on its landforms: a low-level planation plane with an altitude of 150 to 200 meters and a high-level planation level with an altitude of 260 to 300 meters. The former is like the gravel top of the Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian; the latter is like the summit platforms of Taiping Mountain and Shangping Mountain. The planation planes in Beijing's Beishan Mountains are not as complete and obvious as those in the West Mountains. This is due to the influence of the differential ups and downs of fault basins and fault block mountains. Many planation planes or terraces have different heights. For example, there is a common 1070 meters of planation on the top of Qinglongqiao Mountain. The two sides of Guangou are 920 meters or 830 meters above the ground.
The above-mentioned west mountain and north mountain planation planes, to a certain extent, cause the horizontal and vertical distribution of other natural elements, thus forming many viewing levels with different characteristics. People can board these platforms to watch the sunrise and sunset, watch the rising clouds and mists, watch the sea of meadows and flowers, and watch the vast scenery below the mountains. Many platforms can also be used as bases for mountain scenery development.
It can be seen that the multi-layered nature of Beijing’s mountains is also one of the main contents of viewing large-scale mountain scenery.
(3) The geological structure and lithology vary greatly, and the landforms are rich and colorful
The various mountains on the surface of the earth were formed in the interior of the earth over tens of millions or even billions of years. It is formed under the combined action of internal forces and external forces on the earth's surface. The formation and internal differences of each mountain also have endless stories like every city. Generally speaking, a series of surface geological phenomena caused by vertical movement, horizontal movement, magmatic activity and earthquakes of the earth's crust, such as local uplift or depression of the ground, folds and faults, landslides and landslides, volcanic eruptions and lava overflows, etc. and so on created the foundation of large landforms. After that, external forces such as wind, flowing water, glaciers, weathering, and ocean currents eroded and transported the exposed rocks over the years, and finally accumulated them to low places. These external forces are like the knives in the hands of nature's sculptors, carving the mountain peaks into a painting that is astonishingly natural. A steep mountain peak can be formed by tectonic movement; it can be caused by a volcanic cone; or it can be the product of carving by external forces such as glaciers or weathering. Geologists can tell the origin of mountains by studying rocks.
When the crust only moves horizontally, flat-topped mountains appear at faults. When the earth's crust folds, tilted mountains will appear at the breaks. Due to the different lithology of each layer, tilted mountains can form single-sided mountains, jagged mountains, and stacked mountains under the action of external forces. When the folding movement is strong and accompanied by faulting, the faults may even stand upright to form upright wall-like mountains. Zones with more complex and diverse crustal movements not only have more fracture directions, but also have complex and diverse rock compositions, resulting in ever-changing mountainous landforms. Especially when there are several mountains with different lithology gathered in one area, or the same mountain is composed of several rocks with different compositions, the landscape will be more intriguing. Therefore, specifically looking for mountains with different structures is also a basic skill for viewing mountain scenery.
Due to differences in origin and lithology, the mountainous areas in Beijing have very colorful and charming landforms. From the perspective of origin, although both Xishan and Beishan were uplifted by the Yanshan tectonic movement, differences in the time and amplitude of the uplift, as well as the intensity of fractures and erosion suffered during the uplift process, have resulted in vastly different landforms.
Even in the same mountainous area, there will be completely different landforms due to different geological structures. Like the three scenic spots of Simatai Great Wall, Yunxiu Valley, and Wuling Mountain in the Yanshan area in the northeastern corner of Miyun County, the mountains on which the Simatai Great Wall is built are formed by dolomitic limestone and volcanic breccia, and volcanic rocks were formed after intense extrusion. The reverse fault, whose mountain shape rises from the ground like a knife and an ax, is so precipitous that it makes people's hearts beat. The granite glacial boulders in Yunxiu Valley are scattered in the valley with red andesite base. Together with the white waterfalls and colorful wild flowers, it creates a unique paradise scene. Wuling Mountain is mainly composed of syenite. Syenite is a kind of magma rock buried deep underground. Due to the internal force of the rising earth's crust, various compression and fractures occurred, forming the five ridges that radiate from the main peak to the surroundings today. Syenite is hard but easily susceptible to chemical weathering. Therefore, under the erosion of external forces, numerous ravines and various shapes of solitary peaks and rocks have appeared. The top of Wuling Mountain is also widely distributed with slope-wide gravels of different sizes and sharp edges. These gravels are not caused by manpower blasting the mountain, but are frozen erosion landscapes formed during the fourth glacial period.
The Huanghuacheng Great Wall area, located at the junction of Changping, Yanqing and Huairou counties, is a fault area where sedimentary rocks and intrusive rocks are staggered. Not only are the mountains here steep, but also due to different lithologies, they show different The landforms of Black Bear Mountain in the south of the Great Wall and Lianhua Mountain in the north of the Great Wall are composed of flesh-red or brown-red granite intrusive rocks. The color of the rock peaks is completely different from other granite mountains in the North Mountains. The nearby areas are rich in non-ferrous metal deposits.
Mountains such as Jiufeng Mountain and Miaofeng Mountain in the Xiaoxi Mountain area are mainly composed of volcanic ashstone, which is mainly clastic rock. The soil formed after the weathering of the rock is relatively fertile, so Miaofeng Mountain is rich in roses. The rock composition on the east slope of Jiufeng is mainly feldspar, which has low hardness and is easy to weather, forming a lower platform in the piedmont.
The above-mentioned peaks are all at the forefront of people's economic and cultural development in mountainous areas, and their magnificent landscapes are easily noticed by those who know Feng Shui. Therefore, their development must be faster and more colorful than in deep mountainous areas.
Thirdly, most of the above-mentioned mountainous areas have special natural resources and scenic resources, which are most easily appreciated and occupied by people. For example, Yuquan Mountain has a clear spring known as "the first of the five famous springs in the world". It has been occupied by the royal family since the Liao and Jin Dynasties. After that, successive dynasties built large-scale construction here, built palaces and temples, and formed a royal garden. Yangtang Mountain and Fenghuang Ridge in Haidian District used to be scenic spots. Many nobles and monks built private gardens, villas and temples here, making them famous scenic spots in the northwest suburbs of Beijing. The Miaofeng Peak was regarded as a geomantic treasure by Prince Chun of the Qing Dynasty and was turned into his own mausoleum.
The fourth is mountains with special cultural connotations. For example, Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian has become a famous scenic tourist attraction both at home and abroad due to the discovery of Peking Man skull fossils and Shandong Cave Man fossils. It is now accepted by the United Nations as a "World Natural and Cultural Heritage" site.
3． A brief introduction to the famous scenic mountains around Beijing
From the perspective of origin, there are two main types of fault uplift and volcanic eruption. The Changping, Yanqing, Huairou, Miyun and Pinggu areas occupied by the Beishan Mountains are rigid and have been uplifted for a long time since the Lower Paleozoic Era. They often lack the convex parts of later rock deposition. The folds in the territory are relatively gentle and faults are relatively developed. The mountains are mostly in the form of fault blocks. Appear. The raised part forms an obvious horst, and the faulted part forms a long and narrow basin between mountains. The mountains and basins mainly run east to west, and the foothills line is relatively straight, with a clear dividing line from the plains. Because the fault blocks have slightly different uplift amplitudes, the denudation surfaces of the mountains in various places also fluctuate. This adds a lot of ornamental scenery to the Beishan area. Such as Badaling, Yanyu Mountain, Fengtuoliang, Dayang Mountain, Heituo Mountain, Yunmeng Mountain, Taoshan, Wuling Mountain, Siduolou Mountain, and the northernmost Haituo Mountain, Foyeding, Maozhen Mountain, Yunwu Mountain, etc. There are different denudation surfaces and peak states.
The Xishan Mountains are a flexible depressed part of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, and are greatly affected by folds, especially in the Mentougou and Fangshan areas. Under the action of orogeny, the rock layers are folded into many strips. Arranged dorsally obliquely. The current mountains developed along these northeast-southwest structural lines. Due to the deposition of a large amount of Mesozoic hard volcanic rocks in the wide and shallow syncline structure. These hard volcanic rocks have strong resistance to erosion during later uplift, and often develop into particularly prominent peaks in the landform. The two most prominent synclines are the Jiulongshan syncline and the Tiaojishan-Miao'anling syncline, which extends to the west to become the Baihuashan syncline. Many famous peaks in the Xishan Mountains of Beijing are located on these two syncline structural axes. For example, Xiangshan and Jiulong Mountains belong to the Jiulongshan syncline structure; Miaofeng Mountain, Qingshuijian, Tiaojishan, Miaoanling, and Baihuashan belong to the Tiaojishan-Miaoanling-Baihuashan syncline structure. They are all typical landforms with synclines forming mountains and anticlines forming valleys. The topography of these peaks is characterized by alternating ridges and valleys with widely varying fluctuations, thus forming many deep canyons, majestic ridges, towering mountains and a large number of shaped peaks and caves.
The low mountain areas composed of limestone and dolomitic limestone often develop karst landforms in different stages such as table mountains, tower-shaped peak forests, karst funnel depressions or multi-layered caves.
Karst landforms in different stages such as depressions or multi-layered caves.
The distribution and details of Beijing’s scenic mountains are shown in Table 1.
From the scenic mountains listed in Table 1, we can see that the landscape composition types of mountains in Beijing mainly include natural scenery type, natural-Great Wall type, natural-cultural type, natural-religious type, and natural-garden type. , natural - mausoleum type 6 categories. Except for the purely natural scenery-type mountain exteriors, which account for about less than half, the other types are based on natural scenery as the background and then integrated into the cultural landscape. The combination of natural and humanistic factors can generally be seen in the following four basic rules:
First, the higher the altitude of the scenic mountain, the more and more the number of natural scenery as its connotation; the lower the altitude , the proportion of cultural landscapes as connotation has increased relatively.
Second, in the cultural landscape mountains, most of the mountaintops or foothills have religious temples and temples, which shows that religious culture has a great influence on the mountainous areas in the suburbs of Beijing. These religious temples were not only favored by philanthropic men and women among the people, but also highly praised by the royal family, showing the convergence trend of the two major forces, religion and politics.
Thirdly, in the two mountainous spaces of Beijing’s Xishan and Beishan, there are significant differences in scenic connotations: Beishan has many fault-block mountains, and Westshan has many fold mountains; Beishan has many springs and waterfalls, and Westshan has many caves; There are many wide valleys and intermountain basins, and the Western Mountains have many deep canyons; the terrain of the Northern Mountains is gentler and flatter, while the terrain of the Western Mountains is steeper.
Fourthly, because the Great Wall runs across Beijing’s Beishan Mountains, a large number of scenic mountains are related to the content of the Great Wall, forming a natural-Great Wall cultural landscape form. However, except for the Great Wall Enemy Tower along the river city, most of Xishan has no Great Wall cultural landscape.