Huizhou, not so ink and wash.
Shuangxi is still there, with dense trees.
The winding path is like a bow, and even the walls are row upon row.
Since entering Taoyuan, the market is the first.
-Shexian Cao Wenzhi's Journey to the West Fu
A natural paradise is a provocative appearance of Huizhou. ?
Behind the ink painting China, what constructed the social structure of Huizhou, which made the name of Huizhou and the rule of one government and six counties last for 70 or 80 years?
After 780 years of stability, Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism, Hui-style Pu Xue, Xin 'an Medicine, Xin 'an Painting School, Hui-style Printmaking, Hui-style Seal Carving, Hui Opera, Hui Merchants, Hui-style Architecture, Hui-style Tea Ceremony ...
Where is the driving force of "emblem culture"?
0 1.
Huizhou is not a natural paradise.
At first glance, Huizhou looks like the Peach Blossom Garden written by Tao Yuanming: deep in the mountains, "the land is flat and spacious, the houses are like this, and there are fertile fields and beautiful pools", which provides a place for people who avoid chaos to live and work in peace and contentment.
However, Xanadu is not innate, and behind the beautiful scenery of Huizhou is a living "history of the struggle between man and land".
Huizhou is located in the mountainous area at the junction of Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. It was rainy in summer, the mountains and rivers burst, and Huizhou ancestors suffered floods.
Therefore, for thousands of years, Hui people have been digging ponds to store water, building dams to stop floods and improving farming conditions. According to incomplete statistics, there are 7 rivers, 2 dikes 1, 6 ancient dikes110,000 mu, 9 gutang, dozens of mountain springs and wells, and more than 20 bridges.
The image of Huizhou ink painting is also helpless because of "housing difficulties", and "eight mountains and half water, half farmland and half manor" is its true face. With the increase of population, Huizhou architecture came into being.
The shadow of quadrangles can be seen in the north, and the design of two or three floors is an ancient "tall building"; When the layout is dense and the light is limited, open a patio to avoid the spread of fire and make a horse head wall. ...
Modern people think that any element of beauty is an uncompromising choice for the life of Huizhou ancestors.
02.？
Huizhou architecture, the "educational enlightenment" of Huizhou people
In the eyes of outsiders, the impression of Huizhou has also become a kind of "stereotype"-nothing more than white walls and tiles, horse-headed walls, and the same beauty.
If you really walk in the village, you will find a village, a clan, and each clan has its own humanistic characteristics.
Look at the decoration of Huizhou architecture: exquisite carvings, calligraphy couplets and different forms of horse-headed walls. ...
They are scattered around the old houses, making the living space artistic and promoting Huizhou children's intangible pursuit and enjoyment of artistic aesthetics.
In terms of content and theme, the architectural decoration of a village often shows certain convergence, bearing the same desire of the same clan: attaching importance to agriculture, commerce or career.
The difference in ambition of different clans probably stems from the ancestors of each clan, who experienced the indestructible escort of clan leaders, passed down from generation to generation with the ubiquitous architectural decoration art, and finally became the humanistic characteristics of each village.
Think about it this way, how far-reaching is the significance of Huizhou three sculptures, which are only used for architectural decoration? No wonder Huizhou has "no room and no carving"; No wonder in the forty-first year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1562), there were 3066 craftsmen officially registered in Huizhou.
Think again, how wonderful this ending is: the emblem carving, which participated in the inheritance of Huizhou clan culture, has itself become an ingenious folk art that has been passed down for a hundred years. What a pity to miss it.
03.
Clan, the core strength of Huizhou
The core force of clan culture, the prototype of Tazhai Village in the recent hit drama "Breaking the Ice", and Boshe Village, the first poisonous village in Asia, are living contemporary examples.
The ancestors of more than 65,438+100,000 people in the village are Cai in the Southern Song Dynasty, which has been in the same strain for more than 800 years. Today, there is still the same code of conduct: internal marriage, because the daughter married outside and the daughter-in-law with a foreign surname are not included in the family tree; Sacrificing ancestors, even making drugs, is a major event involving all employees. ...
In Huizhou, for outsiders, the most intuitive power of the clan is the feng shui arrangement that affects the whole village.
A typical example is Chengkan Ancient Village, which is known as the "living fossil of geomantic metaphysics in China". It is a masterpiece of re-planning the layout for the Roche brothers who moved here in the late Tang Dynasty.
Draw natural rivers, dig artificial canals, and draw water from north to south through the village like a dragon, showing a "∽" shape, forming the black-and-white dividing line in the eight diagrams. Make the village yin (Kan) and yang (now) balanced and the clan will last forever.
Hongcun Village in Yixian County is also a classic for harnessing wind and making water. Overlooking the whole village, it looks like a green cow lying in the stream in front of the mountain, so it is called "cow-shaped village"
Wang clan is a prosperous clan, which has been built by Mr. Feng Shui many times for more than ten years. One of the significant steps is to dig thousands of acres of fertile land outside the village into the South Lake as a "tripe".
Geomantic omen obviously does not belong to the scientific category, but it has effectively improved the living environment of villagers-the effective adjustment of water and soil layout, adjusted the temperature and humidity of villages, and provided convenience for villagers to use water for production, life and fire fighting.
And such a big fight can't be achieved without the help of the clan.
04.
Officialdom and commerce, continuation of clan methodology
Scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce are the way for individuals to realize the value of life; For people in the clan, it is a hidden way to continue the clan, especially for the clan in Huizhou.
Remember Tao Yuanming's Taohuayuan people? In order to avoid the war at the end of Qin dynasty, I came to this desperate place. The same is true of Huizhou clans, mostly northern aristocratic families, who left their homes in troubled times and moved their families here.
China people have always emigrated, leaving their hometown means "cutting off their roots". If you can't concentrate on compiling music, prospering population and continuing clan, wouldn't it be like duckweed?
According to Xidihu's genealogy, in the late Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen rebelled and took Tang Zhaozong to Luoyang. On the way, Tang Zhaozong entrusted the newborn prince to his servant Hu San. Hu San is from Huizhou. The prince is Hu Zongzu and Hu Changyi, who is called "Ming Jing Gong".
The continuation of the clan is basically a cultural competition-culture can win the imperial examination, make the clan a noble family and be invincible in the competition for survival.
So Huizhou has been studying Confucianism well. "There are places where people live, including study, teachers and books, and history, from the land of essence to the deep mountains and valleys."
Over the past 800 years, A Xin Anjiang and a boat have nurtured countless talented poets and calligraphers in Huizhou.
According to the statistics of local chronicles, there were 452 scholars in Huizhou in Ming Dynasty, ranking 13 in China. There were 684 scholars in the Qing Dynasty, ranking fourth in the country. Three champions in the Ming Dynasty; In the Qing Dynasty, there were 19 top scholars, ranking 1 in the whole country (there are 24 top scholars in Suzhou, 6 of whom are from Huizhou).
Among them, Xiuning County has as many as 14 champions, which is the "county with the largest number of champions in Qing Dynasty" in China.
Celebrities do not appear out of thin air in a stone, but are the result of the cultural prosperity of several generations in the clan.
The prosperity of culture needs more material foundation, so Huizhou, which is mountainous and has few fields, has bred world-famous Huizhou merchants.
Huizhou merchants are all over the country, but Yangzhou salt merchants are the most famous. According to the Records of Salt Law in Huaihe River, there were 80 famous Hakka merchants in Yangzhou during the period from Jiajing to Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, including Shanxi merchants 10, Qin merchants 10 and Huizhou merchants 60.
Prominent Huizhou merchants rushed to donate money to run academies, build Confucian temples and make friends with celebrities and scholars. After returning home, they expanded their ancestral temples, bought land and rewarded students with political careers.
As a result, the official and merchant clans formed a virtuous circle system and became the "eternal force" for the development of Huizhou culture. Clan is the core, the starting point and the end point of official business.
05.
Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism: the Ideological Guide of Huizhou Clans
Huizhou was originally named Xin 'an County. Zhu is from Huizhou, so he often calls himself a "newcomer". Although Zhu lived in Fujian for a long time, he went back to his hometown to visit the grave twice in his life. In ancient times with inconvenient transportation, it was rare to see it three or two times.
Every time he returns to his hometown, Zhu will give lectures, visit friends and spread knowledge. After returning to Fujian, he still wrote letters to his friends in his hometown.
Zhu's Neo-Confucianism was passed down from generation to generation among Huizhou children, and gradually formed an important school of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties-Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism.
Whether out of the friendship of fellow villagers or in line with practical needs, Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism took root in Huizhou clans.
Zhu's philosophy takes life as its nature, attaches importance to physiology, and endows Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism with the spirit of active survival. Therefore, Huizhou people with poor agricultural production conditions actively do business. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, there was a "family of seven" in Shexian, a "family of thirteen and seventeen" in Qimen and "Huo Zhi as its permanent career" in Xiuning.
Unlike other merchants, Huizhou merchants know manners. They are good at doing business, actively participating in politics, participating in urban construction and co-organizing social charity. According to the incomplete statistics in the Records of Salt Law in the Huaihe River and Huaihe River, there were as many as 46 officials (excluding counties) who were originally from Yangzhou in Huizhou during the Kanggan period.
Zhu Yisheng actively advocated education, and Huizhou cultural education became a common practice: for example, there were only three academies in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty 14, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties110; There are countless government, county, social and private schools.
Although Huizhou is among thousands of mountains, it has the reputation of "Southeast Zou Lu".
Both the learned Hanlin and the Huizhou merchants who were proficient in Confucianism were influenced by Neo-Confucianism since childhood under the guidance of clans.
These are only superficial influences, and the deeper penetration of Confucianism is still unclear, but it actually precipitated an irreplaceable humanistic Huizhou.
06.
Huizhou, not so ink, but very China.
Just as clan culture has contributed to Huizhou culture for 800 years, Chinese civilization has benefited from the deep-rooted clan culture for 5000 years.
The custom of ancestor worship in Qingming and Spring Festival;
Evaluating a person's bad conduct will call him "bad family style";
Compared with the west, China people prefer to do things by "taking the relationship";
And our natural blood relationship. ...
Thousands of years of clan culture still deeply affects our customs.
However, Huizhou's clan culture is extremely mature, which is typical of China's 5,000-year clan culture. Under its nourishment, Huizhou culture has a long history and lasted for thousands of years. Huizhou art is simple and natural, and it still affects generations of China people.
References:
On Water Control and Huizhou Culture, Jin Shaobing, Huang Ruoji, Wu, China Water Conservancy, 20 13.9.
Aesthetic expression of Huizhou couplets and its aesthetic enlightenment. Li, Literature Education,15,2019
Appreciation of the aesthetic connotation of the core cultural elements of Huizhou ancient buildings, Du Kenan, Art and Technology,No. 1 1, No.20 15.
Juren, "Top Scholar of Huizhou Studies in Ming and Qing Dynasties", Journal of Huangshan University, No.6, 2008.
Translated from Records of Huizhou Merchants and Huizhou Studies, Wang Weikang, On Yangzhou Cultural Studies,No. 1 issue, 20 12.
Zhu's The Reasonable Value of Neo-Confucianism and Its Influence on Huizhou Culture, social science front, No.0, 2009.
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Editing and sorting out the flying fish of Coco culture