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The word reclaimed water was called reclaimed water in China in the early 1980s. It has a history of nearly 20 years, and it has been recognized by people in the industry and even some cities and regions that lack water. At first, it was called "Middle Waterway", which came from Japan because its water quality and facilities were between the upper waterway and the sewer. With the introduction of reclaimed water technology from abroad, the experimental research of domestic pilot projects, the popularization of reclaimed water engineering facilities, the development of reclaimed water treatment equipment, the research and development of reclaimed water application technology and the establishment and implementation of relevant regulations, a whole set of engineering technologies has gradually formed, which is called reclaimed water, just like "water supply" and "drainage".
Reclaimed water is named according to the connotation of water supply and drainage. The translated terms include reclaimed water, middle channel, reclaimed water and miscellaneous water. We call it reclaimed water, and the supporting facilities of buildings and residential areas are also called reclaimed water facilities.
Reclaimed water refers to non-drinking water that can be used for various purposes such as life, municipal administration and environment after all kinds of drainage water has been treated to meet the specified water quality standards.
The Ministry of Construction of received water has formulated the classification standard of reclaimed water reuse. The definition of reclaimed water is: "It refers to the water that sewage and wastewater are reused after secondary treatment and advanced treatment. When the effluent after secondary treatment meets specific reuse requirements and has been reused, it can also be called reclaimed water. " Obviously, reclaimed water is reclaimed water.
Reclaimed water system is an organic combination of reclaimed water collection, storage, treatment, supply and other engineering facilities, and it is one of the functional supporting facilities of buildings or building communities.
Because of the different scope of reclaimed water system, the reclaimed water system in buildings has different names. Building water is a reclaimed water system built in one or several buildings. The reclaimed water in the community is a reclaimed water system established in the community. Residential areas mainly refer to residential areas, including concentrated building areas such as colleges and institutions, which are collectively referred to as building areas. Building water is the general name of building water and residential water.
In the design of reclaimed water, the stability of microbial treatment of organic wastewater is fully utilized, and bathing wastewater is treated by two-stage oxidation. Practice has proved that the modified rotifer B0D5 growing in low-concentration bath wastewater has a good treatment effect on low-concentration bath wastewater, and its stability and impact resistance have been verified. Adopting this process can greatly save the physical and chemical process of bath wastewater treatment, such as saving coagulation stage and activated carbon protection stage, thus reducing the dosage of coagulant and labor intensity. As a protective agent for intermediate water, activated carbon will quickly harden and fail due to the existence of a large number of organic substances in the water, and needs to be replaced. The cost of activated carbon is high, resulting in economic waste and increased labor intensity. From the above analysis, it can be seen that at present, the water treatment process should be mainly biochemical, supplemented by physicochemical, and the key to biochemical is to improve the organic load of fillers and the utilization rate of oxygen. The better oxide is that the new Japanese technology honeycomb filler BOD5 reaches 2.2 kg BOD5/m3, and the overall volume is small, which is 1/3. The oxidation machine adopts the equipment produced by Chuanyuan, Taiwan Province Province, with high aeration efficiency and low noise.
"Reclaimed water" is named in Japan, and the definition of "reclaimed water" has many explanations. Known as "reclaimed water" in sewage engineering and "reclaimed water" in factories, water quality is generally used as a distinguishing sign. It mainly refers to the non-drinking water that can be reused in a certain range after urban sewage or domestic sewage has been treated to meet certain water quality standards. In the United States, Japan, Israel and other countries, a large amount of reclaimed water is used for flushing toilets, irrigation of gardens and farmland, road cleaning, car washing, urban fountains, supplementary water for cooling equipment and so on. China is a country lacking in water resources, but there is no special project or special fund for the utilization of reclaimed water at present, which is only a policy guidance. The amount of reclaimed water in each city depends on the degree of water shortage in the city.
The water after deep purification of urban sewage by treatment facilities (including the water after secondary treatment of sewage treatment plants and the water after concentrated treatment of bathing water and vegetable washing water in large buildings and living quarters) is collectively called "reclaimed water". Its water quality is between tap water (upper water) and sewage discharged into the pipeline (lower water), so it is also called "reclaimed water". Reclaimed water utilization is also called sewage reuse.
In recent years, many people of insight are calling for the use of reclaimed water as much as possible. At the just-concluded CPPCC meeting, CPPCC member Gong Li also raised this issue. Gong Li has traveled to many cities in the world and left a deep impression on the utilization of reclaimed water in advanced countries.
China is a country lacking in water resources, with a per capita possession of only 0.22-0.27 million square meters, ranking 88th in the world. The utilization of reclaimed water plays an important role in China's environmental protection, water resources protection, water pollution prevention and control and sustainable economic development. So what is the current situation of reclaimed water utilization in China? The reporter interviewed the person in charge of the relevant parties on this issue.
The development of reclaimed water utilization is slow.
Zhang, director of the Water Resources Department of Beijing Water Conservation Office, said that the scope and scale of reclaimed water utilization in China have generally developed slowly, and Beijing is a water-deficient area, and the time mentioned is getting earlier and earlier. It is widely used in industry, such as Guohua Thermal Power Plant, Beijing No.6 Tap Water Plant, etc., and has done a good job in the utilization of reclaimed water. At present, we have planned the utilization of reclaimed water in Beijing, such as green water, industry and agriculture, afforestation, road cleaning, car washing, river courses and so on. Planning includes many problems, such as the construction of sewage treatment plant, pipe network, sewage interception and so on. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the discharge up to standard and the utilization after treatment. Now, decentralized sewage treatment is advocated, that is, some small sewage treatment plants are built and dispersed along the rivers that need to be treated, that is, the layout is reasonable, so as to combine the upper, middle and lower reaches.
Mr. Li of the Planning Department of Beijing Water Conservation Office said that the reclaimed water planning in Beijing is being done, but it has not been really implemented, and it is used in industry. According to the plan approved by the State Council, after the completion of several sewage treatment plants, Beijing can treat more than 90% of the sewage. The plan has been implemented since 200 1 and is expected to be completed in 2005. In the future, reclaimed water will be mainly used for industrial, agricultural and domestic water, and it is estimated that 600 million cubic meters will be used every year.
Mr. Li believes that the Olympic Games makes the sewage problem very challenging, and I hope all industries, enterprises and residents have this awareness. Every newly-built community, school and compound should be equipped with sewage treatment facilities, especially for industries with large water consumption, such as petrochemical, agricultural product processing enterprises, electric power, etc., reclaimed water should be used, even for short-term water use such as fire fighting. In short, as long as it is not drinking water, we can consider using reclaimed water to digest the sewage in situ to achieve zero discharge of sewage, which is neither too expensive nor too troublesome, and more importantly, to minimize environmental pollution. Do not pollute the river and achieve the purpose of beautifying the environment.
Sewage treatment projects in developed countries such as the United States are highly developed. For example, sewage treatment in the United States has reached the advanced treatment standard of 10. During the period of 1979, there were 536 reclaimed water utilization projects in the United States, with an annual water consumption of 937 million cubic meters, of which 62% was used for agricultural irrigation, 3 1.5% for industry and 5% for underground backwater, which is one of the urban water sources. Germany and Austria are also good. They treat themselves for their own use, with a high degree of treatment and a large amount of sewage treatment and reuse. However, several large-scale treatment plants in Beijing, that is, secondary and tertiary treatment, rarely carry out further treatment. In fact, investors can consider that the utilization of reclaimed water is profitable.
It is profitable to develop water conservancy.
Mr. Qi, Water Resources Department of the Ministry of Water Resources, told reporters that at present, there are no special projects or special funds for the utilization of reclaimed water in China, only policy guidance, and only a rough statistics on the utilization of reclaimed water. The water consumption of each city depends on the degree of water shortage in the city. Israel is seriously short of water, even worse than our country, and has done the best in the utilization of reclaimed water. Domestically, Beijing and Tianjin are doing better in this respect. Beijing's relatively large Gaobeidian sewage treatment plant has more than 300,000 square meters of sewage reused for the electrical industry. The wastewater reuse of Dong Jiao Sewage Treatment Plant in Tianjin exceeds 70,000 cubic meters. The utilization of reclaimed water can be directly taken from sewage treatment plants, which is mainly a matter of ideas and habits.
Teacher Qi thinks that the main reason why China lags behind foreign countries is the investment channels and management system, and the technical gap is not too big. China's sewage reuse mainly depends on government investment, but it is difficult for the government to do this well. It should rely on private fund-raising or multi-faceted and multi-channel fund-raising. On the other hand, our sewage utilization mainly considers environmental effects and water shortage, not economic effects, so we should consider economic effects more in the future. Enterprises, living quarters and hotels should have reclaimed water facilities. Although the cost increases, it can alleviate the problem of water shortage. Some families in Shijingshan District did just that. We can also consider collecting citizens' sewage treatment fees and sewage reuse fees, explore new models suitable for China, and seek practical technologies suitable for us.