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Seventh Grade Volume 1

Chapter 1 The Earth and the Map

1. The Earth and the Globe

1. Understand the shape and size of the Earth (Figure 1.2 in P3) 2. Model of the Earth - Globe

⑴Meaning: A model that imitates the shape of the Earth and is scaled down according to a certain proportion.

⑵ Significance: It is convenient for us to know the appearance of the earth and the distribution of various geographical things on the earth's surface.

3. Latitude and longitude (Figure 1.7 in P5)

⑴ Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth.

⑵ Meridian: a semicircle connecting the North and South Poles and intersecting perpendicularly with the latitude.

⑶Earth's axis: the imaginary axis of the earth's rotation.

⑷Pole: The intersection of the earth's axis and the earth's surface.

⑸Characteristics of longitude and latitude lines:

Characteristics of longitude and latitude lines

Shape characteristics of semicircle, two corresponding longitude lines form a warp loop, dividing the earth into equal parts Two hemispheres, each latitude line forms a latitude coil by itself

Length Characteristics: The longitude lines are all equal in length and latitude, and the equator is the longest, and gradually shortens towards the poles and shrinks to a point

Indicates the direction of north, south, east and west

⑹Special longitude and latitude lines

①Special latitude lines

Equator - is the longest latitude line and is the starting point of latitude , North latitude is represented by the letter N; south of the equator is the southern latitude, represented by the letter S, which is also the dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres.

The 30° latitude line is the dividing line between low latitudes and mid-latitudes. The 60° latitude line is the dividing line between mid-low latitudes and high latitudes

②Special longitude lines

0? Longitude - also called the prime meridian, is the starting point of longitude. East longitude is represented by the letter E, and west longitude is represented by the letter W. It passes through the former site of the Greenwich Observatory in London, England.

180° longitude - roughly consistent with the "International Date Line"

20°W - to the east is the Eastern Hemisphere, to the west is the Western Hemisphere, 160°E - to the east is the The Western Hemisphere, and to the west is the Eastern Hemisphere

⑺The dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres: the equator (0° latitude); the dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres: 20°W, 160°E.

⑻The change pattern of longitude and latitude:

(West longitude) (East longitude)

0°

10°

20°

180°

10°

20°

180°

Healing The greater it is to the west, the greater it is to the east

0°

10°

10°

20°

90°

90°

Equator

4. Positioning using the latitude and longitude grid

⑴The meaning of the latitude and longitude network: the grid formed by the interweaving of longitude and latitude lines on a globe or map.

⑵The function of the graticule: determine the position of a certain point on the earth's surface.

2. Movement of the Earth

1. Rotation of the Earth (Figure 1.15 in P9)

⑴Meaning: The Earth keeps rotating around its axis. ⑵ Direction: from west to east. ⑶Period: one day (about 24 hours).

⑷Phenomena produced: day and night replacement, local time difference

2. Earth’s revolution (Figure 1.19 in P11)

⑴Meaning: The Earth does not revolve around the sun Stop spinning. ⑵ Direction: from west to east. ⑶Period: one year (approximately 365 days).

⑷Characteristics: The angle between the orbital plane of the Earth’s revolution and the Earth’s axis is 66.5°

⑸Phenomena produced:

①The direct point of the sun is between the North and South Tropics of Cancer Moving back and forth between periods; ② The change of the sun's altitude angle at the same place;

③ The change of the length of day and night at the same place; ④ The same place, the sun's light and heat are different in different seasons, that is, the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter are formed.

⑹ Equinox and two solstices: Vernal Equinox (around March 21), Summer Solstice (around June 22), Autumnal Equinox (around September 23), Winter Solstice (around December 22) )

⑺The division of the four seasons (taking the Northern Hemisphere as an example, the Southern Hemisphere is the opposite):

The three months of March, April and May are spring; the three months of June, July and August are Summer;

The three months of September, October and November are autumn; the three months of December, January and February are winter.

Tropics

North Temperate Zone

South Temperate Zone

Northern Frigid Zone

Southern Frigid Zone

There are extreme days and nights

There are direct sunlight

There are no extreme days and nights, direct sunlight

There are no extreme days and extremes Night, direct sunlight

90°

90°

(Arctic Circle) 66.5°

(Antarctic Circle) 66.5°

(Tropic of Cancer) 23.5°

(Tropic of Cancer) 23.5°

(Equator) 0°

3. The five zones of the earth (P12 Figure 1.20 in)

3. Map

1. Basic elements of the map (three elements of the map)

⑴ Scale

① Concept: the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance

②Expression form: digital, text, line segment

⑵Interpretation of direction:

①General Map: Facing north, south, left, west, right and east on the map

②Map with beacon: Calibrate the direction according to the pointer, and the beacon arrow generally points to the north

③Map with latitude and longitude network : Determine the direction according to the latitude and longitude network, the longitude lines indicate the north-south direction, and the latitude lines indicate the east-west direction

⑶Legends and notes

①Legends: Various symbols used to represent geographical things.

② Note: The words used to describe the names of geographical things or the numbers used to describe the quantities of geographical things are called the "language" of the map.

③Commonly used legends: (Figure 1.24 in P14)

Railway national boundary peaks

2. Interpretation of topographic maps

⑴ Ground Calculation method of height (Figure 1.27 in P16)

①Altitude (absolute height): the vertical distance above sea level at a location on the ground.

Example: Mount Everest is 8844.43 meters above sea level, Turpan Basin is -155 meters above sea level

② Relative height: the vertical distance between one location and another location. Example: The flagpole is 15 meters above the ground

⑵Types of topographic maps: contour topographic maps, layered color topographic maps, and topographic profile maps.

Contour lines: lines connecting points with the same altitude on a map.

Contours: Lines connecting points with the same depth in the ocean on a map.

⑶Interpretation of contour topographic maps: (Figure 1.29 in P16)

①Judge the steepness and gentleness of the slope according to the density of the contour lines: the contour lines are sparse, It indicates a gentle slope; dense contour lines indicate a steep slope.

② Determine the terrain type based on the contour shape: mountain top, ridge, valley, saddle, cliff. The curved part of the contour line bulges upward to represent a valley, and bulges downward to represent a ridge; the part between the two mountain tops is the saddle; the place where the contour lines overlap represents a cliff.

⑷Five basic terrains on land: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills, and basins. Elevation is used on topographic maps to represent the rise and fall of the ground. On the layered color topographic map, green represents plains, blue represents oceans, yellow represents mountains and plateaus, and white represents glaciers.

3. Obtain information from the map

⑴ Common types of maps: guide maps, traffic maps, political district maps

⑵Scale size and map range, details Corresponding relationship of outline:

The large or small scale indicates the detailed or brief content

The larger the scale, the smaller the details

The smaller the scale, the larger the brief

When the images are of the same size, the larger the selected scale, the smaller the field scope reflected, and the more detailed the geographical information reflected; and vice versa.

Chapter 2 Land and Ocean

1. Continents and Oceans

1. Earth? Water Polo?

⑴ Land area on the Earth’s surface Accounting for 29%, the ocean area accounts for 71%, which can be summarized as "seven parts ocean and three parts land".

⑵Distribution: Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, and oceans are mainly concentrated in the southern hemisphere.

⑶China’s manned spaceflight history: 2003.10.15, Yang Liwei, Shenzhou 5 spacecraft; 2005.10.12, Nie Haisheng, Fei Junlong, Shenzhou 6 spacecraft; 2008.9.25, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming, Jing Hai Peng, Shenzhou 7 spacecraft. 2014 High School Entrance Examination Geography Review Outline

2. Seven Continents and Four Oceans

⑴ Basic concepts of ocean and land: (Figure 2.5 in P28)

Concept

A continent, a continent and its nearby islands

A continent with a large area of ​​land

A land with a small island area

Ocean ocean Central part

The sea is a part of the ocean, located at the edge of the ocean, with a smaller area and close to the continent

The strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans

⑵ General distribution trend of land and sea:

① Six continents: Eurasia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, North America, and South America.

②Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Oceania (Figure 2.6 on P29)

③Four oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean.

④Continental dividing line: (Figure 2.7 in P30)

Asia and Europe: Ural Mountains → Ural River → Caspian Sea → Greater Caucasus Mountains → Black Sea → Turkish Strait (connecting the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea).

Asia and Africa: Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea). South and North America: Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean).

Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

⑶Asia is the largest continent; Europe is the smallest continent; the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean; and the Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean. Antarctica is the largest continent across longitude; the Arctic Ocean is the largest ocean across longitude.

2. Changes of sea and land

1. Changes in the sea

⑴ Phenomenon: The oceans and land on the earth are constantly changing

⑵ Reason: Changes in the earth's crust and rising and falling sea levels are the main causes. In addition, human activities can also cause changes in the sea and land.

⑶Example: Mount Everest, the top of the earth today, used to be an ocean.

2. Two major theories on the formation of the outline of the sea and land

Theory name The main evidence of the content of the theory

Continental drift theory ① 200 million years ago, the continents on the earth were mutually exclusive A connected continent, surrounded by a vast ocean.

② Later, the continents split and slowly drifted apart, forming today's distribution of seven continents and four oceans. ①

Further questions:

The consistency of the continental outlines

②The similarities of several ancient strata of the continents

③The geometry of the continents Similarity of two kinds of organisms

Plate tectonics theory ① The earth's surface composed of rocks is not one piece, but is made up of plates.

②The major plates are in constant motion.

③The interior of the plate is relatively stable, and the edge junctions are relatively active, with many volcanoes and earthquakes. ①The formation of the Alps and Himalayas.

②The East African Rift Valley and the formation and changes of the Red Sea.

③The expansion of the Atlantic Ocean.

Note:

① The "Plate Tectonic Theory" was developed on the basis of the "Continental Drift Theory" and is currently the most widely accepted and relatively complete theory.

② Six major plates: Eurasian plate, American plate, African plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Antarctic plate. Almost all of the Pacific Plate is ocean. (Figure 2.19 in P37)

③The two major seismic zones caused by plate movement are: the Mediterranean-Himalayas seismic zone; and the Pacific Rim seismic zone.

Chapter 3 Weather and Climate

1. Changeable weather

1. Weather and its effects

⑴Meaning: Yes Atmospheric conditions such as cloudy and sunny, wind and rain, cold and heat in a place in a short period of time.

⑵Characteristics: short time (time), large difference (space), large change (change)

⑶Impact: weather on transportation, life, agricultural production, military and other human activities has a profound impact.

2. How will the weather be tomorrow?

⑴Weather forecast: Meteorologists analyze the weather data to announce the upcoming weather conditions.

⑵ Weather forecast production process:

Obtain meteorological information from all over the world → Satellite transmission and reception → Process the information → Analyze and judge and draw conclusions → Forecast

⑶Form of weather forecast: TV, newspaper, Internet, radio, mobile phone text message, phone call

⑷Content of weather forecast:

①Satellite cloud image: blue indicates ocean, green indicates ocean Land, white indicates cloud areas

②City weather forecast: It explains the normal conditions of cloudiness, wind, temperature and precipitation within a day, as well as special forecasts such as sandstorms, air quality, waves, hail, heavy fog, etc. .

⑸Commonly used weather symbols (Figure 3.6 in P46)

3. We need clean air

How to evaluate air quality: the level of air quality , related to the amount of pollutants contained in the air, expressed by the pollution index. A small pollution index is beneficial to human health; a large pollution index is harmful to human health.

Air quality level Air pollution index Air quality status

Level 1 1~50 Excellent

Level 51~100 Good

Three Level 100~200 Mild pollution

Level 4 200~300 Moderate pollution

Level 5>300 Severe pollution

2. Temperature and temperature distribution< /p>

1. Temperature and life

⑴Temperature: the temperature of the air, usually expressed in ℃.

Daily average temperature = sum of temperature observations in a day ÷ number of observations

Monthly average temperature = sum of daily average temperatures in a month ÷ number of days in the month

Annual average temperature = sum of monthly average temperatures in a year ÷ number of months (12)

⑵ Impact on human activities: Temperature affects people’s clothing, diet, housing, agriculture and transportation.

2. Temperature changes

⑴Diurnal changes (Figure 3.12 in P51)

①Concept: Temperature changes with a one-day cycle.

②Change characteristics: The highest temperature of the day occurs around 2 o'clock in the afternoon (14:00), and the lowest temperature occurs around sunrise.

③Diurnal temperature range = maximum temperature - minimum temperature

⑵Annual change (Figure 3.13 in P51)

①Concept: One year as a cycle temperature changes.

②Change characteristics: The temperature changes in the northern and southern hemispheres are exactly opposite.

On land: the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in January; on the ocean: the temperature in the Northern Hemisphere is the highest in August and the lowest in February.

③The annual temperature range = the highest monthly average temperature - the lowest monthly average temperature

⑶The temperature change curve is usually used to represent the temperature changes in a place within a year.

⑷How to draw the annual temperature change curve: one horizontal month, two vertical temperatures, three fixed points, four connecting lines

3. Temperature distribution

⑴Isotherms: lines connecting points with the same temperature.

⑵ Representation: There are different hot and cold conditions in different parts of the world, which are usually represented by isotherm diagrams.

⑶Influencing factors: latitude position, land and sea location and terrain

⑷Distribution pattern:

①Latitudinal difference: Generally, the temperature is higher at low latitudes and lower at high latitudes . (Figure 3.17 in P53)

②Difference between land and sea: The land temperature is high in summer and the ocean temperature is low in the same latitude zone; the opposite is true in winter.

③Vertical changes: As the altitude increases, the temperature decreases. For every 100 meters of altitude increase, the temperature drops by approximately 0.6°C.

⑸Interpretation of the isotherm diagram:

①The isotherm is closed. The high temperature center is the high temperature center, and the low central temperature is the low temperature center.

②Where the isotherms are dense, the temperature difference is large; where the isotherms are sparse, the temperature difference is small.

⑹The Sahara Desert is the world’s “hot pole” and the Antarctic continent is the world’s “cold pole”.

3. Precipitation and distribution of precipitation

1. Precipitation and life

⑴Precipitation: Rain, snow, hail, etc. falling from the atmosphere are collectively called precipitation , where rainfall is the main form of precipitation.

⑵ Measurement: The tool for measuring precipitation is a rain gauge, and the unit for expressing the amount of precipitation is generally millimeters.

⑶ Impact on human activities: Precipitation affects transportation, agricultural production, etc.

2. Seasonal changes in precipitation (Figure 3.19 on P55)

⑴ The monthly precipitation histogram is usually used to represent the seasonal changes in precipitation in a place within a year.

⑵The method of drawing the precipitation histogram: one horizontal moon, two vertical water, and three columns

⑶Main precipitation types: convective rain, orographic rain, and frontal rain.

3. Precipitation distribution (Figure 3.21 in P56)

⑴Equal precipitation line: a line connecting points with the same precipitation.

⑵Representation: The difference in precipitation around the world is usually represented by an equal precipitation map.

⑶Influencing factors: latitude, land and sea location and terrain

⑷Distribution characteristics:

①There is more precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions;< /p>

② On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the continent and less precipitation on the west coast of the continent;

③ In temperate areas, there is more precipitation in coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas;< /p>

④The windward slopes of mountains receive more precipitation, while the leeward slopes receive less precipitation.

⑸Cherrapunji is the “rainiest” place in the world, and the Atacama Desert is the “dryest place” in the world.

4. The climate of the world

1. Regional differences in climate

⑴Climate: It is the average weather conditions in a place for many years, and generally does not change much. For example, Kunming is like spring all year round.

⑵Two elements of climate: temperature and precipitation.

⑶The difference between climate and weather:

Time changes

The weather changes all the time in the short term

The climate is relatively stable in the long term. Generally little change

1. The terrain in Russia between two plains is the Ural Mountains. The river between the plateau and the mountains is the Lena River.

2. Russia is adjacent to our country and is the largest country in the world. If you choose a place on the earth that faces north, you should choose the South Pole.

3. According to the plate tectonics theory, Australia is located on the Indian Ocean Plate. The most scarce natural resource in the Middle East is water. The most abundant resource is oil resources.

4. The climate of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is dominated by plateau mountain climate. What are the characteristics of Japan's climate: monsoon and oceanic. Arabs are mainly distributed in West Asia and North Africa (or the Middle East).

5. Among the four major islands in Japan, the largest island is Honshu. What kind of economy is Japan's main processing trade economy? The Strait of Malacca is located between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, connecting the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

6. The climate in most areas of Central Asia is dominated by temperate steppe climate. The main race in the Middle East is Caucasian.

7. The country that produces the most gold in the world is South Africa.

The river known as America's "golden waterway" is the Mississippi River. 68. The country with the widest distribution of coniferous forests in the world is Russia. The most densely populated region of the United States is the Great Lakes region in the Northeast. The main factor responsible for the wide range of temperate continental climates in North America is the obstruction of high mountains in the west.

9. There are many fjords with steep cliffs and deep twists on both sides of Scandinavia, which were formed due to glaciation. The Great Lakes were formed by glaciation.

10. The currently uninhabited continent in the world is Antarctica. Japan is a country prone to geological disasters such as volcanoes and earthquakes. This is because Japan is located at the junction of the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Russia is a country spanning two continents, Europe and Asia.

11. The continent whose terrain is dominated by plains is Europe. The continent known as the "Ice and Snow Plateau" is Antarctica. The continent with the highest average altitude in the world is Antarctica.

12. The terrain of South Asia is divided into three major terrain areas, the north: the mountainous area dominated by the Himalayas; the central area: the plain area dominated by the Indus Plain and the Ganges Plain; the south: dominated by the Deccan Plateau of plateau.

13. Southeast Asia’s population and cities are mainly distributed along rivers and estuary deltas. The climate of the Malay Archipelago is characterized by high temperatures and rainy weather all year round. The largest desert in the world is the Sahara Desert. The world's largest tropical desert is located in northern Africa.

14. The average natural growth rate of the world's population from 1995 to 2000 was 1.3%, and that of Asia was 1.4%. In 2000, the world's total population was 6.055 billion, and Asia's total population was 3.68 billion. If there were 100 more people in the world in 2001, the number of people in Asia would be 66.

15. The most widely distributed climate type in the sub-Saharan region is the savanna climate. The Nile River is the longest river in the world, with a length of 6600km. When Beijing time (East 8 zone) is 14:00, Moscow (East 3 zone) should be: 9:00. 2014 high school entrance examination geography review materials

16. Rotate Australia's three major terrain areas counterclockwise 900, which is most similar to the topography of the Indian country. India's largest industrial areas are located in the northeast.

17. The largest city in the United States:

The largest city in the United States is New York, the "Motor City" refers to Detroit, and the steel city is Pittsburgh. The center of aircraft manufacturing is Seattle.

18. The importance of Southeast Asia’s geographical location. Southeast Asia is located at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. The Strait of Malacca, located between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, is a must-pass for sailing eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It is the shortest sea channel connecting the Pacific and Indian Oceans.

19. The river known as the "Mother Volga" of Russians is the Volga River, with a total length of 3,600 kilometers, making it the longest river in Europe. Shipping value is great. Through the canal, the river is connected to the Baltic Sea, White Sea, Black Sea, Azov Sea and Caspian Sea, which is called the "Five Sea Navigation".

20. In order to further strengthen ties, a regional international organization was formed in western Europe called the European Union (EU). Headquartered in Brussels, the capital of Belgium. Currently the largest international organization in the world is the United Nations, headquartered in New York, USA.

21. "The country riding on the back of a sheep": Australia is the country with the largest number of sheep and wool exports in the world. The canals and straits that pass from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean to the Black Sea are: the Suez Canal and the Turkish Strait.

22. The United States is a major agricultural country in the world. The conditions for agricultural development are: arable land accounts for 10% of the world’s arable land; plains account for more than half of the country; there are many rivers, concentrated lakes, and abundant mineral resources in the plain areas. Water resources: There is more precipitation in the east and good light and heat conditions.

23. In the United States, the "Silicon Valley" located southeast of San Francisco is known as the world's high-tech industrial base. The only country in the world that occupies a continent by itself is Australia.

24. The indigenous inhabitants of North America are Indians. Antarctic glaciers are the bodies of water with the largest freshwater reserves. The continent with the highest natural population growth rate in the world is: Africa. Nuclear power accounts for more than 70% of French power generation.

25. France’s industry is very developed and its important industrial resources include coal, iron and other mineral resources. Industries dominated by automobile and aircraft manufacturing occupy a prominent position in the world, and industrial sectors such as clothing, food, and medicine have strong market competitiveness.

26. The three major terrains of the United States are: the eastern part: the mountainous areas dominated by the Appalachian Mountains, the central part: the Central Plains, and the western part: mainly mountainous areas such as the Rocky Mountains.

27. More than 80% of the immigrants in North America are Europeans and their descendants. The largest country in western Europe is France. Russia is rich in forest resources, including the world's largest subarctic coniferous forest.

28. The country known as the "Volcanic Country" in the world is Indonesia. Because the country is located at the junction of three major plates, the crust is active, with many volcanoes and earthquakes. These three major plates are the Indian Ocean Plate. , Pacific Plate and Eurasian Plate.

29. In terms of continents and regions, the origin of corn is North America. The dividing line between North and South America is: the Panama Canal. Egypt is a country that spans two continents: Asia and Africa.

30. Symbols of Paris, France: Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe, Louvre Museum.

The largest tropical rainforest area in the world: the Amazon Plain Tropical Rainforest Area.

31 American city basketball teams: Chicago Bulls, Houston Rockets, Seattle SuperSonics, Detroit Pistons. The lowest-lying place on land in the world is: the shores of the Dead Sea.

32. The largest continent in the world is Asia. Each continent has different terrain characteristics, and the continent with the lowest average altitude is Europe. The main reasons for the wide range of temperate continental climates in North America are: latitude and topography.

33. The Antarctic region is a treasure land for scientific investigation. Our country established the first scientific research station there: the Great Wall Station. Jerusalem is also regarded as a holy city by Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

34. Traditionally, what our country calls "Southern Ocean Islands" refers to Southeast Asia: the Malay Archipelago. The most economically developed continent among all continents is: Europe. Latin America refers to the region of America south of the United States.

35. There are many fjords with steep cliffs and deep twists on both sides of Scandinavia. The reason for their formation is: glaciers. The largest archipelago country in the world is: Indonesia.

36. The three countries commonly known as the Baltic Sea: Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.

37. The most densely populated region in the United States is: the Northeast. The indigenous inhabitants of the Arctic region are mainly Inuit (Eskimos).