Urgent request: Regional geography review outline for high school sophomores?
Geography Compulsory Course III Review Outline
1.1 The basic meaning of region
1. The concept of region: the spatial unit on the earth’s surface, which is the geographical difference between people Basically, it is divided according to certain indicators and methods.
2. The basic characteristics of the region: certain boundaries, similarities and continuity within the region, differences and interconnections between regions, and integrity.
3. The spatial structure of the region: the relative positional relationship and spatial distribution form of each element in the region. Agriculture usually appears in the shape of a surface, transportation lines appear in the form of lines and networks, cities and industry appear in the form of points, and urban agglomerations and industrial areas appear in the form of islands.
The main factor affecting the regional spatial structure is the level of social and economic development.
4. Regional industrial structure: In traditional agricultural areas and areas with a low level of development, the primary industry accounts for a relatively large proportion; in industrial areas or areas that are accelerating industrialization, the secondary industry accounts for a relatively large proportion. larger. In areas with a higher level of development, the tertiary industry has a larger proportion, and the proportion of the output value of the tertiary industry shows a "three, two, one" pattern.
1.2 Regional development stages
1. Symbols for measuring regional development level: commonly used are per capita GDP, per capita national income, and the proportion of three industrial output values. The remaining indicators are such as the human development index (life expectancy, education level and gross domestic product)
2. Characteristics of each regional development stage
The regional development stage is dominated by traditional agriculture. Stage Industrialization stage High-efficiency comprehensive development stage
The level of economic development is low, and the per capita GDP is low. The level of accelerated industrialization and urbanization is high, and the per capita GDP is high
Industrial structure Traditional agriculture occupies a large proportion, with resource-based and labor-intensive industries as the main industries. The proportion of the secondary industry has increased rapidly, and the tertiary industry has accelerated its development. The tertiary industry has developed more than the secondary industry, with capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries Mainly
The degree of openness to the outside world is low, the scale of foreign trade is small, and it shows the characteristics of self-sufficiency. The degree of openness to the outside world gradually increases, and the degree of openness and external connections are greatly enhanced
There are few modern transportation lines. The sparse transportation construction has significantly accelerated the gradual improvement of modern transportation and information networks
The level of urbanization is low, there is a lack of large central cities, the development speed of central cities is higher than the regional average, and the intra-regional differences are small
Low level of development, equilibrium state, unbalanced growth, high level of equilibrium state
1.3 Regional development differences
1. Differences between eastern, central and western my country
①Division of the three major economic zones:
Eastern: 12 coastal provinces and regions (Liao, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Qiong, and Guangxi) (Note: Excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan); 9 provinces and autonomous regions in the central part (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Hunan); 10 provinces and autonomous regions in the west (Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, and Xinjiang) , Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Tibet)
② Development differences between the eastern and central and western regions:
The eastern part: the social economy is relatively developed, and the level of industrialization, urbanization, science and technology and education are all It is relatively high and its development speed is also faster than that in the central and western regions. It opened to the outside world early and to a high degree. The secondary and tertiary industries are relatively developed, and the industrial structure is mainly light and light-heavy hybrid.
Central and western regions: vast in territory, rich in resources, and overall development level obviously lags behind the western regions. The agricultural economy occupies a large proportion in the national economy. The western part of the industrial structure is dominated by heavy traditional industries, while the central part shows certain transitional characteristics.
③ Spatiotemporal differences in reform and opening up (see textbook P19 picture)
2. Differences between north and south (the eastern monsoon area is divided into the south and the north, bounded by the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River)
North and South
The regional characteristics span the warm temperate zone, the middle temperate zone and the cold temperate zone, and are mainly plains and plateaus; forests, coal, oil, iron ore and other resources are rich in mountains and hills, with abundant heat and sufficient water. Non-ferrous metal minerals, biological resources, hydraulic resources, etc. are quite abundant
Restricting factors include insufficient water resources, severe soil erosion on the Loess Plateau, drought and flood disasters, environmental pollution, and fragmented terrain in mountainous and hilly areas
Development The direction is to adjust the industrial structure, expand opening to the outside world, improve the ecological environment, upgrade industries, promote industrialization and urbanization, and control pollution
3. Western Development
Scope: 12+3 ( Ten provinces and autonomous regions in the western region, Inner Mongolia and Guangxi Autonomous Region, and three autonomous prefectures in Hunan, Hubei Enshi and Jilin Yanbian have also implemented development and opening up in accordance with the relevant policies of the Western Development.
Conditions: minerals, oil and gas, and water. It has outstanding advantages in energy and land resources and has great development potential. However, the western region has backward infrastructure and lacks talents, technology and funds.
Measures: Do a good job in infrastructure and ecological construction; speed up the development of advantageous resources and develop characteristics. industry; develop science and technology education and expand opening to the outside world.
Significance: Transform the resource advantages of the western region into economic advantages, narrow the development gap between the east and the west, and promote the coordinated development of the regional economy; realize the common prosperity of the people of all ethnic groups in the country and strengthen national unity , maintain social stability and border security; expand domestic market demand; and implement sustainable development strategies.
1.4 Regional economic connections
1. The two major development trends of today’s world economy: regional economic integration and economic globalization. (EU, ASEAN, APEC, etc.)
2. Cross-regional allocation of resources
① Significance: Conducive to the rational allocation of resources, narrowing regional economic gaps, and achieving social and economic sustainability develop.
②South-to-North Water Diversion: Three water diversion lines in the east, middle and west are planned to connect the four major river basins of the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River, forming an overall layout of "four horizontals and three verticals" to realize the north-south distribution of my country's water resources. Allocation and mutual aid between east and west.
Eastern Line, Middle Line, Western Line
The source of water diversion is the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Han River near Yangzhou in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Tongtian River, the Yalong River and the Dadu River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River
Diversion The water line lifts water northward along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to dig channels in Shandong Peninsula and Tianjin, diverts water from its own flow to Beijing and Tianjin, builds water transmission tunnels, and diverts water from the Yangtze River into the upper reaches of the Yellow River
The water diversion volume is larger and smaller< /p>
Poor water quality is the best
③West-to-East Gas Transmission: The main project is to lay a gas pipeline from Lunnan, Tarim Basin, Xinjiang to Shanghai, and transfer natural gas from the Tarim Basin, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region Transported to the Yangtze River Delta region. It also includes transporting natural gas from the Sichuan Basin to Hubei and Hunan. The construction of this project will help promote the development of the western region and stimulate the economic development of the western region; ease the energy tension in the eastern region, improve the energy structure, and effectively control environmental pollution.
④ West-to-East power transmission: Develop power resources (hydropower and coal power) in western provinces and regions such as Qinghai, Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Shaanxi, and transport them to power-scarce areas. Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Beijing, Tianjin and other regions. It is divided into three lines: north, middle and south. Significance: Ensure energy supply in the eastern region, accelerate resource development in the western region, and stimulate related industries.
⑤The impact of cross-regional resource allocation on the environment. Taking the South-to-North Water Diversion Project as an example, some ecological and environmental problems will arise in the transfer areas and areas along the route.
3. Industrial transfer
Reasons: ① Cost reduction: Regional differences in raw material prices, wage and land price levels, utility costs, etc., lead to the transfer of industries to low-cost areas. ②Open up the market ③Reduce internal transaction costs.
Impact: Promote the economic development of underdeveloped areas and reduce regional differences. At the same time, it will also bring about problems such as increased environmental pollution.
2.1 The harm and control of desertification
1. Desertification: land degradation caused by factors such as climate change and human activities. According to the driving force, it can be divided into types such as wind erosion desertification, water erosion desertification, freeze-thaw desertification and soil salinization.
2. Causes of desertification in northwest my country
Natural causes: dry climate, frequent strong winds, sparse vegetation, and strong wind erosion.
Man-made reasons: excessive population growth, excessive environmental and ecological pressure; unreasonable production activities: indiscriminate reclamation, overgrazing, over-logging, irrational use of water resources, etc., which intensify the trend of desertification .
3. Harm: land degradation, reduced or even no harvests in agriculture and animal husbandry; ecological deterioration, reduced biodiversity; destruction of infrastructure; increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters such as sandstorms.
4. Governance measures: ①Create protective forests (Three North Protective Forests) ②Convert farmland to forests and grasslands ③Protect and restore natural vegetation (sand and grazing bans, woodcutting and mining bans, ecological migration and other measures) ④Reasonable Use water to control population growth.
2.2 Development and Protection of Wetland Resources
1. Wetland: Land where the water level is often close to the surface or covered by shallow water, which belongs to the transition zone between land and water. Type: rivers, lakes, swamps, tidal flats, shallow seas with water depths not exceeding 6 meters at low tide, mangroves, coral reefs, reservoirs, rice fields, etc.
2. Functions of wetlands: water conservation, provision of water resources, flood storage, climate regulation, environment beautification, water pollution purification, biodiversity protection, shipping, tourism, provision of agricultural and sideline products and minerals, Energy etc. It is known as "Kidney of the Earth", "Cradle of Life", "Paradise of Birds" and so on.
3. Problems and solutions in wetland utilization
Outstanding problem management measures
Due to excessive reclamation and sedimentation, wetlands have been reduced and their functions have been degraded. Return fields to lakes, return fields to swamps, restore and rebuild wetlands; plant trees and conserve soil and water.
The problem of water pollution is highlighted. Prevention and control of water pollution
Indiscriminate hunting and over-exploitation and utilization have led to a sharp decline in wetland biodiversity. Protect wild animals and plants, prohibit indiscriminate hunting; establish wetland nature protected area. Establish regulations to protect wetlands and enhance awareness of wetland protection.
2.3 Comprehensive management and development of the basin
1. Geographic environment of the Tennessee River Basin: The Tennessee River originates from the western slope of the Appalachian Mountains and is a secondary tributary of the Mississippi River . The upper and middle reaches of the basin are mountainous and hilly, and the lower reaches are alluvial plains.
The river has a large drop and rich water resources. It has a humid subtropical monsoon climate with abundant precipitation, with more precipitation in winter and spring. The main flood season of rivers is from December to April of the following year.
2. Development and management measures for the Tennessee River Basin: With comprehensive development of water resources as the core, cascade development of river courses in the entire basin will be carried out to bring into play comprehensive benefits such as flood control, shipping, power generation, and irrigation; with the power industry as the leader , establish a complete industrial system with high energy-consuming industries as the backbone; develop agriculture according to local conditions, vigorously develop forestry; attach importance to ecological environment protection and construction, and develop tourism.
3. Governance experience: ① Set up special development agencies for the entire basin, improve regulations, and improve management ② Select development priorities according to local conditions and form unique development models ③ Continue to increase development efforts ④ Improve the openness of the basin Spend.
2.4 Sustainable development of regional agriculture
1. Favorable conditions for agricultural production in the United States
Natural conditions: Most of them are temperate and subtropical, with moderate precipitation and water The thermal conditions are suitable for cultivating a variety of crops; the flat and open terrain and fertile soil are conducive to mechanized farming and large-scale operations.
Socioeconomic conditions: The commodity economy is developed, and economic benefits are the primary factor affecting agricultural production; transportation is developed; advanced technology and developed industry provide a strong guarantee for the development of American agriculture.
2. Regional specialization of agricultural production in the United States
Purpose: According to the characteristics of natural and social conditions in different regions and the objective requirements of agricultural production, rational layout and large-scale production are achieved to achieve the greatest results. Economic benefits.
Main agricultural belts in the United States:
Agricultural zone distribution location factors
The climate along the Great Lakes in the northeast of the dairy belt is cold and humid, suitable for the growth of pasture; the market is huge ( Large population and dense cities)
The central part of the Corn Belt has flat terrain, fertile soil, large annual precipitation, and sufficient heat
The central part of the Wheat Belt (winter wheat) and the northern part (spring wheat) have a temperate continental climate. ; The soil is fertile and the terrain is low
The southern part of the Cotton Belt has fertile soil and sufficient light and heat
3. Problems and solutions to American agriculture
Problem: excessive Reclamation and destruction of vegetation lead to soil erosion and the occurrence of "black storms"; energy consumption is large; chemical fertilizers and pesticides cause serious pollution.
Measures: Develop various agricultural production methods such as ecological agriculture, organic agriculture, water-saving agriculture, precision agriculture, and prescription agriculture; protect cultivated land and agricultural ecological environment, and promote protective farming such as fallow, no-till, and rotation technology.
2.5 Rational development of mineral resources
1. The main location conditions for the rise of the Ruhr area: ① Rich coal resources ② Convenient water and land transportation ③ Sufficient water sources ④ Broad market, etc.
2. The reasons for the decline of the Ruhr area: ① The decline in the status of coal energy ② The impact of the new technological revolution ③ Serious environmental pollution ④ The single industrial structure.
3. The main measures for sustainable development in the Ruhr area: ① Adjust the industrial structure and develop emerging industries and the tertiary industry ② Centralize the transformation of original enterprises ③ Control environmental pollution ④ Improve infrastructure construction ⑤Develop science and technology and higher education.
2.6 Regional industrialization and urbanization process
1. Location factors for the development of the Pearl River Delta: ① Superior geographical location: southern coast, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, close to Southeast Asia ② Convenient water and land transportation ③ External Open policy ④ There are many overseas Chinese, which facilitates the introduction of capital and technology ⑤ Low terrain and sufficient water resources
2. Urbanization process in the Pearl River Delta
Stages of urbanization process Causes of urbanization process Characteristics of urbanization process
In the early stage of reform and opening up, the development of small towns was dominated by the rapid development of industrial enterprises and their widespread distribution. Urban-rural integration was dominated by labor-intensive industries, and urban-rural integration was a mixture of agricultural and non-agricultural industries
Since the mid-1990s, high-tech industries have developed rapidly due to the radiating and driving role of regional central cities (Guangzhou and Shenzhen). Urban group system centered on the core city (Guangzhou)
3. The role of industrialization in promoting urbanization: Industrialization accelerates the concentration of non-agricultural industries in cities; industrialization accelerates the concentration of population in cities; industrialization Accelerate the change of people's concepts and lifestyles.
4. Problems and countermeasures of industrialization and urbanization in the Pearl River Delta
Problems: ①The industrial structure is low-level, dominated by labor-intensive industries, with the proportion of high-tech industries and service industries It is not high, and its scientific and technological strength and talent team are at a disadvantage. ② Urban construction is relatively backward. ③ Towns and industries are overly dense, occupying a large amount of cultivated land, and ecological and environmental problems are becoming increasingly serious.
Countermeasures: ① Promote the integration and upgrading of industries and strengthen regional division of labor ② Improve the urban system and optimize the urban and rural spatial structure ③ Promote the development of regional infrastructure network ④ Strengthen ecological construction and improve the urban and rural environment ⑤ Strengthen inter-regional economy Contact and cooperate to develop the Pan-Pearl River Delta Economic Zone.
3.1 Geographic Information System and its Application
1. Geographic Information System (GIS): to collect, store, manage, analyze and describe. It consists of 5 parts: hardware, GIS software, geographical data, GIS personnel, and application model.
Workflow: geographical data input and storage (digitization process) → geographical data operation and analysis → geographical information output. (Geographical data is divided into attribute data and graphic data. Data storage adopts "layered" technology, and different layers store different map elements.)
2. Geographic Information System and Urban Management (omitted)< /p>
3.2 Remote Sensing (RS): A detection technology that uses instruments sensitive to electromagnetic waves to sense surface objects over long distances. The remote sensing technology system consists of remote sensing platforms, sensors, information transmission and reception devices, digital or image processing equipment, etc. According to different vehicles, it is divided into aerospace remote sensing, aviation remote sensing and near-Earth remote sensing. Work flow: Object radiates and reflects electromagnetic waves (spectral characteristics) → Sensor collection → Transmission and reception → Information processing, information analysis → Application results. Advantages of modern remote sensing: wide field of view, large monitoring range, instant imaging, real-time transmission, rapid processing, rapid information acquisition and dynamic monitoring. Usage: Used for resource census, environmental monitoring, disaster early warning, military reconnaissance and other analysis of changes in land features, etc.
Advantages of type concept
Aerospace remote sensing uses remote sensing instruments carried by satellites, space shuttles, spacecrafts, space stations, etc. to cover a large coverage area, is not subject to airspace restrictions, and can be repeated at irregular intervals Observation, etc.
Aerial remote sensing uses remote sensing using aircraft carrying remote sensing instruments. Strong maneuverability and high resolution
Near-Earth remote sensing has high resolution and small range within tens of meters from the ground
3.3 Global Positioning System (GPS): in A system for all-round, real-time three-dimensional navigation and positioning on a global scale. It consists of three parts: GPS satellite constellation, ground monitoring system, and user system (receiving equipment). There are three main types of GPS signal receivers: navigation receivers, geodetic receivers, and timing receivers. Features: omnipotence (land, sea, aviation and aerospace), global, all-weather, continuity, real-time. Application fields: military, transportation, post and telecommunications, geology and mining, construction, agriculture, meteorology, land management, finance, public security, crustal movement monitoring, engineering management, tourism and adventure, etc.
3.3 Digital Earth: Digital Earth refers to the digital earth, that is, a technical system that digitizes the entire earth's information and is managed by a computer network. Digital Earth is a virtual counterpart of the Earth.
Hot issues:
1. Engineering construction: Qinghai-Tibet Railway, Three Gorges Dam, South-to-North Water Diversion, West-East Gas Transmission, West-East Electricity Transmission, Hangzhou Bay Bridge
2. Universe: Pluto is no longer listed as a major planet in the solar system and is downgraded to a dwarf planet in the solar system
3. Sustainable development: clean production, circular economy, and building an environment-friendly society
4. Global climate change: global warming, El Niño
5. Environmental issues: rocky desertification in the southwest karst area, desertification and sandstorms in the north, cyanobacteria outbreak in Taihu Lake
6. Key areas: Western Development, Northeast Old Industrial Base, Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta
7. GPS, Beidou Navigation System
8. Mount Everest Height Measurement
9. Countries or regions: the United States, Germany, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, Africa
Zhejiang Province: Zhejiang Province is referred to as Zhejiang (provincial capital Hangzhou), located at 118°01'-123 East Longitude °08', north latitude 27°01'-31°10', with an area of 101,800 square kilometers and a population of 46.79 million, with the urban population accounting for more than 55%. It is located on the southeast coast of China, the southern wing of the Yangtze River Delta, on the coast of the East China Sea, connected to Shanghai and Jiangsu to the north, Anwei and Jiangxi to the west, Fujian to the south, and the East China Sea to the east. With many mountains and islands, it is the province with the most islands in my country. The terrain within the territory is highly undulating. The southwest and northwest regions of Zhejiang are surrounded by mountains and ridges. The central and southeastern regions are dominated by hills and basins. The northeastern region is low-lying and dominated by plains. Hills and mountains are widely distributed, so there is a saying that "seven mountains, one water and two fields". Zhejiang has a subtropical monsoon climate with four distinct seasons and abundant precipitation. May and June are the concentrated rainfall periods (meiyu), and drought weather often occurs in July and August. Various meteorological disasters occur frequently, and it is one of the areas most severely affected by disasters such as typhoons, heavy rains, droughts, cold waves, strong winds, hail, freezing damage, and tornadoes. The forest vegetation is subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, the typical soil is red soil, and the cultivated soil is paddy soil. Agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and fishery are developed, and the main agricultural products include rice, rape, cotton, cotton, tea, silk, citrus, moso bamboo, etc. Zhejiang's waters are rich in fishery resources, and Zhoushan Islands is China's largest marine fishery base. Zhejiang's mineral resources are mainly non-metallic minerals. The continental shelf is rich in oil and natural gas resources and has good development prospects.
The modern transportation network is developed, with the provincial capital Hangzhou as the hub, Shanghai-Hangzhou (Shanghai-Hangzhou), Zhejiang-Ganxi (Hangzhou-Nanchang), Xiaoyong (Hangzhou-Xiaoshan-Ningbo), Jinwen (Jinhua-Wenzhou) and other railways constitute Zhejiang’s railway transportation network. The important port is Ningbo Beilun Port.
The industrial structure has been dominated by light industry for many years, and now the heavy chemical industry has begun to become the leading force in Zhejiang’s industrial economic growth. The main body of Zhejiang's economy is the private economy, with many small and medium-sized enterprises. The province's regional block economy is quite distinctive. Leather from Haining in Zhejiang, woolen sweaters from Tongxiang, ties from Shengxian County, and small hardware from Yongkang all occupy an important position in the country.
Zhejiang has a prosperous professional market. Yiwu China Commodity City and Shaoxing China Textile City are the largest professional markets in the country
Rich tourism resources include famous mountains such as Yandang Mountain, Putuo Mountain, and Tianmu Mountain, as well as Hangzhou West Lake, Shaoxing Famous lakes such as East Lake, Jiaxing South Lake, and Ningbo Dongqian Lake include the Qiandao Lake Reservoir, the largest artificial lake in China. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal passes through northern Zhejiang and joins the Qiantang River in Hangzhou. There are many karst wonders in the low mountains and hills. Jinhua Three Cave and Luyaolin Wonderland are breathtaking. The province's tourism focus is Hangzhou, which is known around the world as "Paradise on Earth" and has cultural relics and historic sites scattered inside and outside the city. Therefore, it has become one of China's six ancient capitals and one of its five tourist hotspots.