What are the courtyard styles?

Culturally, quadrangles can be divided into three categories: Chinese, Japanese and European 1. There are three tributaries in the courtyard of China: the garden in the north, the freehand brushwork landscape in the south of the Yangtze River and the Lingnan Garden. Among them, Jiangnan gardens have the highest achievements and the largest number. China gardens have a strong artistic conception of classical ink and landscape painting. The composition is mainly curved, paying attention to winding paths leading to secluded places, avoiding taking in everything in a glance, and paying attention to the "gathering gas" of Feng Shui. Garden is a work of art composed of buildings, mountains and rivers, flowers and trees. The buildings are mainly wooden pavilions, terraces, corridors and pavilions. The moon gate and glazed tile powder wall play the role of blocking or guiding or dividing the line of sight and swimming path. Garden plants have a clear meaning and strict positioning. Such as planting bamboo in the back of the house, osmanthus in front of the hall, peony in the flower bed, phoenix tree in front of the table, plantain in the corner, white pine on the slope, lotus in the pool, bamboo stalagmites as the scenery, stone tables and chairs as sketches, solitary stone appreciation and so on. 2. Japanese gardens originated from the culture of Qin and Han Dynasties in China, and the traces of classical gardens in China are still discernible. In the process of imitating natural landscapes to literati landscapes, Japanese gardens gradually got rid of poetic and picturesque ideas and went to a state of silence and loss. This garden expresses profound thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism with simple materials and abstract techniques. Explaining in garden language that "the elders go out of the fire house in three realms and sit in the cool open space" (1) means that the main landscape of the garden is the combination of ponds and flowing springs, and the building of the mountain court focuses on topography, while the building of the mountain court corresponds to the garden planning on the flat land, pursuing exquisite deep mountains and valleys and boundless coastal islands on the flat land; There are three forms: truth, action, grass and peace. The real court is an all-round imitation of the real mountains and waters, while the action court is a partial simulation and a small number of omissions. Grassroots courts are a lot of omissions. (2) Dry landscape and dry landscape of Chiquan are the essence of Japanese gardens, and their essence is to replace water with sand and island with stone. With very few elements, we can achieve great artistic effect and pursue the beauty of Zen. Ganshanhe has two moral objects. One is the rapids or waterfalls of mountain streams, which Japan calls dry; The other is the coast and islands; Chiquan is a miniature real landscape, which is generally the center of the landscape. In the dry landscape and pool spring, a pit stone is placed in a naturally arranged pool, representing an island. The revetment connected with the shore is called Nakajima, which is called Guidao, Heyao and Penglai. According to different positions, there are many names of rocks standing in water or sand, so I won't repeat them here. (3) Tea Pavilion Tea Pavilion, also known as open field, is a garden form derived from tea ceremony culture. Today, the landscape function of tea kiosks has exceeded its practical function. Tea gardens are generally arranged in the space entering the tea room along a certain route. Simple stepping stones symbolize rugged rocky paths, short pine trees on the ground symbolize dense forests, squatting hand-washing bowls are linked with cool mountain springs, and vicissitudes of stone lamps create a harmonious, quiet, clear and quiet tea ceremony atmosphere. There is a deep Zen artistic conception. (4) Sit and watch, boat and swim back. Japanese gardens are mostly static, especially small gardens, which have only one viewing angle. Although they are on the garden road, they just look at it instead of letting people walk in to appreciate it, so they are called sitting and watching the garden. Correspondingly, back-swimming can be used for people to walk in and enjoy, with many viewing angles, which can change the scenery. Boat tour is a return to the garden with cruise ship as the means of transportation. In large gardens, three ways are generally combined, and larger courtyards can also adopt the way of swimming back. 3. There are five branches of European garden styles: Italian terrace garden, French waterscape garden, Dutch conventional garden, British natural garden and British theme garden. From the past to the future, the development of gardens in various countries comes down in one continuous line. The Italian peninsula is mountainous, and the buildings are built according to the situation. There is a terrace-like platform in front of the garden, and the central axis leads out from the middle. Towering Chinese fir and pine trees are planted on both sides of the central axis, and platforms, flower beds and sculptures are symmetrically arranged. Features of Italian Garden Myth Sculpture: Platform Sculpture Fountain Design Concept: In Renaissance Italy, villa gardens were built in the suburbs, which inherited the characteristics of ancient Roman gardens and adopted the planning layout with prominent axes. Because the Italian peninsula is surrounded by the sea on three sides, and it is mountainous and hilly, its gardens are all built on slopes. On the central axis extending along the hillside, there are terraces, fountains, statues and so on. It's all open. Plants use boxwood or cypress to form a patterned tree altar, which highlights evergreen trees and uses less flowers. Basic elements: sculpture, fountain and stepped waterfall. Italian courtyards attach great importance to water treatment. They use topographical steps to build channels, and the high places gather water to lead them down, forming layers of waterfalls. Using different heights of pressure, fountains of different shapes are formed, including tower-shaped fountains and statues mounted on walls to form wall springs. As a decorative ornament, there are many kinds of sketches, including exquisite carved stone railings, stone jars, inscriptions, and marble statues with the theme of classical mythology, thus forming a unique Italian terrace garden. The main scenes of Italian gardens are mostly sculptures or flower beds on the wide road of the central axis, and there are few waterscapes, even if there are small fountains in the shape of pots. After the Italian terrace garden was introduced to France, France was dominated by plains with many rivers and lakes, so the garden was designed to have a regular layout with symmetry or even central axis on the flat ground. The difference is that French gardens often design large round or rectangular ponds on the central axis, with straight and narrow roads on both sides of the ponds. Later, the Dutch trimmed the trees into geometric shapes and the shapes of various animals. On the contrary, the British prefer natural trees and grasslands, paying special attention to the integration of scenery and the natural environment outside the garden, paying attention to the shape, color, taste, flowering period and planting methods of flowers, and there have been "gardens" with flowers as the main content, and even specialized gardens with flowers as the theme, such as "Rose Garden", "Lily Garden" and "Iris Garden".