I'm from dongzhi county, Chizhou, Anhui. What's the specific climate in this area? Suitable for those Chinese herbal medicines. It's rare. There's a big gap. This is a common phenomenon. Give priority to one.
Herbs perennial, 40-90 cm tall. There is milk in the plant, and the whole plant is smooth and hairless. The roots are stout and fleshy, conical or forked, and the outer skin is yellow-brown. Stems erect and branched; Leaves mostly alternate, few opposite, subsessile, oblong, with serrated edges; Flowers are large, solitary at the top of the stem or several in sparse racemes; Corolla bell-shaped, blue-purple or blue-white, lobes 5. The capsule is ovoid and cracked at the top when it matures.
Growth habit
I like a mild and cool climate. Seedling stage is afraid of direct sunlight and needs shade. Adult plants like sunshine and are afraid of water accumulation. Drought-resistant, cold-resistant and wind-resistant. Suitable for planting in sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage, loose soil and humus.
Motohara
This product is the root of platycodon grandiflorum, a dicotyledonous plant. )A.DC。
Flower language of balloon flower:
1, eternal love; Sincerity, obedience, sadness.
2. hopeless love.
Cultivation techniques of platycodon grandiflorum
First, land selection and land preparation
Choose sandy loam plot with abundant sunshine, deep soil layer and good drainage. After land selection, apply 3000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer or ring fertilizer per mu, add 50 kg of calcium superphosphate and cake fertilizer or diammonium phosphate 15 kg respectively, spread them evenly in the ground, dig deep into the soil for 35 cm, level and harrow, and make a flat bed with a width of 1m, and the length depends on the terrain.
Second, the mode of reproduction.
(1) Seed propagation: the growth period is 2 years.
Generally, live broadcast is used in production. The seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum are small, with 1000-grain weight 1.5g and germination rate of 85%. Seeding 10 ~ 15 days under the conditions of temperature 18 ~ 25℃ and sufficient humidity.
Winter sowing or spring sowing: winter sowing is from June 165438+ 10 to June 65438+ 10 of the following year, and spring sowing is from March to April. It is better to broadcast in winter, usually. When sowing, the seeds are evenly mixed with wet fine sand (the ratio is 1 pot soil mixed with 0.3kg seeds) and sprinkled on the edge of the border, and then lightly swept with a broom to make the seeds invisible and slightly shaken. The next spring, the seedlings came out early. In spring sowing, in order to make the seedlings emerge orderly, it is necessary to treat the seeds, or cover them with grass after sowing (treatment method: soak the seeds in warm water at 30℃, take them out after soaking for 8 hours, wrap them in wet cloth, put them in a place at 25 ~ 30℃, cover them with wet hemp sheets, accelerate germination, and filter them with warm water once a day. In about 5 days, the seeds germinate and can be sown. The sowing method is the same as winter sowing, and the soil is kept moist for a long time, and the seedlings usually emerge in about 15 days. Seed yield per mu is 2.5 kg.
(2) Seedling raising and transplanting: growth period 1 year.
1. Seedling raising: Platycodon grandiflorum seedlings can be transplanted from April to June, which is too early. Because of the small shadow, the quality of Platycodon grandiflorum seedlings will be affected if it is too late, and the average seed consumption per mu is 10 ~ 12 kg. Specific methods: choose land that cannot be in high slopes or low-lying fields, and it is best to choose fields with good drainage. The land should be intensively cultivated and fully fertilized. It's best to turn it over a foot and a half to make the border surface well so as to irrigate in drought. Then mix the seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum with fine soil, spread them evenly, shake slightly, cover weeds and keep the soil moist, generally 10 ~.
2. Transplanting: the growth period is 1 year. From the autumn and winter of that year to the next spring before germination. Select 1 year-old Platycodon grandiflorum seedlings, divide them into different grades and plant them separately. When planting, cut a ditch with a depth of 25cm in the whole planting field according to the row spacing of 20cm, and then insert the platycodon grandiflorum seedlings into the ditch at an angle of 75O, with a spacing of 6-8 cm, cover the soil and compact it, and the soil is slightly higher than the sign 3cm.
Third, on-site management
1, intertillage weeding, weeding after the emergence of Platycodon grandiflorum, intermittently pulling out weak seedlings when the seedlings are 4 leaves long, fixing seedlings at the interval of 1 ~ 2 inches when the seedlings are 6-8 leaves long, and shallow loosening the soil when the dry and wet conditions are suitable, so that the ground is always loose and there are no weeds in the field.
2, the drainage platycodon grandiflorum has high planting density and is afraid of water accumulation. Therefore, in the hot and humid rainy season, ditch drainage should be carried out in time to prevent stagnant water from rotting roots.
3. The balloon flowering period for picking flowers is as long as 4 months. Flowering consumes a lot of nutrients and tends to sprout lateral branches. Therefore, flower picking is an important measure to improve the yield of platycodon grandiflorum.
Fourth, pest control.
1. Root rot damages the roots, and the damaged roots appear dark brown spots, which rot until the whole plant dies in the later stage. Prevention and treatment: (1) Pour carbendazim 1000 times solution on the affected area. (2) Pay attention to drainage after rain, and the site should not be too wet.
2. Powdery mildew mainly harms leaves. At the time of onset, the diseased leaves were covered with gray powder, which was so serious that the whole plant withered. Prevention and treatment methods: at the initial stage of the disease, spray with Bomei 0.3 degree sulfur mixture or Baibaijing 500 times solution or spray with 20% triadimefon powder 1800 times solution.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) matters needing attention
1. If other pests are found during the growth period of Platycodon grandiflorum, they can be controlled by conventional methods, but pesticides are prohibited 20 days before harvesting.
2. Description on the weeding of Platycodon grandiflorum: There are too many weeds during the planting of Platycodon grandiflorum in most areas of China, which affects its growth. Because platycodon grandiflorum is a dicotyledonous plant, it should be treated selectively when using herbicides. The method is based on the recommendation of the local plant protection department, and then small-scale experiments are carried out in the field of Platycodon grandiflorum in proportion, and then it is popularized in a large area without harm to Platycodon grandiflorum, which does not affect its growth.
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traditional Chinese medicine
brief introduction
It is the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Bitter, pungent, slightly warm. Enter the lung meridian. Can eliminate
Chinese herbal medicine platycodon grandiflorum
Resolving phlegm and relieving cough has the function of dispersing lung and expelling pus. Its tender stems, leaves and roots can be eaten as vegetables. Rich in the northeast, it is a special dish of Korean nationality.
Source: Shennong Herbal Classic
Efficacy classification: cough medicine and expectorant medicine.
Related herbs: Eryuan Platycodon grandiflorum, Reuters Platycodon grandiflorum, Meridian, Lung and Stomach Meridian.
Efficacy: dispersing lung and resolving phlegm, relieving sore throat and discharging pus.
Indications: cough with excessive phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess and pus discharge, chest fullness and hypochondriac pain, dysentery and abdominal pain, and urinary incontinence.
Selected prescription
1. For patients with lung abscess, cough, chest tightness, cold pulse, dry throat, no thirst, sometimes turbid saliva and foul smell, and long-term pus spitting like rice porridge: one or two of platycodon grandiflorum and two of licorice. Take three liters of water, boil one liter, and then take it at different temperatures, which will vomit pus and blood. "synopsis of the golden chamber" orange stalk soup
2, the treatment of phlegm and asthma is uncertain: one and a half platycodon grandiflorum. Cut loose, urinate with the boy for half a liter, fry for four times, and warm clothes. A brief summary of all prescriptions
3. Treatment of laryngitis and poisonous gas: Platycodon grandiflorum. Three liters of water, boil one liter, and take it at once. square
Pay attention to use
This product has the characteristics of rising and dispersing. It is not suitable for patients with qi stagnation, vomiting, choking cough, dizziness, excessive fire due to yin deficiency and hemoptysis. Patients with gastric and duodenal ulcers should use it with caution. Too much can easily cause nausea and vomiting.
Adverse reactions:
1, this product can stimulate gastric mucosa after taking it, and excessive dosage can cause mild nausea and even vomiting. Gastric and duodenal ulcers should be used with caution, and the dose should not be too large.
2, this product platycodon grandiflorum saponin has a strong hemolytic effect, so it is only suitable for oral administration, not for injection; After oral administration, platycodon grandiflorum saponin is hydrolyzed and destroyed in digestive tract, that is, there is no hemolysis.
3. Mice were injected subcutaneously, and the minimum lethal dose was 770mg/kg.
Note: white platycodon grandiflorum is especially precious!
Pharmacology of Platycodon grandiflorum
Platycodon saponin has hemolytic effect and cannot be used for injection. After oral administration, it is hydrolyzed and destroyed in the digestive tract, that is, there is no hemolysis. The minimum lethal dose of subcutaneous injection in mice is 770mg/kg.
The lethal dose of Platycodon grandiflorum decoction was 24g/kg in mice and 40g/kg in rabbits. All five rabbits died within 24 hours, and all survived when the dose was 20/kg. Platycodon grandiflorum saponin has strong hemolysis effect, and its hemolysis index varies with the origin, growth years, collection time and processing methods, and the range is 1: 100. Therefore, platycodon grandiflorum cannot be administered by injection. The minimum lethal dose of subcutaneous injection in mice is 770mg/kg. The LD50 of crude platycodon grandiflorum saponin was 420mg/kg for mice, 800mg/kg for humans, 22.3mg/kg for subcutaneous injection and 14. 1mg/kg. Large dose of platycodon grandiflorum saponin can stimulate vomiting center reflexively, causing nausea and vomiting.
Party selection
① Treating lung abscess, cough, chest tightness, cold pulse, dry throat, no thirst, turbid saliva and foul smell, and vomiting pus like rice porridge for a long time: one or two of platycodon grandiflorum and two of licorice. Take three liters of water, boil one liter, and then take it at different temperatures, which will vomit pus and blood. ("synopsis of the golden chamber" orange stalk soup)
② Treatment of phlegm and cough: Platycodon grandiflorum 1 half. Cut loose, urinate with the boy for half a liter, fry for four times, and warm clothes. ("Simple recipes for everyone")
③ Treatment of laryngitis and poisonous gas: Platycodon grandiflorum. Three liters of water, boil one liter and take it immediately. (party)
④ Treating cold chest obstruction without heat syndrome: three points for Platycodon grandiflorum, one point for Croton (peeling, removing heart, boiling black and grinding into fat) and three points for Fritillaria. Sanwei powder, kimono is drunk, the strong man pays half the money, and the loser reduces it. If you get sick on the diaphragm, you will vomit. If there is a disease under the diaphragm, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. If you have a cup of hot porridge, you will benefit more than that. If you have a cup of cold porridge. (Treatise on Febrile Diseases in vain)
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Medical function
chemical composition
Roots contain many kinds of saponins. After hydrolysis, the sapogenin is platycodon grandiflorum saponin, a small amount of polygala and platycodon grandiflorum acids A, B and C. In addition, the secondary aglycone sapogenin is separated from the saponin. It is platycodin -3-0-β- glucoside. Platycodonin C was isolated from the total saponins and hydrolyzed to produce platycodin, glucose, xylose, rhamnose and arabinose (2:1:1). The root also contains α-spinach sterol and α.
Physical and chemical identification
Powder or slice turns purple when it meets α-naphthol-concentrated sulfuric acid test solution (inulin reaction).
Content determination
Take about 4g of crude powder of this product, weigh it accurately, put it in Soxhlet extractor, add 25ml of methanol, soak it for 15h, add 25ml of methanol, heat and reflux it for 6h, let it stand overnight, filter, concentrate the filtrate in water bath to 15 ~ 20ml, let it cool, add 50ml of ether, shake it evenly, let it stand until it is clear, and discard the supernatant. Add methanol (20 ml, 10ml, 5ml) to the precipitate, heat and dissolve, cool, filter, combine methanol solutions, concentrate in water bath to 105C ~ 20 ml, cool, add 50ml of ether, shake well, do the above treatment, combine methanol solutions, put them in a constant weight evaporating dish, and evaporate them in water bath.
pharmacological action
Platycodon grandiflorum decoction can increase respiratory secretion when given to anesthetized dogs at the dose of 1 g/kg. The crude platycodon grandiflorum saponin has sedative, analgesic, antipyretic and other central inhibitory effects, and has anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant, vasodilator, antihypertensive and anti-ulcer effects. The methanol extract and crude saponin of Platycodon grandiflorum can improve the clearance rate of carbon particles in mice. Platycodon grandiflorum bark also has expectorant effect, and platycodon grandiflorum saponin has hemolytic effect.
Modern clinical research
1. For the treatment of chronic bronchitis in the elderly, 9g of Platycodon grandiflorum, 30g of fresh Solanum nigrum and 3g of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. 1 dose daily, decocted in water twice. 10 day is a course of treatment. After treatment of 324 cases, 228 cases were clinically cured, 43 cases were markedly effective, and the improvement rate was 2 1 case, with a total effective rate of 90%. 49636.8886868866 1
2. Treat acute lumbar sprain of Platycodon grandiflorum (15g), grind it into fine powder, and take it with yellow wine once a day (twice a day in severe cases). After taking it, stay in bed and make local sweat slightly. Eight cases were treated, 3 mild cases and 3 severe cases, all of which were cured. (1 ~ 2 articles are quoted from Clinical Modern Chinese Medicine.
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Modern research
Main ingredients:
Contains platycodon saponin. Sapogenin produced by hydrolysis is a mixture of triterpenoid acids, one of which is polygala acid and the other is platycodin. It also contains platycodin A, B and C (platycodin A, B and C), inulin, platycodin, glucose and phytosterol. Such as alpha-spinach sterol, alpha-spinach sterol-beta-d-glucoside, etc.
Pharmacological action:
The expectorant effect of 1. Jugeng decoction can significantly increase respiratory mucus secretion in anesthetized dogs after oral administration of 1g/kg, and its action intensity is similar to that of ammonium chloride. It can also promote the secretion of respiratory mucus in anesthetized cats. The mechanism is that the saponin contained in Platycodon grandiflorum can stimulate gastric mucosa, cause mild nausea, reflexively increase the secretion of bronchial glands, dilute sputum, and thus play an expectorant role.
2. The antitussive effect is achieved by stimulating the trachea of guinea pigs, and platycodin 15 mg/kg has antitussive effect. The crude platycodon grandiflorum saponin was injected intraperitoneally into anesthetized guinea pigs, and its half antitussive effective dose ED50 was 6.4 mg/kg, suggesting that platycodon grandiflorum saponin has strong antitussive effect.
3. Anti-inflammatory effect: Platycodon grandiflorum saponin has strong anti-inflammatory effect on acute and chronic inflammation. The oral dose of platycodon grandiflorum saponin is110 ~1/5LD50, which can inhibit the swelling of rat feet caused by carrageenan and acetic acid. Oral dosage less than110ld50 also significantly inhibited the formation of cotton granuloma in rats. It is also effective for adjuvant arthritis in rats.