What are the characteristics of Huizhou ancient residential buildings?
2. They took advantage of the "different heights and different shades" environment in Huizhou mountainous area, and under the guidance of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, they tried their best to choose a treasure trove of geomantic omen and choose a site to build a village, in order to be blessed with abundant food and clothing and prosper their children and grandchildren. In ancient Huizhou, almost every village had a certain foundation of geomantic omen, or grasped the throat of foothills, foothills and mountain passes according to the mountain situation. Or live by the water, embrace the river, rely on the ferry and cross the river. Some are trumpet-shaped; Such as Wuyuan Xikeng; Bow, such as the source of Taibai; There are bands, such as high sand at the source; There are zigzag, such as Mi Yuan Merlin; There are waves, such as Yixian Xidi; There is a cloud reunion type, such as Shexian dive; Some are dragon-shaped, such as Jiangcun in Shexian County; There are also half-moon, T-shape, herringbone, cut shape, square print shape, arc shape, straight line shape and so on.
3. In the ancient residential buildings in Huizhou, the strict hierarchical system of Confucianism and the feudal moral concept of respecting and inferiority, distinguishing between men and women, and orderly upbringing are also very obvious. The perfect unity of practicality and artistry is another typical feature of Huizhou ancient dwellings. Most of the ancient houses in Huizhou are close to the mountains and rivers, which can shelter from the wind, facilitate firewood for cooking and heating, and give people a sense of beauty. The village is built by water, which is convenient for drinking, washing and drinking. Beautify the environment. In the ancient village of Huiju, the streets are relatively narrow, the white gables are wide and tall, and the gray horsehead wall has a unique shape. This structure saves land, is convenient for fire prevention, theft prevention, cooling and moisture prevention, and makes the family unique in a strict sense. The white walls and gray tiles of the house are very beautiful in the green mountains and green waters. The gathering patio can be ventilated and light-permeable, and the four waters return to the hall to adapt to the lack of fertilizer and water.
In the old days, most urban and rural houses in Huizhou were brick and wood structures. In the Ming dynasty, it was characterized by spacious upstairs. After the Qing Dynasty, there were mostly houses with three rooms, one hall, two rooms and four rooms, one hall and four rooms. A room has many entrances. The gate is carved with stone carvings of scenic figures. The gatehouse has double eaves and cornices. Each entrance has a patio, which is ventilated and transparent, and rainwater flows into the sewer through the water mound. Commonly known as "firewall" (horse head wall) is surrounded by firewalls, which look like an ancient castle from a distance. Generally, one family goes in, the middle door is closed, and one family lives. The middle door opens, and a door enters and exits to pay homage to the ancestors. The climate in Huizhou mountainous area is humid, and people generally regard the upstairs as the main habitat of daily life, retaining the legacy of "nesting" by indigenous Shanyue people. The halls and houses upstairs are generally spacious and have halls.
4. The most striking feature of Huizhou ancient dwellings is their wide distribution. There are thousands of villages in Huizhou, including Wuyuan and Jixi, and almost every village has ancient houses. According to experts, there were thousands of dwellings in Ming Dynasty and tens of thousands in Qing Dynasty. The number of ancient houses in Huizhou and the beauty of architectural style are incomparable in any region. It pushed the residential architecture to the extreme, and Huizhou residential architecture was a peak in the history of China. Huizhou residential buildings, whether ancient or modern, have a strong and beautiful sense of rhythm. When you walk into Huizhou, you walk into a huge garden.
Every village here is surrounded by mountains and rivers, with green eyes and mountains. However, there are few trees in this village. Even if there are, they are some ornamental shrubs or flowers. Old trees are often at the far intersections or foothills outside the village, which does not affect the sight of the village. From a distance, a white wall blocking the corner is outlined by small gray tiles, like a hearty ink painting and a high-profile artistic photo. People walking in the mountains, like walking in a painting, can enjoy charming paintings and intoxicating poems anytime and anywhere. In 1930s, Yu Dafu, a romantic genius, was infected by the scenery of Huizhou and wrote a poem "Tunxi Sleeping". The poem reads: "The Xin 'an River is full of water, and people on both sides are scattered like boats. A few nights under Tunxi Bridge, heartbroken spring scenery is like Yangzhou. "Huizhou folk houses have a quiet and exquisite appearance and a unique aesthetic taste. If you walk into the village again with a carefree mood, step on the green stone path, quietly cross several alleys, and then walk into several houses to have a look, you will feel from quiet to mellow. A strong cultural atmosphere surrounds you closely, constantly urging you to continue reading, but still feel that your vision is not enough. As long as you put your foot into a gate, you will see the huge nave hanging in the middle of the hall, and then you will see the bell on the niche below nave and all kinds of porcelain bottles and tubes placed on both sides. These are antique works of art, and you can see them by lifting your eyes and touching them at will.
In Huizhou, the three sculptures of wood, stone and brick are the most famous, which are called "Huizhou Three Wonders" and can be seen by almost every household. Carvings on doorways, door covers and leaky windows are rarely the same in Hanoi. The windowsill, skirt, sash and diagonal brace are all exquisite. There is a family in Xidi village. Twenty-four filial piety pictures are engraved on the twelve doors of the patio, which are very fine. Although the feudal ethics is relatively strong, it is of great cultural research value.
People who have just arrived in Huizhou can see all the scenery of these houses, the tall horse-headed wall with gray and black fish scales and tiles, and the wooden doors and windows that show their true colors. In fact, Huizhou folk houses are far from people's houses. They are a whole concept including ancestral temples, family temples and other buildings. Without ancestral halls, there would be no houses. There are many rich families who moved from other places in Huizhou. In order to consolidate their position and safeguard their own interests, they lived together and formed a strong patriarchal concept and a very strict clan organization. "the country has a house, and the clan has a temple." The ancestral hall is an indispensable supporting project for their residence, through which people in the clan can be condensed.
Before the Ming Dynasty, people were not allowed to offer sacrifices to their ancestors. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the government began to allow people to sacrifice their ancestors. Since then, Huizhou ancestral halls have sprung up in large numbers. The most typical one is the Hu ancestral hall in Longchuan, Jixi. It is located behind Longshan and in front of Xiangshan, and an ancient road passes through the front door. Longchuan Creek outside the road bypasses the ancestral temple and flows into Xin 'anjiang. Standing on the south bank of the stream, looking north, the buildings on the central axis of the ancestral temple, such as shadow walls, platforms, foyer, main hall, front and rear patios, sleeping halls and special temples, are arranged in a balanced and symmetrical way, with a depth of 84 meters. In addition, there are high walls with no windows on the east, west and north sides, a triple-eaved gatehouse of more than ten meters, and the horizon, gatehouse, main hall roof and bedroom roof rising gradually from the platform to the bedroom, forming three peaks in the air. This deep, high and wide proportional relationship has caused the majestic momentum of the ancestral hall, and gradually raised a heavy solemnity and boundless depression in my heart.
Huizhou ancestral temple, silent, silent, standing there quietly; But when you approach it, and then enter its hinterland, there will be a strong spirit around you, stimulating you and infecting you, so that you can't help but accept this infection and accept this idea, even if it is a temporary feeling, which will remain in your memory forever. This is the civilization of the ancients. Now let's take a look at Huizhou folk houses. They are not so much a culture as a spirit.