How to observe the sky at night?

How to observe the sky at night? In fact, the positions of constellations move according to certain rules and correspond to climate changes on the earth. After a long period of experience in observing astronomical phenomena, the ancient Chinese ancestors discovered: "When the handle of the bucket points to the east, everything under heaven is spring; when the handle of the bucket points to the south, everything under heaven is summer; when the handle of the bucket points to the west, everything below and below is autumn; when the handle of the bucket points to the north, everything under heaven is spring. Winter." This is based on observing the position of the Big Dipper at dusk to determine the current season. This kind of observation of regular changes in celestial phenomena to determine the four seasons is called "observation of phenomena and timing". In the era when there was no calendar, it was used by the ancients for a long time.

1. Introduction to celestial phenomena Mountains and even hills are influencers of weather.

Mountains produce significant changes in wind, temperature, precipitation and lightning more than anywhere else on Earth, often posing threats to those traveling in them. Wind, mountain wind is also diverse. Generally speaking, it can be divided into the following types: uphill wind, which is caused by the change in temperature difference in the mountain. The cold air pours downhill at night and the warm air flows up the mountain during the day. Caused by climbing. Upslope winds mostly occur within 15-45 minutes after sunrise, and reach their maximum wind speed at noon or when the solar energy received by the ground is strongest. Generally, the south slope receives the most energy, so the upslope wind is the strongest. On the north slope, there is no upper wind. Upslope winds usually go straight into mountain streams and canyons. When there are floating clouds in the sky, the intermittence of the sun's rays can act like a "switch" to control the occurrence and cessation of the uphill wind in a timely manner. Downslope winds are relatively mild and stable. They mostly occur near the ground surface. They start to blow within 15-45 minutes after sunset and continue to blow from the top of the mountain to the bottom of the canyon until the sunrise of the next day. Sinking wind, that is, "glacial wind". It often appears on glaciers and is not affected by day and night changes, because the surface temperature of the glacier is always lower than the temperature of the air above it, so it always blows along the downslope. But at the end of the glacier extending toward the slope, upslope winds also occur, and the intensity of this wind is often controlled by the size of the glacier. Canyon wind, which is a wind controlled by topography and a mixture of upslope and downslope winds, mainly occurs near semi-enclosed valleys with gaps in the slope surface. It is also controlled by the difference in sunshine and temperature, that is, the upper valley wind mostly prevails at noon, and turns to the lower valley wind at night, and the valley wind often exhibits extremely strong gusts. Cyclones, which are also common winds in mountainous areas, occur whenever there are significant changes in the ground and the surrounding winds are strong. In most cases, cyclones have transient characteristics and form on northerly slopes. Precipitation: There are a lot of updrafts in mountainous areas, which continuously cool the air, so the amount of precipitation usually increases with height. In the humid tropics, precipitation increases are particularly pronounced in mountainous areas. Flash floods caused by heavy rainfall are the biggest threat to travelers in mountainous areas. The most common thing in mountainous areas is fog, which is actually clouds touching the surface. Sometimes the valley may be foggy all day long. Mountaineers, hikers, and campers are particularly vulnerable to lightning strikes in mountainous areas. Lifting winds in rugged mountainous terrain make thunderstorms more severe and frequent. Temperature, temperature is very important for mountain travelers. In mountainous areas, temperatures decrease with altitude, and this variation is about twice as high in summer as in winter. The relative humidity is much higher in the mountains than in the valleys, and in this case most clothing is a poor insulator, so it is difficult to keep the body warm in winter and cool in summer. Generally speaking, for every 300 meters of altitude increase, the temperature drops by an average of 1.2 degrees, which can be used as a reference for mountain travelers.

2. Astronomical Strategy Thunderstorms Thunderstorms usually start with small cumulus clouds at first, and then develop rapidly. After the development period of Cumulus Congestus and entering the mature cumulonimbus stage, it is a violent, Severe and rapidly changing weather.

Personnel involved in outdoor activities should pay attention to the following points:

1. Thunderstorms may occur when cumulonimbus clouds begin to accumulate and become dark.

2. Thunderstorms usually last for a short time. Stay calm, don’t be afraid, and stay in a sheltered place. The dangers of lightning include penetrating objects and people, causing fires, and the thunder produced can shatter people's eardrums.

So, you should remember:

1. Cars are often excellent lightning protection facilities. You can hide in the car during lightning.

2. The best places for protection are caves, ditches, canyons or forest glades under tall trees.

3. If you are in the open air, you should squat at a distance twice the height of an isolated tree.

4. When you feel an electric charge, that is, when your hair stands up or your skin trembles, it is likely that you have received an electric shock. You should fall to the ground immediately to protect yourself.

5. If you are hiding near an isolated protrusion, the top of the protrusion should be at least 15-20 meters higher than your head.

6. When leaving vertical walls or cliffs, avoid exposed peaks and ridges as well as flat open terrain.

7. Avoid ground cracks, patches of lichen and suspended rocks.

8. As a last resort, you can sit among the scattered stones.

9. Tie yourself with a rope in dangerous places.

10. If you enter a cave to avoid lightning, you should stay 3 meters away from all vertical rock walls to prevent the rock walls from conducting electricity and injuring people.

When flash floods occur, the rainfall is so rapid that the ground surface has no time to absorb the rainwater, and it is difficult for the earth and rocks to prevent the rainwater from draining, which will intensify the threat of flash floods. Therefore, when thunderstorm activity intensifies, avoid long ditches or flat stretches below the river bed where water is most likely to accumulate. Leave flood-prone areas, abandon your gear and move to higher ground if necessary, and be careful not to attempt to cross knee-deep streams on foot. Weather conditions can raise or lower body temperature, affecting a person's health. The three most influential weather factors are temperature, wind speed and relative humidity. In cold conditions, the effects of temperature and wind are inseparable. The two often cause people to lose heat at the same time, and the insulation value of soaked clothes will drop by 90%. So, an easy way to survive in the cold is to stay physically active without breaking a sweat. In a hot and humid environment, people will suffer from fatigue, headache, loss of appetite, insomnia, severe dehydration, general weakness, heat cramps, etc. People should be careful to avoid outdoor activities in such climate conditions.

3. General rules of celestial phenomena

A. Signs of better weather 1. During the day, the valley wind generally blows from bottom to top. At night, it is just the opposite. It usually blows from the top of the mountain. Down the valley.

2. During the day (especially in the morning), you can see the clouds on the mountain pass gradually turning into mist and gradually dissipating.

3. At sunset in the evening, patches of orange or rose-colored sunset glow (fire clouds) appear over the western valley.

4. There is fog under the mountain in the evening and the weather is cooler (cold at night), which means the weather may be better the next day.

5. There is dew and frost on the grass in the early morning.

6. The starlight is stable and rarely flickers.

B. Signs of bad weather

1. During the day, the valley wind blows from the top of the mountain to the valley, and at night it blows from the valley to the top of the mountain.

2. Silky clouds appeared in the morning, and then the black clouds increased and slowly sank.

3. The clouds move quickly and tend to increase, which may be a precursor to a storm.

4. The wind direction suddenly changed and became stronger and stronger, and at the same time, dark clouds were blowing.

5. After dry heat or fog, visibility suddenly improves.

6. The fog filled the valley in the early morning and did not dissipate at night.

7. A large halo appears around the sun during the day and a small halo appears around the moon at night. This is a sign of strong winds.

8. The stars twinkle before dawn.

9. The temperature increases in the evening, and it is very warm and muggy at night.

10. The rising clouds and fog in the middle of the valley may be a sign of future storms.