Present situation of monitoring and early warning of geological disasters in China
With the development of China's national economic construction, all kinds of human engineering activities are intensified, and geological disasters such as collapse, landslide and debris flow continue to occur. In order to prevent the occurrence and development of geological disasters and meet the needs of local social and economic development, local laws and regulations on the prevention and control of geological disasters, including monitoring and management of geological disasters, have appeared since 1995. By 1999, 18 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) had promulgated 2 1 laws and regulations, and by 2004, 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) had promulgated more than 40 laws and regulations (Appendix 2).
On the basis of national laws and regulations on the prevention and control of local geological disasters, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the Tenth Five-year Plan for Ecological Construction of Land and Resources and Environmental Protection in May 20001. In May, 20001year, the General Office of the State Council forwarded the General Plan on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters; On June 5438+0, 00/kloc-0, the Ministry of Land and Resources completed the Master Plan for the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, which was approved by the State Council on June 5438+0, 2002, and was issued to the Hubei and Chongqing Land and Resources Departments for implementation in February 2002. The State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters (Appendix 2) in June 2003, which is a national regulation on the prevention and control of geological disasters. Under the guidance of the above-mentioned national regulations and plans, a series of regulations and norms such as the National Geological Environment Management Measures are being compiled. The promulgation of these laws and regulations has effectively promoted the construction of the national geological disaster monitoring and early warning system and the governance and protection of the geological environment.
7. 1.2 Monitoring network and institution building
(1) Current situation and existing problems of professional monitoring institutions.
As of September 2002, the national geological disaster monitoring institutions and teams are shown in table 7. 1. As can be seen from the table, there are 1 national geological environment monitoring center, 3 1 provincial geological environment monitoring stations (hospitals and centers) and 220 prefecture (city) geological environment monitoring stations in China, of which the directly affiliated substation 138 and the escrow substation 1365438. Among the above institutions, China Geological Environment Monitoring Institute 126 people (including the Three Gorges Center) and the provincial geological environment monitoring team have 3,349 people. There are 3349 employees in the national geological environment monitoring professional team. This team has initially formed a scientific research system for geological disaster exploration, monitoring, forecasting and early warning, which has provided organizational guarantee for geological disaster prevention, geological environmental protection and administration according to law.
Table 7. 1 National Geological Disaster Monitoring Organization and Team
sequential
It is worth pointing out that the current geological disaster monitoring and early warning management system is not perfect enough. Although the competent departments of land and resources at the provincial (district, city) level and prefecture (city) level undertake the functions of monitoring and early warning of geological disasters, most prefecture (city) level land and resources bureaus have no special departments, and the institutions below the county level are not perfect and the system is not straightened out. At the same time, in water conservancy, railways, highways, urban construction and other departments, the geological disaster monitoring, early warning and forecasting command system has not yet been established. The original geological environment monitoring stations at all levels of the Ministry of Land and Resources were established under the historical conditions of not separating government from enterprises. Public welfare monitoring in some provinces (regions) is still undertaken by geological prospecting units of enterprise nature, which is out of touch with government administration and cannot meet the needs of the government and society.
(2) The present situation and existing problems of geological disaster monitoring network construction.
1) sudden geological disaster monitoring. See Table 7.2 for the monitoring status of sudden geological disasters in China. By the end of 2003, there were 545 counties (cities) in China, covering an area of 2 million square kilometers. * * * More than 70,000 hidden danger points were investigated, and more than 40,000 group prevention and control points were established. In Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang, there are more than 120 disaster spots for professional monitoring and patrol.
Twenty cities (districts, counties) in the Three Gorges reservoir area have set up 17 geological environment monitoring stations, and a GPS monitoring network of Zigui-Badong (50 km) has been established and put into monitoring operation. The network includes national control network (Grade A), reference network (Grade B) and landslide monitoring (Grade C) three-level GPS monitoring network, monitoring a single landslide 12, and * * * has 59 GPS monitoring points.
The land subsidence monitoring network in qitaihe city, Heilongjiang Province has a control area of 10km2 and 58 monitoring points, which has played a demonstration role in monitoring geological disasters in mines.
2) Monitoring of slowly changing geological disasters. In addition to Shanghai, the Yangtze River Delta slowly changing geological disaster monitoring network has established a relatively complete land subsidence monitoring network, which is composed of bedrock markers, layered markers, GPS observation points, ground leveling points and groundwater monitoring holes. In 2002, the Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou area of Jiangsu Province also established layered signs in some areas, but other areas are still blank. In the Bohai Rim region, only Tianjin has established seven groups of layered landmarks in the urban area, and most of them were built before 1985. Three groups of bedrock markers and layered markers in Beijing are under construction. Some ground fissure monitoring points have been established in Xi 'an, and a ground subsidence monitoring network has been initially established in Ningbo. At present, the main areas for monitoring land subsidence and ground fissures are the North China Plain, the Yangtze River Delta and some large and medium-sized cities. The monitoring status of land subsidence in China is shown in Table 7.2.
3) The regional prevention and treatment system has not yet been built. The masses lack knowledge of prevention and control of geological disasters, the competent departments at the grass-roots level lack professional and technical personnel, the monitoring system of geological disasters combined with group and specialty and the monitoring network of group monitoring and prevention are not perfect, and most counties (cities) in China have not yet been established. At present, only 539 counties (cities) that have carried out geological disaster investigation and zoning have established a monitoring network for group monitoring and prevention. The monitoring of geological disasters has not attracted enough attention from the whole society, the degree of funding guarantee is poor, and there is a lack of a perfect disaster relief and prevention system. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen publicity and management, strengthen legislation, strengthen geological environment management, work out the outline of geological disaster prevention and control, guide counties (cities) to work out local geological disaster prevention and control plans, and actively and effectively carry out geological disaster prevention and control work.
4) Monitoring funds are seriously insufficient. Local governments at all levels have not yet established special funds channels for geological disasters, and only rely on some special funds for prevention and control of geological disasters subsidized by the state to carry out their work. The annual monitoring funds are not enough to maintain the normal monitoring work, the monitoring work is shrinking day by day, the equipment is obsolete, and the facilities are seriously damaged, which affects the quality of monitoring results and is difficult to meet the requirements of accurate, rapid and real-time monitoring.
Table 7.2 Monitoring Status of Geological Hazards in China
7. 1.3 Construction of Monitoring and Early Warning Information System
Using the database software provided by China Geological Environment Monitoring Institute, the provincial geological environment monitoring stations (institutes and centers) have basically realized the storage and management of groundwater monitoring data and geological disaster investigation data after 99 1, and some provinces (regions) have also established graphic databases, document databases, monitoring point files and information management systems. Sichuan province has carried out the pilot work of broadcasting geological disaster forecast information together with weather forecast. See Table 7.3 for the current situation of national geological environment monitoring information management.
Table 7.3 Current Situation of Geological Environment Information Management in China
In terms of network construction, only a few provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have realized the special line connection with the Internet (Hebei, Qinghai, Hainan, etc.). ) and the construction of internal LAN, most provinces and regions have transmitted data to China Geological Environment Monitoring Institute through dial-up Internet access. At present, the analysis, development and utilization of geological environment monitoring data are not enough, and the geological environment monitoring data are basically not open to the society and the public. These conditions show that in the prevention and control of geological disasters, the transmission and processing of information has not kept pace with the times.