Composition of Huizhou architectural sketch
The architectural features of Huizhou culture are: white wall and black tile horse head wall. When the ship was traveling in Xin 'anjiang, Baijia bumped into mountains and rivers, just like landscape painting.
If we want to talk about the cultural history of the emblem, it is the memorial arch. Here, there were 200 archways in ancient times, 80 of which have been preserved to this day. In ancient times, memorial archways were divided into four grades, namely, imperial system, honor, imperial edict and recommendation. Among them, the most famous one is Guo Xu Ten Square, which is an honor grade. It is the only octagonal archway in China, and is known as the "Arc de Triomphe" in the East. The memorial archway group in Tang Yue Village follows the principles of loyalty, filial piety and righteousness from the beginning to the end. There is a recommendation, an honor and four imperial edicts. 1 imperial system. It can be seen that the wisdom of the ancients is extraordinary.
I'm glad I learned knowledge in this trip!
2. Description of Huizhou architecture fragment Huizhou architecture is one of the main schools of ancient architecture in China, which combines the aura of Huizhou landscape and the essence of customs and culture, especially residential houses, ancestral temples and memorial archways. There are 37 ancient dwellings/kloc-0 in Hongcun, the most representative of which is Chengzhitang built by Wang Dinggui, a salt merchant in the late Qing Dynasty. It cost 602,000 silver to build Chengzhitang, including 65,438+000 silver plated wood carvings. All the wood carvings in the whole house were carved by 20 craftsmen for four years. Exquisitely carved, the oldest residential building in southern Anhui, is known as the folk Forbidden City. As another representative of Huizhou architecture, the archway is the mark of Huizhou people along the way.
3. Unit 2, Book 2, Grade 6: China, where people in southern Anhui live, has many characteristics. Folk customs, people's feelings and people's feelings are very distinctive. There are all kinds of folk customs, colorful folk customs and, of course, people's feelings. That's great. I don't know. In addition to these, of course, there are several houses. Having said that, let's get to the point. Today, I will introduce you to the folk houses in southern Anhui. Folk houses in southern Anhui refer to ancient villages located in the Yangtze River valley to Nanshan District in Anhui Province, represented by Xidi and Hongcun. Huizhou folk houses, represented by Huizhou (now Huangshan City, Jixi County and Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province) style and Huaiyang style, have strong Huizhou cultural characteristics, while other folk houses in southern Anhui profoundly highlight their cultural transition zone style characteristics. Let me introduce Hongcun, Anhui. Hongcun is located in the northeast of yi county. It was in the period of Shao Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 13 1) and has a history of more than 800 years. Backed by the remaining veins of Huangshan Mountain, it is like a long scroll of mountains and rivers, integrating natural landscape and human landscape, and is known as "the country in Chinese painting". Ah! How beautiful the environment in Hongcun is! Then let's take a look at the houses in southern Anhui under such beautiful scenery. Let's take a look at the architectural structure of residential buildings in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Hongcun are all white walls and blue tiles, arranged neatly. Chengzhitang is one of the most magnificent and exquisite masterpieces, and it is known as the "Folk Forbidden City". It can be called a Huizhou woodcarving exhibition hall. All kinds of wood carvings are rich in layers, complex and vivid. More than a hundred years later, it is still magnificent. The folk houses in southern Anhui are known as the "Folk Forbidden City", and the craftsmanship inside is of course exquisite. However, no matter how exquisite the house is, its function will definitely be better. Next, let's see what its function is. The bull-shaped village and artificial water system planned and built by Guhong Village people are today's "great miracles in architectural history": the towering Leigang is a bull's head, the towering ancient trees are horns, and the scattered residential groups from east to west are like huge cattle bodies. Qingquan, named Niuchang, flows into the Moon Pool named Niuwei through the village, and then flows to the South Lake named Niudu outside the village after being filtered. People also set up four bridges as supports on rivers and streams around the village. This ingenious and scientific design of village water system not only solves the problem of villagers' fire-fighting water, but also regulates the temperature, which provides convenience for residents' production and living water, and creates a good environment of "there are clear springs in front of every household, so it is not necessary to prevent streams from being far away". Hongcun is built by mountains and water, with the green hills behind the village as the barrier. The terrain is Gao Shuang, which can block the wind from the north. There is no crisis of flash floods, and there is no joy of looking up at mountain springs. It seems that the ancients were still very clever. They spent a lot of time on fire fighting and water control, but it provided convenience for residents to produce and live water. How do people evaluate such a good house? People will naturally think of the blue bricks, tiles and horsehead walls of Huizhou architecture when they mention the folk houses in southern Anhui. In fact, there is also a kind of earthen wall house with hanging mountains and wooden frames that farmers like in Huizhou architecture. This kind of house is mainly made of wood, stone and glue which are abundant in mountainous areas in southern Anhui, with beam-type wooden frame as the structural system and earth wall as the enclosure system. Southern Anhui folk houses are inward-looking courtyards centered on deep patios. This basic form is the focus of people's attention. Rainwater falling on rainy days flows into the patio from four roofs, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall". At the same time, it also vividly reflects the mentality of businessmen in southern Anhui, which is similar to Shanxi folk houses. The site selection, layout and architectural form of ancient residential villages in southern Anhui are all guided by the geomantic theory of Zhouyi. It not only embodies China's traditional philosophy of harmony between man and nature, but also expresses his yearning and respect for nature. So much for today! You know something about the architecture structure, architectural function and people's evaluation of the houses in southern Anhui, but just look at other people's introductions. Why don't you take a look and experience it yourself?
Modify it yourself.
4. What are the characteristics of Huizhou architecture? What are the characteristics of Huizhou architecture and folk houses? I have been crazy all my life and dreamed of Huizhou five times.
Beautiful Huizhou, distinctive Huizhou-style houses are dotted between green mountains and clear waters. See mystery from a distance and elegance from a close look.
Then, what are the characteristics of Huizhou architectural dwellings compared with other dwellings? (1) is characterized by Tianhou, White Wall and Horsehead Wall. ② Brick carving, wood carving and stone carving are decorative features.
③ Take tall houses, deep wells and halls as home features. To sum up, from the aesthetic implication, there are roughly the following points: First, the overall beauty of harmonious, smooth and unified planning.
This was closely related to the social background and regional environment of Huizhou at that time: Huizhou was the theoretical basis of the feudal patriarchal clan system-the birthplace of Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, and the patriarchal clan system was stricter and more complete than other places. In order to maintain the purity of lineage and the cohesion of clan and prevent foreign invasion, Huizhou people live in groups.
At that time, Huizhou had become the center of the national geomantic culture. Officials, businessmen and people worshipped the feudal geomantic culture, and thought that the moral connotation of the topographic outline outlined by the layout of villages and towns directly reflected the "cultural" quality of a clan, which was related to the rise and fall of the clan. The unified planning of clan architecture is widely expected.
Although the group layout of Huizhou architecture is the product of the restriction of feudal clan rights and has a strong color of feudal superstition, its aesthetic effect is wonderful and eye-opening. Most of the ancient villages in Huizhou are white walls with black tiles, and the houses with cornices and corners are scattered with the height of the mountain terrain, orderly and spectacular.
The well-known Ziyuan Mountain Villa-all kinds of buildings are planned in an orderly way. Let the tourists who stop in the meantime feel refreshed and awe-inspiring.
The second is the natural beauty surrounded by mountains and rivers. Huizhou has complex and colorful terrain, steep mountains and criss-crossing streams, and its warm subtropical climate makes its forests lush.
Huizhou people who live in the unique humanistic environment of "Neo-Confucianism articles with mountains and rivers are quiet" have profound cultural attainments and are best at grasping mountains and rivers and writing articles when conceiving village blueprints. The mountain is the skeleton of the stream, which is the blood of the village, and the building has become a "cell" attached to the blood-stream and its tributaries.
Huizhou architectural groups pay more attention to the surrounding environment, refer to mountains and aquatic plants, or cross the mountains or pillow mountains, and strive to integrate artificial architecture with natural landscape, and the home environment is quiet and elegant, picturesque, and maintain the natural harmony between man and nature. Under the guidance of this architectural concept, Huizhou "Peach Blossom Garden" villages and towns can be seen everywhere.
They either stretch on the sparkling river bank or lie dormant in a corner of the misty mountain, with elegant environment, fresh air and colorful vision. Shiwukeng Village, Wangcun Town, Xiuning County is a typical example. Here, there are many peaks, beautiful forests and valleys, and houses are arranged in steps, strewn at random in the arms of bamboo waterfalls of green fir. Vaguely, like a fairyland on earth.
The third is elegance and simplicity. For a long time, people's livelihood in Huizhou has been difficult because of the terrain.
Living in such a difficult environment, Huizhou people are well aware of the hardships of supporting their families and starting businesses, and have developed a good style of diligence and thrift, which has been written into family rules and family instructions and passed down from generation to generation as a compulsory teaching material for family style education. Therefore, even if the business is successful, wealthy businessmen and tycoons are not complacent and advocate thrift.
When building a mansion, it is often simple and simple, using local materials. On the basis of firmness, practicality and elegance, we seek simple, natural, elegant and simple aesthetic feeling.
Because of this, it is not difficult to understand that there are few magnificent mansions in Huizhou. Huizhou folk houses with rich local clay, lime, Yixian bluestone and Metasequoia as the main raw materials are exquisitely conceived, unique in shape, solid and beautiful.
From a distance, all the black tiles and white walls set each other off, and the mottled bluestone door (window) cover and exquisite and concise ink painting adorn them, which is even more quaint and elegant, with endless charm and light and simple style. Huizhou folk houses, aesthetics.
Then, from the technical characteristics, what are the characteristics of Huizhou architectural dwellings? Huizhou ancient buildings are made of brick, wood and stone, with wooden frames as the main materials. The beam is made of huge materials and pays attention to decoration.
The middle of its beam is slightly arched, so it is commonly known as "winter melon beam". Both ends are engraved with flat (Ming Dynasty) or round (Qing Dynasty) patterns, and the middle part is often engraved with various patterns, which makes the whole body look magnificent and magnificent. The material of the column is also quite thick, and the upper part is slightly thinner.
The pillars of the Ming Dynasty were usually spindle-shaped. Liang Tuo, claw column, fork hand, Baquan, Queti (Ding Tou Arch in Ming Dynasty) and diagonal braces are engraved with patterns and lines.
The ingenious combination and decoration of beam components make technology and artistic techniques integrate into one, and achieve a perfect and harmonious wonderful situation. Generally, the beam frame is painted with tung oil, without colored paint, which is particularly simple and elegant.
Corners, patios, railings, lighting walls, leaking windows, etc. It is built by cutting bluestone, red sandstone or granite into stone strips and slabs, and the natural texture of the stone itself is often used to synthesize patterns. The walls are basically built with Xiaoqing bricks to the horse head wall.
Brick, wood and stone carvings are widely used in Huizhou architecture, showing a superb level of decorative art. Brick carvings are mostly embedded in doorways, window lintels and zhaobi, and large pieces of blue bricks are carved with vivid figures, insects, fish, flowers and birds, eight treasures, Bo Gu and geometric patterns, which are very decorative.
Wood carving plays an important role in the carving decoration of ancient houses, which is manifested in the line carving pattern on the moon beam, the Lotus Pier on the pole bucket, the screen door partition, the sash and hanging board under the window, the arch fence on the floor, the watchtower around the patio, etc. Covering figures, landscapes, flowers and plants, birds and beasts, eight treasures, Bo Gu and so on.
There are many themes, including traditional operas, folk stories, myths and legends, as well as life scenes such as fishing, firewood, ploughing, reading, feasting, drinking tea, traveling, music and dancing. There are various techniques, such as wire carving, bas-relief, through carving, high relief, round carving and hollow carving.
The content and techniques of its performance vary with different building parts. These woodcarvings are not decorated with paint, but the details of carving are more vivid through high-quality wood colors and natural textures.
Stone carvings are mainly displayed in ancestral halls, temples, memorial archways, towers, bridges, courtyards, doorways, railings, pools, flower beds, leaky windows, zhaobi, column foundations, drum stones and stone lions. The contents are mostly auspicious dragons, cranes, tigers, lions, elephants, Kirin, Xiangyun, Babel, Bo Gu, landscapes and people's stories. Relief, through carving and round carving are the main features, which are simple and elegant.
5. Write about the composition of ancient houses in southern Anhui. The organization should be clear. It is about 1000 words. It has long been said that the ancient houses in southern Anhui have outstanding characteristics, so this year we can find out. This is really great. There are many hills in southern Anhui, which are rich in bamboo, wood, tea and rice. And there are many streams in the mountains. This is the land of plenty, and it was the base camp of Huizhou merchants in the early years, so southern Anhui is rich. Huizhou has its own painting school, medicine and art system, and the folk houses in southern Anhui were formed under this background. The community scale of ancient dwellings in southern Anhui is generally small, mostly more than ten households, which are loosely distributed on the flat land or hillside in a mountain. Unlike villages in the north, houses are connected to houses, but there is a little distance between them. When I understand the reason, the locals can't say it clearly. I think it may be the mountainous terrain. I remember reading a book that it is not unreasonable to keep a distance from fire prevention. It is said that there was a fire in Hangzhou that year, and all the other buildings in a street were burned out, leaving only one Huizhou-style building, and this house is a folk house in southern Anhui. The roof is not connected with other houses, plus the role of the horse head wall. Is the main reason why it can be preserved. There are also many houses built in the open space in the mountains in southern Anhui. Generally, the scale is very large, 100 families live together. The roads in the village are narrow, and the architectural style is still the horse-headed wall with blue tiles and white walls. They are just houses in southern Anhui on the flat, and most of them are accompanied by water. There are many ponds and ditches in the village, so-called small bridges and flowing water. It is just used to describe another feature of folk houses in southern Anhui. Blue tiles and white walls are the outstanding impression of Huizhou architecture. The patchwork horse head wall not only has the beauty of modeling, but also has the practical function of preventing fire and blocking the spread of fire. One of the characteristics of Huizhou folk houses is high walls and deep courtyards. On the one hand, it is to prevent thieves. On the other hand, it is the need for displaced floating families to gain a sense of psychological security. Another feature of Huizhou folk houses is the inner courtyard centered on the deep patio, surrounded by high walls, with almost no tiles outside, only the narrow patio is used for lighting, ventilation and communication with the outside world. This basic form of patio-centered and closed with high walls is the focus of attention. Rainwater falling from four roofs in rainy days flows into the patio, commonly known as "four waters return to the hall" It also vividly reflects the mentality of Huizhou merchants, similar to Shanxi folk houses. Southern Anhui is famous for preserving a large number of ancient buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Xin 'an is the hometown of culture. There are many officials and businessmen in history, and there are hundreds of non-commissioned officers in Shexian county alone. Huizhou merchants are all over southern Anhui. "Big family, Jiangnan first", their huge wealth. It has established a beautiful museum of ancient houses in southern Anhui. The ancient buildings in Huizhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly concentrated in yi county, Shexian, Jixi and Xiuning. Yixian has more than ten ancient villages such as Xidi, Hongcun, Bishan and Pingshan. There are many ancient buildings in Miancheng. There are hundreds of valuable ancient buildings in this county. There is 122 building in Xidi alone. Mainly concentrated in Xiongcun, Chengkan, Qiankou, Tang Yue, Shen Du and other villages. There are more than 0/00 ancient buildings in Jixi, which are concentrated in Xiangtou, Kengkou, fengcun and Shangzhuang. Ancient villages are generally composed of memorial archways, houses, ancestral halls, water inlets, road pavilions and workshops. Some villages are very big, such as Chengkan, with 99 streets and lanes. The canals in the village enter every household from both sides of the street, meet in the moon pool in the middle of the village, and then flow into the South Lake. Every household has large and small canals for washing and drinking. The layout of residential houses is generally a courtyard-centered quadrangle with two floors. The medium-sized and large-sized apartment consists of multiple courtyards, and the buildings are all white walls and tiles. In the old society, many large families had large-scale buildings decorated with three Huizhou sculptures.
6. The composition of modern folk houses in Anhui 400 words Anhui ancient folk houses in China, there are 56 ethnic groups, and many provinces and cities ... have their own characteristics.
Such as: customs, diet, clothing, houses ... these will make us feel refreshed. Next, I will introduce you to the ancient folk houses in Anhui Province.
This is also a very famous and very old building. In the south of Anhui province, there are still many ancient dwellings, also known as "southern Anhui dwellings".
Most of these ancient houses are brick and wood structures, surrounded by tall walls, giving people a kind of cordial and natural feeling. The houses inside the fence are generally two-story buildings with three or five bays.
Larger houses have two, three or more courtyards; There is a pool in the yard, flowers and bonsai are planted in front of and behind the hall, and exquisite patterns are carved on the beams and columns everywhere. Small buildings and deep courtyards are like a small world of art.
Architects all praised it as "a treasure house of ancient residential buildings". Hongcun and Xidi in yi county are the most representative folk houses in southern Anhui, which were listed in the World Heritage List in 2000.
Hongcun has more than 40 well-preserved ancient dwellings in Ming and Qing Dynasties/KLOC-0. Rows of buildings in the village complement each other with beautiful lakes and mountains, with appropriate movements, step by step and scenery everywhere. Really beautiful! Hongcun has wonderful rural scenery and is known as "the village in Chinese painting".
Xidi has 124 ancient dwellings and 3 ancestral halls, and the "three wonders" and "three sculptures" representing the architectural style of Huizhou folk houses are well preserved here. The blue tile and white wall are the distinctive features of Huizhou architecture.
It not only has the beauty of modeling, but more importantly, it can prevent fire and theft, so that we can get psychological security needs. This is an ancient residence in Anhui Province.
Our ancestors once lived here, and we should protect and respect it with our children and grandchildren, so that China culture can be passed down.