The Motion Background of Zhanggufeng Event
Zhang Gufeng has always been the territory of China, but when Russia signed the Zhenhui Treaty with the Qing government in 1858, it used different versions of the treaty to steal this area on purpose. According to the Chinese text of the treaty, Zhang Gufeng is the territory of China. The Russian version of the Treaty relegates Zhang Gufeng to Russia.
In fact, according to the Hunchun Boundary Agreement of 1886, the boundary line runs through the eastern foothills of Zhang Gufeng. In addition, in 1909, the map drawn by Hunchun Border Protection Bureau and China Army stationed in Yangguanping * * *, the border line also passes through the area east of Chi Chang on the east side of Zhang Gufeng, and the trend is from south to north. The boundary line on the map of 19 1 1: 84000 mapped by the General Staff of the Russian Army is the same as that marked on the map of 1909. 1915 ——1920 In the map released by the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of the three northeastern provinces, the border line passes through a place slightly east of the Hunchun border line.
The Puppet Manchukuo regarded Zhang Gufeng and Shacaofeng as its own territory, which was included in Hunchun County. The main basis was as follows: 1. According to 1886 Hunchun Boundary Agreement, the boundary line runs through the eastern foothills of Zhang Gufeng. 2. According to the map drawn by 1909 You Hunchun, a border officer stationed in Yangguanping, and China army, the boundary line runs from the east of Chi Chang (Hassan Lake) on the east side of Zhang Gufeng, and runs from south to north. 3. The scale of the map mapped by the Russian General Staff at 19 1 1 is 84000, and the boundary line is the same as that in "2" above. 4. In the map released by 1 915 ——1920, the border line is slightly eastward than the border line mentioned in "1".
The Soviet side did not mention the map drawn by the Russian General Staff, but advocated that the boundary line stipulated in the Hunchun Border Treaty passes through the west side of Hassan Lake, and thought that заозёрная highland (Zhang Gufeng) belonged to Soviet territory. For more than a year after the September 18th Incident, the troops of the Puppet Manchukuo were not stationed at the border near boundary pillar 36, and only a few border police patrolled, which was in a semi-open state. In the first year of the pseudo-Kant (1934), a border surveillance force was established as a national defense guard. The Ministry was all recruited Korean youths, who had no military training, were lax in military discipline and disturbed the people, and was soon dissolved. Appointed by the Second Military Region of Jilin Province, the Eighth Step Corps of Yanji, the Ninth Infantry Regiment of Wangqing County and the Second Infantry Regiment of Jilin City each dispatched a reinforced company (equipped with heavy machine guns and mortars) to form a border defense force, which was directly under the command of Yanji Military Region and was responsible for the border defense task in eastern Jilin Province. A reinforced company (organized into four classes) transferred from the 2nd Battalion (New Battalion) of the 2nd Infantry Regiment of Jilin City was transferred to Jiushaping, Hunchun County as a national defense guard, starting from Wujiazi Mountain, passing the boundary pillar No.36, Lianhuapao Mountain and Shacaofeng, and reaching the southernmost border of Zhang Gufeng. The strength and staffing are as follows: Lian Changfeng, (Japanese), Lian Deputy, Ishikawa (Japanese), Shang Guo Liang, the second platoon leader, Liu Chunhua, the third platoon leader, and Lieutenant Akihara, the machine gun platoon leader (Japanese). The company's troops are deployed as follows: Wujiazishan (including the post) is guarded by a row; Lotus artillery mountain (including the post) is guarded by the second platoon, and the third platoon and the machine gun platoon are stationed in Jiushaping as reserve teams. The platoon changes its defense every half month. The troops stationed in Jiushaping send cavalry to patrol our country on the border every day. Patrol route: Depart from Jiushaping, pass Lianhuapao, Sandaobao, Sidaopao and Wujiazitun, and then return to Jiushaping.
1938 In May, the Japanese army mobilized Huining troops belonging to the Korean army to build a bunker at ZhangQifeng, the sister peak of Zhang Gufeng, and retreated more than 20 days later.
1938 At the end of June, the Soviet Union suddenly occupied Zhang Gufeng, built fortifications and laid barbed wire on the mountain. The Japanese believe that the Soviet occupation of Zhang Gufeng is equivalent to having a strategic position to control North Korea and Northeast China. It was the eve of the Japanese attack on Hankou. In order to avoid the conflict with the Soviet Union, the commander of the North Korean army, Xiao Aesop Guo Zhao, adopted a policy of not resorting to force.
The Kwantung Army began to prepare for the war against the Soviet Union in February, and proposed that the war expenses should be paid from the expenses of the China Incident. Prior to this, he also ordered the staff to move the political letter and others to the site to visit, and reported their tough opinions to the base camp and the Korean army. This is because the Kwantung Army's confidence in the Ganchazi Island incident has greatly increased. Since the China incident, the army has demanded huge temporary military expenditure on the pretext of expanding the front line to establish a well-equipped 5 1 division. In these four and a half years, the military expenditure has increased to more than 6 trillion yen, half of which was spent on the battlefield in China, and the rest was used for future arms expansion, including the cost of fighting against the Soviet Union.
The diplomatic negotiation policy of the base camp is to ask the Soviet Union to withdraw its troops. As a precautionary measure, the Korean Army 19 Division (Lieutenant General Qiaoxiong Shenzang) near this area was ordered to evacuate. The division is based in North Korea, and its task is to prepare against the Soviet Union, not against China.
But the base camp suddenly changed its policy in an attempt to test the attitude of the Soviet Union, that is, playing dangerous tricks. The base camp believes that "in such a narrow area, it is impossible to dispatch a large number of troops, so it will not lead to a large-scale war. Even if the whole division is destroyed, it doesn't matter This is an excellent opportunity to show Japan's strength to the Soviet Union. " However, only soldiers and their families are unfortunate.
The navy opposes the army's practice and thinks that Hankou landing operation needs a large number of warships to ensure the transportation of weapons and soldiers, so it is necessary to avoid dangerous games with opponents. The army ignored it and insisted on fighting a limited war, that is, mobilizing only one division and not pursuing the Soviet Union. The secretary of the army, Masahiro Banyuan, and the chief of staff, Imperial Secretary, all agreed. Jingu said to Hirohito: "The disputed area must be seized by force." At the same time, he also reminded: "Of course, you can't act without your approval." However, Tang Chaocang, the minister in the palace, told the Emperor: "Starting from the overall situation, it is not appropriate to go to war with the Soviet Union at present." The emperor asked, "even if I don't agree, they will still act arbitrarily." What should we do? " Tang Shao replied: "This will make it impossible to control the army. If there is a war, I don't know what the fate of Japan will be, which is really worrying. " The emperor said, "Only in this case will the army wake up." Pose as a bystander. The emperor is a field marshal. He watched his subordinates drag the country into danger, but still let it run amok. As a marshal, it should be said that this is extremely irresponsible. Veteran Saionji Kinmochi said to his secretary, Xiong Xiong Harada, "Your Majesty's view seems very wrong. For your majesty, what is needed now is a firm refusal to approve. In case of war caused by the use of force against the Soviet Union, the Guards (Prime Minister) had better resign. " (Saionji Kinmochi and the Politburo, Vol. 7, p. 50)
Sakahara and Guanyin Palace entered the palace for the approval of the Emperor. Usami Wu Xing conveyed the emperor's will from the military attache and said, "If you fight by force, I have no intention of agreeing." After repeated requests; The emperor just received them and asked, "How did you negotiate with the relevant ministers?" Banyuan replied: "The Minister of Foreign Affairs (Yuyuan) and the Minister of the Navy (Mina Gwangju) agreed." In fact, before this, the Emperor had learned that the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of the Navy were "opposed to the use of force". So the emperor was furious and said solemnly, "What the army did was outrageous. In Liutiaogou during the September 18th Incident, and later in Lugouqiao, he completely disobeyed the orders of the central authorities and acted arbitrarily in the local area. As our army, it has repeatedly taken improper and despicable measures. In the future, we can't move a single soldier without my order. " (Saionji Kinmochi and the Politburo, Volume 7, page 5l)
According to the records of the foreign minister, the day after he called for a peaceful solution to this incident, the shrine went to see Emperor An and asked for permission to send troops to the Soviet border. When the emperor saw the paper, he pressed it down. The idle court official didn't give any reply. The content of the memorial is to order two or three divisions of the Korean Army Division and the Kwantung Army to be stationed on the eastern border of the "Puppet Manchukuo". At the end of the memorial, it was written in the "preparation note": "Please appoint the chief of staff to be responsible for the future transfer of these troops." If the emperor approves the memorial in this way, then, according to the requirements of "preparing for the exam", important functions and powers such as fighting against the Soviet Union will be handed over to the chief of staff, and the commander-in-chief will also be served by the chief of staff, thus depriving the emperor of his functions and powers. Such an important thing was not written into the text, but it was put in the "test preparation", obviously trying to deceive approval by cover-up. Afterwards, Yuyuan Garden said with emotion, "Your Majesty is wise not to approve." It is remarkable that this army tried to seize the commander-in-chief of the emperor and instigated a large-scale war, but the emperor acted cautiously and was in no hurry to approve it.
The base camp ordered the Japanese army to retreat from the conflict area, while the long tail of the division led some soldiers to stick to it, intending to act arbitrarily according to the internal orders of the military department.
In July, Japan proposed to the Soviet Union that the Hassan Lake area near Zhang Gufeng belongs to Manchuria, which was rejected by the Soviet Union.
1on July 7, 938, the kwantung army monitored and learned the telegram sent by the Soviet police captain in Schet area to Lieutenant General Sugorov in Khabarovsk, and judged that the Soviet army was trying to occupy the western highland of Elephant Cave, which is located at12km northeast of Zhang Gufeng. Immediately notify the North Korean army (the commander of the army, General Xiao Yiguo and Zhao), the garrison of Hunchun and the secret service in this area. The Korean army immediately issued an alarm to the 19 division and the Hunchun Guard.
On July 15, Japanese Corporal Matsushima and Staff Sergeant Ito disguised as North Korean farmers and went to Zhang Gufeng to inspect Soviet military facilities. Jin Hainan and Gao Yunba, residents living in Fangchuan, lead the way. After entering the territory of the Soviet Union, Jin and Gao were allowed to keep watch, and Matsushima and Ito drew maps of Soviet border military facilities respectively. After being discovered by the Soviet border guards, Matsushima was killed and the other two escaped, which was the fuse of the Zhanggufeng incident.
On July 16, Japan submitted a note to the Soviet Union, demanding that Soviet troops withdraw from Zhang Gufeng on the grounds of Matsushima's death, or take measures. The Soviet side claimed that the Japanese army had invaded Soviet territory, so it shot and killed Matsushima. On the same day, the War Department, Japan's base camp, ordered Lieutenant General Kotaro Nakamura, the Japanese commander in North Korea, to put his troops on standby. The commander of the North Korean army ordered the 19 division stationed in Ronan to prepare for sending troops to control the border, and deployed four infantry squadrons, two mountain artillery battalions and 1 field heavy artillery battalion.
17 in July, Kotaro nakamura ordered luckily to hide, and the troops must be concentrated in Qingxing and Awadi before dawn in June 19.
On July 20th, Shigemitsu Mamoru, the Japanese ambassador to the Soviet Union, strongly urged the Soviet government to withdraw from Zhang Gufeng, otherwise the Soviet side would be responsible for all the consequences. The People's Committee for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union replied:' No threat can frighten Moscow'.
The Soviet army stepped up its combat readiness. At the beginning of July, more than 10 Soviet border guards built defensive positions on the western slope of Zhang Gufeng, and by 1 1, the number had increased to more than 40. On the morning of July 20th, 10 Soviet border guards set up a position in Shacaofeng. The number of military vehicles on the roads along the Soviet Union has increased rapidly, and more than 30 transport ships have entered the port of Poshette.
Captain-General Takazo Takao, the long tail of the 19th Division, is an enterprising general, and there are many strongmen among the captains of all the teams under his command. By July 20, officers and men of all divisions were influenced by the central government's idea of cracking down on Soviet illegal border crossings with strength, and were determined to get ready for recapture.