I want to know what the structure of the ancient royal palace contained, such as the garden, the main hall, etc. Thank you all.

We commonly see the following five forms:

Hard mountain, hanging mountain, resting mountain, veranda, and top.

The rest

In this most basic architectural form, there are verandas with single eaves and verandas with double eaves; Xieshan include single eaves Xieshan and double eaves Xieshan. , three drops of water pavilion Xieshan, big eaves Xieshan, rolling shed Xieshan, etc.; hard hills and hanging hills are common with both one-story and two-story buildings; jianjian buildings include triangular, four-cornered, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, There are many forms such as round, single eaves, double eaves, multi-layer eaves, etc.

The general principles of Qing-style architecture mainly involve the following aspects:

Face width and depth, column height and outward diameter, surface width and column height, finials and side legs, top exit The balance and proportion of each component of the building are as follows: walking and lifting, platform height, resting and closing mountains, verandahs and halls pushing mountains.

1. Width and depth

Each four pillars form a room. The width of a room is called "width", also known as "wideness", and the depth is "depth". ". The sum of the widths of several single rooms constitutes the total width of a building, which is called the "width"; the depth of several single rooms constitutes the depth of a single building.

The determination of the area width (specified area width) of ancient buildings must take into account many aspects of national conditions, that is, actual needs (the so-called applicable principles) and actual possibilities (such as wood Length, diameter and other factors), and subject to the restrictions of the feudal hierarchy. In ancient times, the determination of the width of the Ming room was also bound by feudal ideas. When considering the width, the door dimensions must be consistent with the auspicious characters such as "official", "lu", "cai" and "righteousness" on the door ruler. The width of the secondary room may be reduced, generally 8/10 of the open room, or determined according to actual needs.

2. Column height and column diameter

The height and diameter of ancient building columns have a certain proportional relationship, and the column height and face width also have a certain proportion. For small-style buildings, such as those with long purlins or small ones with six purlins, the ratio of the width of the open space to the height of the columns is 10:8, that is, the so-called face width is one foot and the column height is eight feet. The ratio of column height to column diameter is 11:1. For example, the "Regulations on Engineering Practice" of the Ministry of Works of the Qing Dynasty stipulates: "The height of all eaves columns is determined by eight-tenths of the face width, and the diameter is determined by seven-tenths (should be seven percent). For example, the face width is one foot and one foot , the column height is eight feet and eight inches, and the diameter is seven inches and seven minutes. "For small buildings with five or four purlins, the ratio of face width to column height is 10:7. Based on these regulations, calculations can be made. If the surface width is known, the column height can be found, and if the column height is known, the column diameter can be found. On the contrary, if the column height and column diameter are known, the surface width can also be calculated.

3. Closed points and side legs

The diameters of the upper and lower ends of columns in ancient Chinese architecture are not equal. Except for short columns such as melon columns, no columns are equal in diameter. The diameter of the cylinder is slightly thicker at the base (foot, root) and slightly thinner at the top (capital). This practice of thick roots and thin tops is called "shouliu", also known as "shoufen". The pillars should be closed to make them stable and light, giving people a comfortable feeling. The size of the pillars in various buildings is generally 1/100 of the column height. For example, if the column height is 3 meters and the pillars are 3 centimeters, assuming that the column base is 27 centimeters, then the pillar head will be 24 centimeters in diameter. The "Construction Calculation Example" stipulates that the points for large building columns are 7/1000.

4. Top outlet, bottom outlet (water outlet, return water)

The eaves of ancient Chinese buildings are far-reaching, and the size of the eaves also has size regulations. Qing style regulations stipulate that for small-style houses, the horizontal distance from the middle of the eaves purlin to the outer skin of the eaves and rafters (if there is no cornice to the outer skin of the old eaves and rafters) is the eaves size, which is called "shang eaves", or "shangchu" for short. ", because water flows downward from the eaves, the upper eaves are also called "out of water". The size of the upper eaves of a building without brackets or of a small style is determined to be 3/10 of the height of the eaves column. If the height of the eaves column is 3 meters, the size of the upper eaves is divided into three equal parts, of which the eaves and rafters account for 2 parts, and the flying rafters account for 2 parts. One serving.

Chinese ancient buildings are all built on a platform. The exposed part of the platform is called a platform. The height of the platform for a small house is 1/5 of the column height or twice the column diameter. The part of the platform extending outward from the eaves column is the edge of the platform, which corresponds to the upper eaves of the roof. It is also called the "lower eaves". The size of the lower eaves is determined to be 4/5 of the upper eaves or the eaves of the small style. 2 times the diameter of the column, and the height of the large style platform should be 1/4 of the height of the epithelium to the bottom of the pointed beam. The exposed edge of a large-style platform is 3/4 of the upper eaves.

The upper outlet of ancient buildings is larger than the lower outlet. There is a difference in scale between the two. This difference is called "backwater". The function of the backwater is to ensure that the water flowing down from the eaves will not pour on the terrace. , thus protecting column roots and walls from rain erosion.

5. Step frame and lifting frame

Step frame: In the wooden frame of Qing-style ancient buildings, the horizontal distance between the middle and center of two adjacent purlins is called the step frame. The steps can be divided into corridor steps (or eaves steps), golden steps, ridge steps, etc. depending on the location. If it is a double-ridge purlin rolling shed building, the top step in the middle is called the "top step". In the same building, except for the corridor steps (or eaves steps) and the top steps, which vary in scale, the dimensions of the other steps are basically the same. Small corridor steps are generally 4D-5D, and each step of the golden ridge is generally 4D. The size of the top step is generally smaller than the size of the golden step. Taking the four-purlin rolling shed as an example, the method for determining the size of the top step is generally: The center dimensions of the purlins at both ends of the four beams are equally divided into five equal parts. The top step frame occupies one share, and the eaves step frame each occupies two parts. The minimum size of the top step frame should not be less than 2D, and the maximum size should not be greater than 3D. Within this range, it can be Adjustment.

Lifting frame: The so-called lifting frame refers to the coefficient obtained by dividing the vertical distance (height) between the middle of two adjacent purlins of a wooden frame by the length of the corresponding step frame. There are five lifting frames commonly used in Qing Dynasty architecture. , Six-Five-Lifts, Seven-Five-Lifts, Nine-Five-Lifts and so on. It means that the ratio of lifting height to walking frame is 0.5, 0.65, 0.75, 0.9 and so on. The eaves step (or corridor step) in the Qing style is generally designated as five moves, which is called "five moves to take the head". For small houses or garden pavilions, four or five moves or five moves are also used for eaves steps, which should be handled flexibly depending on the specific situation. Small-style spine steps generally do not exceed eight or five moves. The ridge steps of large-scale buildings generally do not exceed ten moves. The changes in the roof racks of ancient buildings determine the quality of the roof curve. Therefore, you should be very particular when using the racks, and pay attention to the effect of the roof curve to make it natural and gentle. For thousands of years, ancient architectural craftsmen have accumulated a set of successful experiences in the use of lifting frames and formed a relatively fixed program. For example, a small-style five-purlin house usually has five steps on the eaves and seven steps on the ridge. The steps of the seven-purlin house are five moves, six-five moves, eight-five moves, etc. The steps of large-scale architecture can be five moves, six-five moves, seven-five moves, nine moves, etc.

Common construction methods of ancient buildings

1. Hard-mounted buildings

The roof has only two slopes, the front and rear. The gables on the left and right sides intersect with the roof, and the purlins are A building with all wooden beams enclosed within the gable is called a hard gable building. Hard-mountain architecture is the most common form of ancient architecture. There are a large number of such buildings in residences, gardens, and temples.

Small-style buildings on hard hills are the most common. The "Engineering Practice Code" of the Qing Dynasty lists examples of seven-purlin small style, six-purlin small style, and five-purlin small style. These are also common forms of hard mountain architecture. The seven-purlin front and back verandah-style building is the largest and most prominent building among small-scale residential buildings. It is often used as the main room and sometimes as a living room. The six-purlin type with front verandah can be used as a side room or side room with a verandah, or it can also be used as a main room or a back room with no verandah behind the front veranda. Five-purlin corridor-less buildings are mostly used in corridor-less wing rooms, back-cover rooms, and inverted-seat rooms.

There are also many large-scale examples of hard-mounted buildings. For example, the auxiliary rooms or auxiliary rooms in palaces and temples are often in the form of hard-mounted buildings. There are two ways to build large-scale hard-mounted buildings, with and without dougongs. There are few examples of hard-mounted buildings with dougongs. Generally, only one dou-sheng or one dou-two shengs of hemp leaves are used without stepping on the dougongs. There are many examples of large-style ridges without dougongs. The difference between them and small-style ridges is mainly in the building scale (such as face width, column height, and depth are larger than ordinary small buildings) and roofing methods (such as the use of green tube tiles on the roof). , decorate the ridge with kissing animals or use glazed tiles), architectural decoration (such as the beams and beams are often painted with oil paint, which is not as simple and elegant as small-style architectural decoration) and other aspects.

2. A cantilevered gable-style building

A building with a front and rear slope, and the two gabled roofs are suspended from the gable or gable roof trusses, is called a cantilevered gabled building (also known as a cantilevered gabled building). mountain) style architecture. The purlins in the middle of the cantilevered building are not enclosed within the gable wall, but protrude outside the gable wall. The protruding part is called the "outside", which is the main point that distinguishes it from the hard mountain.

Based on the building shape and roofing method, cantilevered buildings can be divided into two types: large-ridge cantilevered buildings and rolling shed cantilevered buildings. There is a ridge at the intersection of the front and rear roofs of the large ridged roof, which divides the roof into two slopes. Common ones include the five-purlin hanging mountain, the seven-purlin hanging mountain, the five-purlin middle-pillar type, and the seven-purlin middle-pillar type hanging mountain (the latter two are mostly used as door verandahs). The rolling shed has double purlins on the ridge. The roof has no main ridge, and the front and rear slope roofs form long ridges on the ridge. Common ones include four-purlin rolling sheds, six-purlin rolling sheds, eight-purlin rolling sheds, etc.

There is also a method that combines two hanging mountains and connects them, called one hall and one volume. This form is often used in hanging flower gates.

3. Verandah building

The veranda building roof has four major slopes. The front and rear slope roofs intersect to form a main ridge, and the two mountain roofs intersect with the front and rear roofs to form four vertical ridges. Therefore, The verandah hall is also known as Si'edian and Wujidian.

The veranda building is the highest form of ancient Chinese architecture. In the strict hierarchical feudal society, this architectural form was often used in royal buildings such as palaces and temples. It was the most common form used for major buildings on the central axis. For example, the Meridian Gate, Hall of Supreme Harmony, Palace of Qianqing in the Forbidden City, Euphorbia Gate, Xiang Hall and its back hall in the Taimiao Temple, Shouhuang Hall and Shouhuang Gate in Jingshan, and Ling'en Hall in Changling Ming Dynasty are all veranda-style buildings. In feudal society, verandah buildings have actually become royal buildings. Other government offices, government agencies, commercial ports, private residences, etc. are never allowed to adopt the architectural form of veranda. The special political status of the verandah building determines that it is made of large materials, majestic in volume, and luxuriously decorated, and has high cultural relic and artistic value.

4. Xieshan Architecture

Among the various forms of ancient buildings, Xieshan Architecture is the most basic and common architectural form.

The roof of the Xieshan building is steep and the four corners are light and upturned. It is exquisite and exquisite and has extraordinary momentum. It has the majestic momentum of the verandah building and the pretty style of the pointed building. Imperial palaces, palaces of princes, city walls and watchtowers, temples, classical gardens, and commercial port pavements all use the Xieshan architectural form in large numbers. Even the most famous complex buildings in ancient and modern times, such as the Yellow Crane Tower, Tengwang Pavilion, Forbidden City Corner Tower, etc. are also composed of Xieshan as the main form, which shows the important position of Xieshan architecture in Chinese ancient architecture.

In terms of external appearance, Xieshan architecture is an organic combination of verandah (or verandah-shaped) buildings and cantilevered mountain architecture, as if a cantilevered roof rests on the top of a veranda. Therefore, it has some characteristics of both hanging mountains and veranda buildings. If the lower golden purlin of the building is used as the boundary to divide the roof into upper and lower sections, then the upper section will have the image and characteristics of a cantilevered mountain-style building. For example, the roof is divided into front and rear slopes, and the purlins between the tips protrude toward the mountain face, and the outer ends of the purlins Installed seam boards, etc.; the lower section has the image and characteristics of veranda architecture. Regardless of the single eaves Xieshan, double eaves Xieshan, three drops of water (i.e. triple eaves) Xieshan, big roof Xieshan, or rolling shed Xieshan, they all have these basic characteristics.

Although Xieshan-style buildings all have certain image characteristics, there are many special processing methods for the internal structure that constitutes this shape, resulting in a variety of structural forms. These different structures are directly related to the distribution of the column network of the building itself, and are also related to the functional requirements of the building and the distribution of purlins.

5. Cuanjian architecture

The roofs of the building meet at the top to form a spire. This kind of building is called Cuanjian architecture. Zanjian buildings exist in large numbers in ancient buildings. Various forms of pavilions in classical gardens, such as triangular, four-cornered, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, round pavilions, etc., are all cusp-shaped buildings. There are also a large number of pointed buildings in palaces and temples, such as Zhonghe Hall and Jiaotai Hall in the Forbidden City in Beijing, Piyong in the Imperial College in Beijing, and Guanyin Hall in Xiaoxitian, Beihai, all of which are palace-style buildings with four corners. The Temple of Heaven, the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, and the Imperial Vault are typical circular temple buildings. There are also a large number of pointed buildings in temples and gardens in other parts of the country.