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Li nationality originated from a branch of ancient Baiyue. Luo Yue, Li and Man were used in the Western Han Dynasty, slang and Liao were used in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and some ethnic minorities in the South were used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The ancestors of Li nationality in Hainan Island are also included in these general terms. The proper name of "Li" began in the late Tang Dynasty and was not fixed until the Song Dynasty, and it is still in use today.
According to archaeological findings, there are 130 Neolithic primitive cultural sites in Hainan Island, about 5000 years ago. Historians and ethnologists believe that the owners of these Neolithic relics are the ancestors of the Li nationality. It was Li's ancestors who developed Hainan Island. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Hainan Island was closely related to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to Qiongdao many times, and set up two counties, Zhu Ya and Boer. Some mainland Han people moved to Hainan Island to live with the local Li people. After that, a large number of Han people immigrated to Hainan Island. "Village people", Miao and Hui also moved to the island. A large number of immigrants moved in, bringing advanced production tools (ironware) and production technology (farming), further developing social productive forces, and feudal rule gradually stabilized in the middle of the L century.
From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the early Sui Dynasty, the central government's rule over Hainan Island was further consolidated, and the chief Mrs. Xian played an important role. She led more than 1000 caves (including Li ancestors) and other Yue people in Lingnan. She first begged for mercy in the Liang Dynasty and later returned to the Sui Dynasty. Mrs. Xian was deeply aware of justice and devoted to unity, which strengthened the ties between the Central Plains and Hainan Island and promoted the social and economic development of the Li nationality. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the relationship between Hainan Island and the Central Dynasty was closer, and Hainan Island was the transportation hub of the trade between the Tang Dynasty and the South China Sea countries. The Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the rule and development of Hainan Island. The gold, silver, pearls, hawksbill and spices produced in the Li area are both "tributes" and foreign trade products. At the same time, the feudal landlord economy in Li nationality area has further matured. The working people of the Li nationality are also subjected to increasingly heavy slavery and exploitation.
At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Huang Daopo, an outstanding female weaver, fled to Yazhou when she was young because she could not bear the abuse of feudal families. She stayed in Yazhou for more than 40 years (30 years) and learned cotton textile technology from Li women. After returning to her hometown of Wunijing (now Huajing Town, Shanghai County), she improved the traditional textile processing of Li nationality and created a set of advanced cotton textile tools and technologies, which contributed to the development of science and technology. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, the feudal rulers adopted the policy of "imprisonment" and appointed "Tusi" as hereditary "ten thousand households" and "thousand households", which accelerated the class division within Li society, further intensified class contradictions and ethnic contradictions, and aroused the continuous uprising of Li people.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, feudal landlord economy played a dominant role in Li society. The productivity level of most Li nationality areas is equivalent to that of the local Han nationality, and formal fairs and markets have emerged. Betel nut, coconut and cattle have become commodities exported to the mainland. In the hinterland of Wuzhishan, the farming mode of production is still in the primitive commune.
socioeconomics
Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), Li people mainly cultivated agriculture, such as rice, potatoes and corn. Handicraft, fishing and hunting, raising livestock and collecting wild plants are important household sideline businesses, and commodity production and trade are underdeveloped. At this time, although the social form of Li nationality area was feudal, its development was unbalanced, and there were two types: one was general area, accounting for more than 94% of Li nationality population and total area. Like the local Han nationality, the feudal landlord economy developed rapidly in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The landlord class exploited farmers through tenancy, usury and employees, and there appeared a big landlord with thousands of acres of cultivated land and thousands of cows. The other is the hinterland of Wuzhishan10.3 million population area, which still retains the "mu system" production mode on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China. Harmonious family leadership, unified use of means of production, collective labor of members according to strict division of labor, and equal distribution after harvest. The level of productivity in these areas is relatively low. Although the iron farm tools purchased from Han areas have been used for a long time, the farming technology is backward, and the farming methods of plowing cattle on the field, twisting rice by hand, no fertilization and slash-and-burn cultivation are still common. Grain yield per mu 100 kilograms. "Harmony" is an agricultural production unit, headed by "wood" and composed of several related "wood". Cultivated land and cattle, the main means of production, are basically owned in harmony and shared by several households, but they are all given to harmonious and unified use, and collective labor is carried out under the auspices of wood, and the products are basically distributed equally by households. Some acres, non-blood relatives have also joined in, and most of the means of production in the acre have been owned by the first household in the acre, which has been exploited in various ways, and the nature of the original farming organization has undergone fundamental changes.
Before the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC), the social organization "Dong" (or "Gong") was still preserved in the Li nationality area. There is a fixed boundary, if it is violated, it will often lead to disputes and struggles between caves. Every cave has a cave leader who is responsible for maintaining social order and mediating disputes. Major events are decided by the plenary session. In the early days, blood relationship was the organizational basis of caves. With the development of economy and the strengthening of feudal rule, caves have become administrative units below the county level, and cave heads have become grassroots rulers.
At the beginning of 1948, most Li areas in Hainan Island were liberated, and land reform and democratic reform were carried out in the liberated areas. Since then, with the help of the Party and the government, industry, agriculture, transportation, posts and telecommunications, culture, education, health and other undertakings in Lebanon have developed rapidly. In addition to scientific farming, raising multiple cropping index and increasing yield, rural areas also give full play to the resource advantages of Li nationality areas and vigorously develop tropical cash crops. Such as rubber, oilseeds, sugar cane, pepper, coffee, cashew nuts, fruits, etc. Diversification has brought considerable economic income to Li farmers. Industrial production has formed an industrial system that has begun to take shape. From 65438 to 0988, after Hainan Island was approved as the largest special economic zone in China, its opening to the outside world was accelerated, the economic construction in the Li nationality area was changing with each passing day, and people's living standards were greatly improved.
Culture and art
Although Li nationality has no mother tongue, it has created rich and colorful oral literature. Its form is lively, with a wide range of subjects and rich content, which has been passed down from generation to generation. It mainly includes stories, legends, myths, fairy tales, religious genealogy and so on. The more famous ones are The Origin of Man Gong, The Great Fairy of Wuzhishan, The Legend of Flood, The Dry Palace Bird, The Deer Turn Back and so on. It not only reflects the social history, summarizes the life experience, spreads all aspects of knowledge, enriches people's spiritual life, but also entrusts the good hopes and pursuits of the Li people.
Li people are good at singing and dancing, and their music and dance have a distinct national style. Folk music has its own traditional musical instruments: nose flute, oral bow, jingle board, wooden drum, frog gong and so on. There are mainly two kinds of folk songs: one is called "China Ci" with Hainanese as lyrics and the rhythm of Li folk songs as aria; One is to use Li language as lyrics, which is called "Li tune". The content is diverse, including labor songs, life songs, love songs, carols, ritual songs, narrative songs, miscellaneous songs and so on. The singer improvised lyrics and sang heart songs, which was fascinating. There are different forms such as solo, duet, rap, chorus and lead singer. Melody The melody in different areas is slightly different.
Where there is a song, there is a dance. Li people are not only good at singing, but also love dancing. Their dance comes from production and life, and from the worship of their ancestors. The content mainly includes production dance, life dance and religious ceremony dance. The more famous dances are "auspicious dance", "firewood dance" (bamboo dance) and rice boiling dance. When dancing, singing, percussion and shouting are often combined, and the scene is cheerful.
The plastic arts of the Li nationality are most famous for their brocade techniques. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the textile technology of the Li nationality was more advanced than that of the Central Plains. Li Jin and Li Dan are famous all over the world. They use all kinds of textile tools, from cotton ginning, cotton elastic, spinning, dyeing, warping, weaving and embroidery, until they produce colorful brocade, quilts, quilts, skirts and ribbons. , and formed a set of systematic production technology. So far, the famous "Asian quilt" and "Shuang Mianxiu" are famous for their exquisite craftsmanship, gorgeous colors and rich characteristics. In addition, Li's unique wood production and bamboo and rattan weaving technology are also very famous.
An important festival of customs and habits
Li nationality is a monogamous patriarchal family. When their children grow up, they live in a "squatter house" outside the house. After marriage, once the wife settled in her husband's family, the husband and wife separated from their parents and did not cook. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, parents had the final say in early marriage, but before marriage, we were free to fall in love. The custom of not leaving the husband's family after marriage (the bride goes back to her mother's family to live in it for one or two years or even seven or eight years before settling in it) is prevalent. Children born out of wedlock are not discriminated against. Divorce and widow remarriage are more free.
Li women tie a bun at the back of their heads, insert hairpins made of porcupine hair or metal and cow bones, wear embroidered headscarves and have no buttons on their coats. They wear knitted clothes, collars, bracelets, anklets, earrings and so on. In some places, when women dress up, there are many and heavy earrings, and their ears hang down to their shoulders, which is called "earlobe" in history. Residents in some areas still retain the ancient custom of tattooing and tattooing, especially for women, which is usually completed between the age of 12 and before marriage, and some after marriage. Tattoo tools are plant needles, small bamboo sticks and plant dyes. Tattoos are mainly located on the face, neck, chest and limbs. Tattoo patterns vary greatly in different regions. This custom has basically disappeared at present and can only be seen in remote areas. The man has a mane on his head, a collarless double-breasted coat, and two hanging eaves on the front and back. These clothes are made of cotton and hemp. They are self-spun, self-woven, self-dyed and self-stitched. The diet is relatively simple, with rice, sweet potatoes and corn as the staple food, mostly non-staple food collected by hunting, and only a small amount of vegetables are planted, mostly imported from Han areas. Women love to chew betel nuts. Most houses are golden huts, and the walls are made of mud and bamboo. In the remote mountainous areas and harmonious areas of Baisha County, there are still boat-shaped houses with roofs like awnings and floors overhead from the ground.
Funeral ceremonies vary from place to place, and there are customs close to Han areas, such as stopping coffins, watching Feng Shui, and choosing a place to start a grave. In harmonious areas, the dead are buried in clan cemeteries, with wooden coffins, no graves and monuments, and no sacrifices after burial.
Religious belief
Li nationality did not form a unified religion. Ancestor worship is the main form in all regions, and so is nature worship. There are still traces of clan totem worship in some areas. Li people believe in ghosts, especially those of their ancestors. Sacrificing ancestors is an important religious activity of Li people, in order to protect the safety of their families.