The story of Kangxi and ethnic minorities

The "Eastern Tour" refers to the Qing Dynasty rulers going out to pay homage to their ancestors, pay homage to the mausoleums, and express their filial piety. They also inspected the people's sentiments and governance along the way, learned about local border preparedness for enemies, appeased ethnic minorities, and expressed condolences to the deceased. The bereaved family members were rewarded, punished, exempted from taxes, or offered pardon to the world at the same time. Therefore, the "Eastern Tour" was not only a Qing emperor paying homage to his ancestors and visiting their mausoleums to comfort their ancestors, but it was also a political activity with a strong national overtone. The Qing emperor's eastward tours to worship ancestors began in Kangxi, and he visited the east three times during his reign.

After Emperor Kangxi put down the "San Francisco Rebellion" led by Pingxi King Wu Sangui, on the 15th day of the second lunar month in 1682, he led more than 20,000 people including the prince (Yin Reng), the princess and the princes and ministers. Started the second eastward tour. This eastward tour was not only to pay homage to the ancestors, but more importantly to "read the victory", to consolidate the northeastern border defense, to resist the invasion of Tsarist Russia, and to warn everyone not to forget the difficulties of the ancestors who were about to conquer the world. Along the way, due to the large number of soldiers and horses, the army brought its own felt tents, bedding, and food. There were dedicated personnel to drive and raise the pigs, cattle, and sheep for the army's consumption. There were dedicated officials who selected the camping sites in advance according to the daily itinerary. , according to the flag planted by the Eight Banners as a symbol, arrange food and accommodation in the camp. Except for the imperial concubine and her female entourage, who rode in carriages and sedans, the rest were all on horseback. Kangxi visited the mountains and rivers, hunted and visited the people. Wherever he went, there were gongs clearing the way, cavalry, foot soldiers, honor guards, flags and umbrellas, golden melons and axes, avoidance cards, and yellow dragon flags. The scenery was twenty or thirty miles away. At this time, the spring snow is melting, and the ground is muddy, making it difficult for horses to trek up and down. As the saying goes, "The sun is blooming on the riverside today, and it is the time when the flowers are falling in Chang'an." This eastward tour was smooth sailing, but there were some minor episodes that made Kangxi surprised, surprised, worried and happy.

It is said that Emperor Kangxi left the capital and took the Dayu Road (a highway from Beijing to Shengjing specially used by the emperor to worship his ancestors or deliver imperial documents) for more than 1,500 miles, and came to Xuan Ye's house in Shengjing (Shenyang). The order of worshiping the mausoleum is to worship Fuling and Zhaoling first, and then to Yongling. The time for worshiping the mausoleum is three days, that is, visiting the mausoleum on the first day, worshiping Fuling Baocheng on the second day, and having a feast at Long'en Hall on the third day. He also went to Princess Shoukang's garden to offer sacrifices and wine in person. After worshiping Zhaoling and Fuling, they went to Xingjing (Xinbin, Liaoning) to worship Yongling. Then they took the mountain road to the eastern mountainous area of ​​Kaiyuan, entered the royal paddock, and began to hunt and practice martial arts. Kangxi selected three thousand archers from the imperial army, followed the emperor, and surrounded the wild beasts. After crossing a mountain ridge, the military dogs found a tiger and started barking. The soldiers were overjoyed. The surrounding teams with eight flag colors all followed the command of the blue flag at fixed positions and intervals and began to surround the tiger. The tiger chased the military dog ​​and stopped in a relatively open area. According to the rules of the Qing Dynasty, all tigers, leopards, roe deer, etc. in the encirclement had to be shot by the emperor and princes. Only the escaped beasts could be shot by the subordinates. So everyone just surrounded but did not shoot, waiting for Kangxi's arrival. Kangxi was standing under a large flag with a yellow flag in the center. He had a golden helmet and leopard tail armor. He was twenty-nine years old and in the prime of life. He was guarded by twenty-four personal guards on both sides. Kangxi calmly and calmly pushed aside the thorns and approached the tiger step by step from a high place. The guards had already handed the bow and arrow to the emperor. The tiger was usually very ferocious, but at this moment he was as honest as a cat. The emperor has practiced regularly and has some skills on his hands. He came to the side of the tiger, positioned himself, aimed at the neck, fully drew the bow, and with a thunderbolt, the tiger roared and shook its head to the side. All the guards rushed forward in unison, and in a moment they tied the tiger firmly, carried it down the mountain, handed it over to a baggage vehicle, and transported it to the camp for processing. This is the third tiger killed since entering the mountain. The paddock was the training ground for the Qing army. The king and his ministers were in high spirits and walked down the mountain. From then on, this ravine was called "Dahugou", and today it is called "Mahugou".

After going down the mountain and crossing a small river, you will find Linshan Avenue. Not far away, I saw a huge stone rising from the ground beside the road, about two feet high, resembling an ape, called the Monkey Stone. It was tilted in the air and looked like it was in danger of falling down at any time. When everyone looked up, they became more and more frightened and did not dare to walk by rashly. Near the monkey stone, there is a thatched house with several rafters and a wine curtain hanging diagonally. There is a poem inscribed on the mountain rock: Why do wild guests sit in the ridges, and the stone ridges are created without counting the years. For the love of the beautiful flowers and fruits of the Eastern Mountains, the Tao will eventually ascend to the Western Heavens.

Kangxi looked at it and found it interesting. When he looked forward, he saw a cave entrance under the cliff. He asked the old man holding a stick next to him: "What kind of cave is that?" The old man said, that is Tiger Cave, also called Laogu Cave. The hole is very deep. Legend has it that once upon a time, an old Taoist led a Parisian dog in. Later, the Parisian dog came out of a cave 40 miles away (in today's Baiqizhai Township), but there was no news about the old Taoist. The hole is so dark that you can't see your fingers, so you have to light a candle.

The most open part of the cave can accommodate two to three hundred people. There are stone stalactites above and a pool of clear water below, which is never full or exhausted. After walking for more than half a mile, there is an exit. Squeeze out of the hole and you will reach the main road. When looking from a distance, the Chaihe River is like a belt, trickling to the west. The fields on the other side are wide and wide, and pheasants are crowing in the mountains and forests. Kangxi was very interested, but he did not go deep into the cave. However, he began to yearn for the scenery here, so he rode forward again.

After passing the old ancient cave and walking for more than two miles, a steep and rugged stone mountain stood abruptly in front of us, with two caves on the east and west sides. One is a Taoist priest and the other is a monk. The monk was standing on the steps, watching the marching team. Purple screens are doors and windows. There is a short stile and a wooden stake under the eaves. A disk is placed on top of the pile. This is a Manchu custom of putting some rice, cereals, etc. on top for red and green wild birds to peck at. Kangxi said with emotion, "There are so many sights in Kyoto. There are so many interesting mountains and hills." At this time, a flag official came to report: "Your Majesty, there are five tigers five miles ahead. The land has open terrain and abundant water. It is very auspicious and suitable for resting. I hereby report it to Your Majesty." Kangxi immediately looked around at the surrounding mountains and asked the person who came to report: "What is the land of the Five Tigers? ?”

There are people in the army who are well versed in astronomy and geography, such as Nalan Mingzhu, Nalan Rongruo and his son who are from Xiangkai, as well as Gao Shiqi and the Belgian missionary Nan Huairen. Then you will know good or bad luck. The man said: "The mountains here are very much like five tigers, so that's why." So the large group of people began to move forward again.

After about two miles of Zhashugangzi Village, Kangxi looked around and saw a mountain ridge in front of him, with his head extending into the field. It was indeed like a tiger bowing its head to the ground. It was lifelike. When he turned to another When viewed from the side, this tiger looks like it is roaring up to the sky. It is the same mountain mouth, but the image is completely different. Kangxi saw it and exclaimed: "It's really a miraculous workmanship, so wonderful!" At this time, Kangxi looked back at the team behind him, which was meandering endlessly, like a long dragon, with no end in sight. At this time, the twenty-nine-year-old Emperor Kangxi was full of ambition and at the peak of his powers. This time on his eastward tour, he was dressed in military uniform, wearing a golden helmet and leopard tail armor. It was originally planned to stay here, so Kangxi took off his armor and prepared to take a nap on the spot. Later, the people called the nearby village Xiejiagou, which is now Xiejiagou. At this time, another flag officer came to report: "Seven or eight miles ahead, there is Zengjiazhai Village. It is the land of Jiulong and is ten times stronger than the land of the Five Tigers. It is particularly suitable for Your Majesty to move and stay there. "Kangxi was really moved by the mountains and rivers here. There are so many beautiful places in such a remote land of millet and rice. This trip is really worth it. However, there are countless places in the world called "Dragon", but few people know about the place called "Kowloon". I can't help but think about it and want to go and see it. So the attendants helped the emperor dress neatly, helped him to his horse, and continued to move forward. Just in front of the small mountain village - Zengjiazhai, there were several interesting episodes. What exactly is going on has to be explained slowly.

As Kangxi walked, he looked at the ten miles of scenery. Unexpectedly, he arrived at Zengjiazhai. He had been tired for half a day and felt a little thirsty. The attendant hurriedly asked the village chief Zhu Laoqian who came to wait for him. The old man said: "Tea has been prepared in the village. I will send someone to get it now." Kangxi said: "There is a well nearby and you can just draw cold water." The old man said: "" Walk a few steps forward and you will see a spring at the bottom of the mountain. It's clean and cool, but I feel a little wronged by the emperor. Kangxi said: "You might as well take me to see it." "When we came to the base of the mountain, we saw the spring water gurgling and crystal clear, surrounded by paved stones. Kangxi said: "It's very good. "So he leaned down, knelt by the well, pressed his hands on the stone slab, and drank two sips, which was so refreshing. More than 300 years have passed, and Kangxi's ten fingerprints are still left on the stone slab next to the spring.

Kangxi's palace was arranged in the spacious and clean Anle Temple (today's Zengjiazhai Primary School). The Eight Banners Army also set up their own camps according to the white flags, blue flags and yellow flags that had been planted in advance. Laogudong Village was later renamed Lanqi Village. Zhashu Gangzi, where the Yellow Banner Army was stationed, was later called Huangqi Village. There was a White Flag Village forty miles away because the Red Banner Army was guarding Hetuala and did not go with Kangxi. Along the way, he worshiped his ancestors, hunted, and visited the people. I wonder if there are any good stories in this remote place? He was also very talkative, and was very excited that the emperor was lucky enough to be here. He was even more overjoyed to hear the emperor's announcement, but he also warned himself to be careful, as he didn't know what the emperor wanted to do with him.

After prostrating, the emperor gave him a seat and said, "Wherever I go, I like to hear about local customs and anecdotes. The old man might as well tell me about them." So the old man eloquently told many interesting past events and stories about the village. legend. First, I told a story about a child prodigy.

First of all, why is this village called Zengjiazhai? It was originally called Wuerhazi, but because a family named Zeng lived here, it was renamed Zengjiazhai. The Zeng family lived near a mountain. They gave birth to a son who was extremely beautiful and intelligent, and was known as a child prodigy. The Zeng family loved the extraordinary. One day, a high official saw that the tombs of the Zeng family had good feng shui, so he occupied a tomb next to the ancestral tomb of the Zeng family. The Zeng family thought it was too close to their own grave, so they secretly dug a deep well next to that grave. Soon his son developed severe abdominal pain and died young. People say that child prodigies are transformed by the spiritual energy of mountains, and when digging wells, the spiritual energy leaks out. The Zeng family wanted to harm others, but ended up harming themselves.

Kangxi sat cross-legged on the Kang, listening intently, and ordered the old man to speak again. The old man told another story about a stone toad. It is said that there was a stone toad on the hillside not far from the village. It was thirsty all year round and could not drink water. After thousands of years of practice, it finally jumped up one day. So it jumped up and down toward the spring at the foot of the mountain. After another jump, it jumped into the water. At this time, a pregnant woman happened to pass by. She looked at it and said, "Can a stone toad still jump?" As soon as he finished speaking, the stone toad could no longer jump. It squatted on the shore and stared at the spring in a daze. When later generations saw it, they all complained that the woman was too talkative.

Kangxi smiled and blamed the woman for talking too much. He said that the old man spoke well, but it seemed that he had not heard enough, and asked the old man to continue talking. So the old man told the emperor the legend about the mountain behind the village - Jiukong Linglong Mountain.

There are nine holes in the mountain behind Zengjiajia, and the holes are connected, so it is called Jiugong Linglong Mountain. There were once five or six hunters who drove more than ten white foxes into this mountain. The other eight holes are all shallow, but the middle hole is as big as the head of a year and is unfathomably deep. At that time, the price of fox skin was quite high, so he dug it with a chisel and snaked his way in. About five or six steps in, it suddenly became very wide, covering an area of ​​five acres and more than ten feet high. Taking a fire candle, there is a stone dragon inside, with its tail up and its head slanting down, with scales, claws, horns and teeth, all of them are like figures, and it has the potential to be lifelike. There are eight stone figures beside him, standing or sitting, like Emperor Xi, while the wild beasts have disappeared like yellow cranes. Those who do good things will rush to see them when they hear about them. Orion was busy in vain and got nothing.

Kangxi felt very strange after hearing this, and suddenly his heart moved. Then he asked a few questions about the local people's livelihood. Knowing that the Northeast was vast and sparsely populated, the land was fertile, and the people had ample food and clothing, so he sent the old man away. Then he asked Gao Shiqi, the minister at the Hanlin Academy, "Tell me, my dear, what is going on in this land of Nine Dragons?" Gao Shiqi, the minister at the Imperial Academy, said, "Please go outside and take a look." So the emperor and his ministers came to the courtyard. Gao Shiqi pointed to Jiukong Linglong Mountain, the back mountain of Zengjiazhai, to show the emperor, and said: "That ridge is clearly a long, winding dragon, with its tail at the top and its head facing down. The dragon's head is facing the Chaihe River at the bottom of the mountain. When the water stretched out, the dragon's body seemed to be flying down from the sky, very energetic." Kangxi didn't look at it. His expression immediately became serious when he saw it, and he was secretly surprised: "The Feng Shui here is unique in the world, and it will be true later. Emperor Long. By then, can I still hold the throne of the Qing Dynasty?" At this time, Kangxi had changed into casual clothes, and a corner of his dragon robe was rolled up by the west wind. He looked at Gao Shiqi, a teacher who was familiar with classics and the "Book of Changes" and a lecturer at the Extraordinary Imperial Academy, and Nan Huairen, deputy director of Qin Tianjian, and others, and said, "What do you think we should do?" Gao Shiqi, the retinue, looked at He looked at the emperor and then at some of his retinues. He understood what the emperor meant, so he gave the emperor an idea...

So the evening meal was over, and night fell. Gao Shen followed the order and led dozens of soldiers in the Yulin army, carrying spades and pickaxes. , climbed up Jiukong Linglong Mountain, and dug a large earth trough five feet deep and one foot wide on the west side of the Dragon Vein. Another group of soldiers had already picked up hundreds of loads of mule dung, filled it in the trough, and then buried it with soil. Mules are extinct animals and cannot reproduce. In this way, the dragon's veins can be extinguished and the dragon's energy can be vented, so there will never be a true dragon emperor here again, and the country of the Qing Dynasty will forever belong to me, Aixinjueluo. Kangxi felt relieved and had a peaceful sleep that night. Before going to bed, someone had already made arrangements for choosing a concubine tomorrow. The people spent the whole night getting ready for the chicken to be put on the shelves and the yellow sand to pave the road. Because before leaving the army, he had already planned to go to the land of Longxing, the hometown of the Manchu people, to choose a concubine. Today, it seems that Zengjiazhai is the place where dragons and phoenixes meet. It seems that there will be noble people, so they arranged it here. I wonder if I can choose a concubine here. Who should this concubine be? When time passes, the soldiers (the soldiers in charge of time) are missing and strike the watch, and it has been handed over to the second watch.

Gao Shiqi is writing down today's "Record of the Eastern Patrol": "Xin You, walking in the mountains, the spring snow has first melted, and the ground is full of mud (naò mud). Trekking with horse hooves makes it difficult to get up and down. At that time, I saw thousands of mountains and cliffs standing high and low, and at the bottom of the mountain stream, the ice was still deep in spring. People in the Tang Dynasty said, "The ice is blooming on the riverside today, which is when the flowers are falling in Chang'an." The ancient cave is at the foot of the cliff. The entrance is like a door and can accommodate two people. Inside is a stone chamber with hidden stone walls and a bottle shape. It leads to the west for more than ten steps and is open to the east. The light is like a hanging mirror. There is a river in front of it, and there are many rocks in the shape of birds, animals and fish. (Sunday), people from this village and other villages came to see the excitement early after not sleeping well all night. One of them, a horse girl, became the protagonist. This horse girl is no ordinary person. He was born with a yellow skin sore, and everyone in the village was annoyed with her. Even her parents didn't like her. In a village 20 miles away, there is a young man named Zhang Haiyong. He is so strong that he can lift a stone roller at the age of fifteen. When he was sixteen years old, the Mid-Autumn Festival was coming. His family was very poor and there was nothing good to eat, so his mother asked him to borrow some beans from his uncle's house in Wuerhazi (Zengjiazhai) so that he could make some tofu. . The uncle said: "There are some beans, they are still piled on the pile and have not been knocked down. Otherwise, you can carry the whole bundle back, as much as you can carry." When Zhang Haiyong saw that there was nothing to pack, he When he saw an oxcart shed, he filled the shed with bundles of beans, got under the shed, pushed hard, picked up a cart of beans, and left. When they got to the river, they met Miss Ma and wanted to cross the river. Zhang Haiyong stopped and said, "Come up." Miss Ma got in the car, but she didn't see any animals. She thought it was strange. When she got off the car, she saw that It was a man carrying it, so he said: "Oh! You are carrying so much, I don't think I will exhaust you to death." As soon as he finished speaking, Zhang Haiyong said "Wow" and vomited a mouthful of blood on the ground. From then on, he became ill and died slowly.

There is a Cao Banxian in the village who has been thinking about the small bench since he was a child. After pondering over it, he sat on the small bench and jumped into the air. I happened to pass by Ma's house that day, and I happened to be seen by Miss Ma who was carrying firewood out of the house. "Isn't this a half-immortal? Be careful if you fall and die." As soon as he finished speaking, Cao Banxian somersaulted and fell from the air. dead. From then on, people looked at this yellow-skinned girl differently, and no one dared to mess with her.

The concubine selection has begun. The emperor stayed in the palace and waited. Nalan Mingzhu, a scholar of Wuyingdian who was originally from Kai, his son Nalan Chengde (also named Rongruo), a first-class bodyguard, Gao Shiqi, an extra lecturer of the Hanlin Academy, Nan Huairen, an Italian deputy of Qintian Supervisor, as well as eunuchs and others , riding around the streets to patrol. There were so many people coming to watch the fun. There was a horse girl with yellow sores on her face holding an old hen and riding on the earth wall to watch the fun. She was spotted by several adults and someone said, "Isn't this the woman who is riding a dragon and embracing a phoenix?" This is the woman!" So everyone walked towards her. Miss Ma was so frightened that she fell down from the wall to the ground. When she got up, the yellow skin sores on her face were gone, revealing her beautiful face. So the eunuch invited her into the room, opened the clothes he had prepared in advance, dressed Miss Ma neatly, and led her to the palace. When Miss Ma crossed the threshold, she thought her phoenix skirt was too long, so she lifted up the skirt and entered. When Kangxi saw it, he was very unhappy and said, "Bitch." After the emperor saw it, he sent someone to visit her mother. The mother was reluctant to part with her daughter and deliberately said that her daughter was sick. After Kangxi learned about it, he said: "Then don't go, don't die of illness." Therefore, he gave up on choosing a concubine. This is a bizarre folk legend. There is no record in history books. There is no such woman among Kangxi's concubines.

Subsequently, Kangxi sent his troops north to attack Hada City, the old battlefield of the Hada tribe, in memory of his ancestor Nurhaci. "Liaohai Congshu" records: "Renxu passed Hada City. The city was in the mountains, in a small place. Timber and deer armor were everywhere. Every time they were surrounded, there were hundreds of deer, and they often opened one side to release them." In one day, when the two sides were encircled, they traveled about eighty or ninety miles. When they encountered a tiger, the emperor personally led more than 20 guards to shoot at them. "In more than a month, they killed dozens of tigers, which was unprecedented in previous generations. During the entire eighty-day journey, he shot and killed seventy-three tigers. At that time, Kangxi was stationed in Hada City. It was raining and clear, the mountains were green, and the full moon was in the sky. He sat and listened to the sound of people walking, and could not sleep at night. After breaking out of the camp, they passed through Geng Wangzhuang and left the Willow Border, and entered Wula (Jilin City) on March 25th to inspect the border defense, reward meritorious soldiers and military and political personnel who had made outstanding contributions in counterattacking Tsarist Russia, and make arrangements to defend against Tsarist aggression. When Emperor Kangxi visited and offered sacrifices to Changbai Mountain, he composed a poem titled "Looking and Offering Sacrifice to Changbai Mountain" that goes:

The famous mountain has beautiful bells and beautiful springs, and the origin of the two rivers is true.

Green mist covers the cave, and red clouds cover the roots of the earth.

Good omens for the ages, the ceremony of a generation.

Looking up at Qinghao with eager eyes, the craggy hills are overwhelming the emperor.

His grandmother raised him. When he was stationed in Wula (now Jilin), he fished with the officers and soldiers and caught a lot. Kangxi immediately ordered people to soak the fish he caught in mutton fat, and then sent people to quickly deliver it to the Forbidden City as a tribute to his grandmother, the Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang. Kangxi said: "I just want my grandmother to smile happily when she sees the fish."

At this time, no unusual movement was found on the border, so in Xinsi, the fourth month of summer, I returned to Luan and the class teacher returned to the court. On the way, Kangxi composed a poem called "Village Journey":

After the rain, the sky turns red in the evening, and the moon shines brightly across the mountains.

The spring breeze blows the willows silently, swaying the cold light in the distant sky.

It was late April when we passed Kaiyuan, the grass was growing and the orioles were flying, it was the planting season. Kangxi continued to lead his troops to hunt in the paddocks and practice martial arts and archery. Zhou Zhihuan, the magistrate of Kaiyuan County, had traveled dozens of miles out of the city to wait for the emperor in Weiyuanbao Town, and wrote a poem:

The border town welcomes the emperor's carriage, and it has been the third time to congratulate him. Yuanyu joins Ban Su, Honglu leads the Qing Dynasty.

Horses neigh and obstacles are cleared, and people lie in moss campsites. Thousands of horses followed Luan Ji, and thousands of officials heard nothing.

The deserted settlement has turned into a magnificent place, and it looks like a capital city. Proclaiming worship, the face of the sky is near, and the auspicious dew fills the morning and dusk.

Hanging a banner is not a show of force, but controlling it is like watching soldiers. At the beginning of Dan's decline, he longed to go to Yujing.

On the way back from Kangxi, according to "Records of Hu Congdong's Inspection to the East", "Renchen passed through Kaiyuan County. Although the battlements were incomplete, the stone walls were solid. Guisi passed through Tieling County and there were only a few ruins. "Restraining cattle and horses."

When Emperor Kangxi passed through Tieling, he composed a lyric poem "Tieling". This poem is now engraved on the stone tablet under the Longwei Mountain Pagoda:

The grass grows green after the rain, and the mountain flowers become redder at sunrise.

The traces of China are near and far, and the songs are ringing in the west of Guangmo. East.

Return to Shengjing on the 19th to bid farewell to the ancestral mausoleum. He drove to Liaoyang on the 20th and visited Guangyou Temple. He wrote a poem called "Guangyou Temple". The poem says:

After many years in the Zen Palace, Ruita has accumulated wind and smoke.

The emerald moss stele is dark, and the pearls are passed down from generation to generation.

Purple doves come from the tame eaves, and green lotuses emerge from the ground.

The light rain washes the air, and this is the only way to wake up in the morning.