Which dynasty was the compass invented?

Compasses of China's four great inventions. Compass is a pointing instrument made of the north and south polarities of magnets in the earth's magnetic field. The characteristics of magnets have long been used by the ancients to make guiding tools. The earliest compass was called Sina, which was widely used during the Warring States Period. It is made of natural magnets and looks like a spoon. Its center of gravity is in the middle of the bottom, the chassis is smooth, and there are 24 directions engraved around it. When in use, put the long spoon on the chassis, gently stir it by hand to make it rotate, and when it stops, the long handle points to the south. "Guiguzi? Speaking of Zheng going to collect jade in the distance, in order to avoid getting lost, he took Sina with him. In addition, the invention of the compass also pushed this instrument to a higher level. Sina, made of natural magnets, has poor quality and weak magnetism. In the Song Dynasty, people invented the artificial magnetization method and made a guide fish and a compass, which was more simple and practical. Made of natural magnet rubbing steel needle, it keeps the guiding performance under the action of geomagnetism. It's called a compass when it's mounted on an azimuth disk. This is a great leap in the history of compass development. Shen Kuo also made a detailed study on the method of placing the compass, summed up four different methods and compared them. One: water floating, floating the compass on the water to indicate the direction. As long as you put Juncus on the compass, you can make the pointer float. The disadvantage of water flotation is that the magnetic needle will swing with the water. Two: nail rotation method, put the magnetic needle on the nail, which can be operated flexibly, but the disadvantage is that it is easy to slide down. Three: bowl lip rotation method, the magnetic needle is placed on the edge of the bowl mouth, which can also rotate freely, but it is also easy to fall off. Four: hanging silk method: take a new cotton silk, stick it in the center of the magnetic needle with wax, and hang it in a windless place. The magnetic needle can indicate the direction. In contrast, Shen Kuo thinks this method is the most ideal. Compass is a common directional tool in 1 1 century. The greatest contribution of compass is to promote the development of navigation. According to research, at the end of 1 1 century.

Compasses began to be used for navigation. From the end of 12 century to the beginning of 13 century, the compass was introduced to * * * by sea and then to Europe by * * *. The Yellow Emperor used a compass to tell the direction in the fog and defeated Chiyou. According to historical records, China people used the compass as early as the Warring States Period. Han Feizi in the 3rd century BC said that "Sina" (compass) had been used during the Warring States Period. In Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo recorded this in more detail in Meng Qian's Bi Tan. 1090, China and * * * navigators began to install compasses on ships. As a navigation tool. In Europe, around 1 1 century, magnetic needles floating on the water were used to make compasses. 1250 or so, in the Mediterranean region, the magnetic system of the compass has been installed on the measuring card and kept balanced by the central rotating shaft. /kloc-In the 6th century, the compass was set on a flat frame and played a role in ships. /kloc-the compass of the iron ship in the 20th century should be fitted with a piece of flinders iron to correct the error caused by the ship's magnetic force. Gyro compasses for ships and planes made in the 20th century. According to the principle that the stable attitude of the rotating vertex is related to the star, the gyro compass has two advantages: it does not deflect because it is close to the metal, and points to true north instead of magnetic north. 1908 Germany made the first practical instrument of this kind in the world. The best compass is made in Spree, USA. 19 10 was successfully tested on the "Delaware" ship and was quickly adopted by the US Navy. In a word, the compass is one of China's four great inventions, which later spread all over the world and made great contributions to the development of global navigation. -Due to the finger polarity of the magnet, the pointer direction will automatically point to the north. The compass needle was invented and improved for a long time before it was finalized. As early as the end of the Warring States Period, China people had discovered magnets and their attraction to iron. "Guanzi" records: "There is a kind of stone on the top and copper and gold on the bottom. The so-called "magnet" is a magnet, indicating that the existence of magnets has been known at least 2,600 years ago in the Guanzhong period. In the west, it is said that Socrates discovered the magnet, at least one hundred years later than China. There is an explanation in guiguzi. Magnets can absorb the reaction of iron. At about the same time, or in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty (around 50 AD). And continue to find the finger polarity of the magnet. After that, the compass began to be widely used, and later it was used in military affairs, production, daily life, topographic survey and transportation. The earliest compass in China was called Sina, which was widely used during the Warring States Period. According to ancient records, the spoon was thrown on the table to make it rotate. When it stopped, the handle of the spoon pointed south. Sina has been recorded many times. For example, Guiguzi once said that Zheng people must take Sina with them when they go to pick jade, so as not to get lost. There is also a record about Sina in Everything is Ready. For example, Wang Chong's "On Balance" has a relatively obvious record: "Sina shovels the ground, and its shovel guide. It can be seen that the use of compass has been quite popular in ancient times. However, because guide fish can only be used in calm water, it still has certain limitations. Later, after continuous improvement, a "compass" appeared to replace fish. The compass was invented by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty. His works & gt；; This paper also introduces four installation methods of compasses, such as floating, nailing and hanging. Simply put, you can put a magnetized steel needle on your fingernail and run on the edge of the bowl, or you can put a small rush in the middle and float in the water bowl, which can flexibly point to the south. His works made people have a clearer understanding of the compass at that time. During the Three Kingdoms period, the compass was invented. The compass does not use the finger polarity of magnets, but uses the principle of differential gears. No matter where the car turns, Woodenhead's hand always points to the south. It can be proved from the compass that China has created gears as early as 1800 years ago, discovered the principle of differential gears, and created differential gear machines, more than 1000 years earlier than the west! During the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass began to be used for navigation. People pointed with a compass and wrote a book "Needle Sutra", which recorded the route and the position of rocks. Among them, the famous Zheng He also successfully sailed to the West with the help of a compass. Around the end of 12 century, the compass was introduced to Europe and appeared in the west. Therefore, it was also developed according to China's compass. Therefore, Sina in China can be said to be the originator of the compass, and it is worthy of being one of the four great inventions in China. * Sina was China's early compass, which was widely used during the Warring States Period. It consists of a spoon made of magnets and a cotton swab. Wiping is a compass. The square wooden plate outside is called the site, engraved with the name of heavenly stems and earthly branches and twelve months. Most of them are made of wood, ivory or copper, so they can rotate flexibly because they are smooth. According to ancient records, the spoon was thrown on the table to make it rotate. When it stopped, the handle of the spoon pointed south. Sina has been recorded many times. For example, Guiguzi once said that Zheng people must take Sina with them when they go to pick jade, so as not to get lost. There is also a record about Sina in Everything is Ready. For example, Wang Chong's "On Balance" has a relatively obvious record: "Sina shovels the ground, and its shovel guide. 」*

Compass, also called compass needle, is a kind of magnetic needle that can rotate freely. Due to the finger polarity of the magnet, the pointer direction will automatically point to the north. The compass needle was invented and improved for a long time before it was finalized. As early as the end of the Warring States Period, China people had discovered magnets and their attraction to iron. "Guanzi" records: "There is a kind of stone on the top and copper and gold on the bottom. The so-called "magnet" is a magnet, indicating that the existence of magnets has been known at least 2,600 years ago in the Guanzhong period. In the west, it is said that Socrates discovered the magnet, at least one hundred years later than China. There is an explanation in guiguzi. Magnets can absorb the reaction of iron. At about the same time, or in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty (around 50 AD). And continue to find the finger polarity of the magnet. After that, the compass began to be widely used, and later it was used in military affairs, production, daily life, topographic survey and transportation. The earliest compass in China was called Sina, which was widely used during the Warring States Period. According to ancient records, the spoon was thrown on the table to make it rotate. When it stopped, the handle of the spoon pointed south. Sina has been recorded many times. For example, Guiguzi once said that Zheng people must take Sina with them when they go to pick jade, so as not to get lost. There is also a record about Sina in Everything is Ready. For example, Wang Chong's "On Balance" has a relatively obvious record: "Sina shovels the ground, and its shovel guide. It can be seen that the use of compass has been quite popular in ancient times. However, because guide fish can only be used in calm water, it still has certain limitations. Later, after continuous improvement, a "compass" appeared to replace fish. The compass was invented by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty. His works & gt；; This paper also introduces four installation methods of compasses, such as floating, nailing and hanging. Simply put, you can put a magnetized steel needle on your fingernail and run on the edge of the bowl, or you can put a small rush in the middle and float in the water bowl, which can flexibly point to the south. His works made people have a clearer understanding of the compass at that time. During the Three Kingdoms period, the compass was invented. The compass does not use the finger polarity of magnets, but uses the principle of differential gears. No matter where the car turns, Woodenhead's hand always points to the south. It can be proved from the compass that China has created gears as early as 1800 years ago, discovered the principle of differential gears, and created differential gear machines, more than 1000 years earlier than the west! During the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass began to be used for navigation. People pointed with a compass and wrote a book "Needle Sutra", which recorded the route and the position of rocks. Among them, the famous Zheng He also successfully sailed to the West with the help of a compass. Around the end of 12 century, the compass was introduced to Europe and appeared in the west. Therefore, it was also developed according to China's compass. Therefore, Sina in China can be said to be the originator of the compass, and it is worthy of being one of the four great inventions in China.

Reference:. geocities/chinesetech/main

Compass is a tool to indicate the direction. There are two kinds: one is a geomagnetic compass based on the polarity of the earth's magnetic field, but the north-south direction indicated by this compass is different from the real north-south direction, and there is a magnetic declination; The second is the electronic compass, which adopts the magnetic resistance (MR) technology of the magnetic field sensor, which can correct the magnetic declination problem well and has been widely used in GPS positioning equipment. Formerly known as China, one of the "Four Great Inventions of Ancient China", Sina. Widely used in navigation, field exploration and other fields. Directory [hidden] 1 related history 1. 1.2 Discovery of magnetic declination 1.3 Modern compass 2 Reference 3 External link [Edit] Related historical compass was first used for surveying and navigation in Chinese civilization circle, and it is generally believed that it originated in China in the west, without much objection. [Editor] The earliest form of Sina compass is called Sina. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Chong (AD 27 ~ 97), the principle of "SiNa's shovel, which is thrown to the ground, is guided" in Volume 17 of Lun Heng. He can only say that this is also natural. Although this record is not the earliest, it is the first one to be clearly stated. There should be no objection to using Sina as a direction, but the specific shape is controversial. Early researchers judged that natural magnets were used as matching positions for spoons. Although there are Sina spoon maps unearthed from Han tombs in Nanyang, Henan Province and Eastern Han tombs as evidence, after all, there is no complete supporting excavation. Recently, someone has studied the word "Sina's ladle". It seems that the ladle of "its guide" does not refer to the handle of the ladle.

Sheng restaurant also. -"Shuowen" resin rose

Sit down and drink. -Li Yi has a private car. The wine is clear. -Reflections on the Book of Rites Quli

Choose the good and do the "Spring and Autumn Ram Biography" Xi Gong (from the first year to the thirty-third year) "Who is begging for the alliance? Please put it where it belongs. Where is it? Where is it? Cover it up. " Consider the past and reduce it. -Hong Qing and Ji Liang's "Zhi Ping Pian" means "root" and "root".

Benya -"Erya Shi Yan" is the same.

So was Ben's birth. Everything is done by Han Feizi for the elderly. Although History of Zou Yang Biography can't deny that Wang Chong has a Sina with a "magnet as the key to cooperate with the site", what Wang Chong knows is probably a floating Sina. Because China is the original invention of Sina, Sina has many improved forms, such as reclining, hanging, floating, spire and so on. At present, it is recorded for the first time in the navigation purpose "Zhou Ping can talk". Zhou Ping Ketan was written in111year-119 years, but it was about1086 [/kloc-]. This is more than a century earlier than the statement in12007 A. Neckam's On Instruments: "When sailing, the sun is covered by clouds during the day, or when the direction is unknown at night, rub the iron needle with a magnet, and when the needle stops, it refers to the north and south." Almost at the same time as Britain, France and later Italy also recorded the first compass. In addition, the floating Sina can also be used for navigation, because it is not as easy to overflow as some people think. Recently, floating Sina made of Ming dynasty porcelain was found in Qingdao and Hainan, with a size as large as: the maximum outer diameter is 9.5 cm; There are concentric circles containing water, with a hole diameter of 4.4 cm and a hole depth of 2.3 cm. The periphery is marked by blue and white glaze, and the base and walls are thick and solid. I guess it's water collection. Add water when you use it. The basic principle of modern liquid compass is similar, but the sealing technology is improved. [Editor] Discovery of magnetic declination In the first year of Li Qing in the Northern Song Dynasty (104 1), Yang Wei, an astronomer at Tian Jian University, got the record of Yingyuan. "The guest took it and it should be right at four o'clock. When taking the needle in the middle, it is just right. " Gaiyang was born in Zi, from Zi to C; Yin was born at noon, and it turned from noon to disagreement; Therefore, the king of Bingwu is in the middle of heaven and earth, and the north and south are positive. 1088 Shen Kuo's "Meng Qian Bi Tan" "Fang Jia grinds the needle with a magnet, so it can guide. However, it is often east, not all south. " 1 1 15 "Yi Yan of Materia Medica" It is also a guide to use a needle to pass through the center of the lamp and float on the water, but it is often biased towards C. [Editor] Picture reference of modern compass: upload.wikimedia/ * * */Mons /thumb/3/3D/ Ming -Marine-Pass/. * * */Skins-1.5/mon/images/Magnify-clip The twenty-square lattice dry compass of Ming Dynasty compass is the basic form of modern compass. It is said that it was invented by Italians, but it is difficult to find reliable information. According to the historical records of * * * people, the compass was invented by China, and was introduced to Europe after effective improvement by * * * people. But there is no clear record that China discovered the drought compass earlier than the west. Recently, however, a small statue (marked "Zhang") was found in a Song tomb buried in Linchuan 1 198, Jiangxi Province, with an object obviously like a geomantic compass, which is also a drought compass. The author thinks that the drought compass China may have been used earlier than the west, but it may have been invented in the coastal areas of the south of the Yangtze River (such as Quanguang). The dry compasses of later inland generations are mostly used for feng shui compasses and timing compasses. For example, 174/l 189 Zeng Sanyi's Tongtanlu has a snail, or it has a meridian needle, or it is sewn with a meridian needle. Heaven and earth are facing north and south, so it's time for lunch. "Snail" may be a compass to correct time, and its main purpose is to correct time. [Editor] Refer to the third volume of China's History of Scientific Civilization, originally written by Joseph Needham, adapted by Colin and Ronan, translated by the Department of Science History of Shanghai Jiaotong University, ISBN 7208039666.