Local Practice of Huizhou Artisans in Huizhou Architectural Techniques
(1) Blacksmith: Understand the blacksmith's shop, the semi-finished components used to build various ancient buildings and the tools used by craftsmen.
(2) Kiln: refers to two kinds of kilns, one is a small earth kiln for firing bricks and tiles; The other is a lime kiln burning lime.
Two kinds of craftsmen, iron and kiln, use their own semi-finished products to meet the needs of architecture, while three kinds of craftsmen, brick, wood and stone, specialize in architecture. Before the residential building is built, the owner will find bricks, wood and stones as the owners to negotiate (called Huimo). The layout style and size of the house are selected, and then the craftsmen of each class "enter the east" (the owner's workshop). Cooperate with each other according to the proposed style. Now, according to the smooth construction, the division of labor of stone, wood and bricklayer is as follows:
1. Masonry construction procedure: foot digging-quarrying-laying stone foundation-making fine materials, etc.
(1) Foot digging: laying a solid foundation for the house, which means digging the foot of the house first, and then laying the foundation. The foundation of the house must be dug into the old soil. Because of the complicated geology in Huizhou mountainous area, if the solid soil layer could not be dug at the foot of the house, pine piles (Millennium piles) were used in ancient times, and the piles were arranged in plum blossom shape, that is, five groups.
(2) Quarrying: The basic materials are obtained locally, and there are quarries near villages in Huizhou mountainous areas to mine stones. When quarrying, fine stones, such as doorframe materials, corner stones, treads, etc. , first take out, then take out the face stones (such as bearing stones and apron stones), and the remaining stones and scraps are used as foundation materials in the soil layer, but the amount of various stones must be selected according to the box-type foundation groove.
③ Masonry foundation: a strip foundation is built around the peripheral retaining wall. But around the column foot, the strip foundation is widened locally to bear the column, and the column foot of the inner frame is used to bear the load independently.
Underground, drainage ditch (Mingtangkeng) should be prepared at the same time with the foundation, and water can be discharged from the house during construction. When laying the foundation, the internal position of the soil should be laid by block Shi Gan method, but it must be padded with Pippi circle. Masonry on the ground (above the outdoor terrace) is called ground stone. Striped stone only hits barren (surface), and there are two ways to hit the surface: pitted surface and striped surface. The top surface of the foundation is paved with a stone barrier, which is flush with the indoor ground. Install skirting stones (apron stones) around the wall to prevent moisture. The foot of the inner column is anchored with stone (column base).
④ Stone doorframe: The large doorframe is made of bluestone and consists of a threshold, a threshold and two stone pillars. Steps are erected in front of the door, lions are hung, stone drums are placed, drums are held, and horses are mounted. This has played a decorative role in setting off the brick cornice gatehouse at the door.
Fine stone installation should be wedged with tung oil mortar joint and metal sheet (old pot iron). Manufacturing technology of fine stone: firstly, peeling, and making rough blank with rough chisel; Second, rough drilling: use a sharp chisel to make it fine; The third roughing: leveling with a flat shovel; Its four sides: the corner line of Lekou Building; The fifth kind is ok: chop with an axe; Sixth, polishing and waxing.
2. Carpenter's work: According to Huizhou's customized procedures, it is described as follows (big wooden frame, decorated by Xiao Mu).
(1) Off-mountain materials: carpenters enter the mountains to select materials and cut down trees according to the quality of roof truss.
② Start work to catch the horse: that is, start work on auspicious day. First, make a three-legged wooden horse, put the beams (main beams) of the Ming Dynasty on the wooden horse, and arrange them according to Wendong (root) and Wuxi (short head).
(3) Drawing ink tenon: In order to install the roof truss in an orderly way, it is necessary to draw ink line number on each component first, and make the tenon connection mode and size of each part well. (Dimensions of each component are omitted)
④ Arrangement (material): Frames with the same depth axis are called columns (called stickers in Wu). After the frame is completed, it will be assembled and arranged according to each column. The studio is a combination of four rows.
⑤ Beam for vertical roof: choose auspicious day, and cooperate with wood, brick, stone and common workers to erect roof truss. Beam invitation: When installing the main girder, [Owner] held a "beam invitation" ceremony in Tujili.
⑥ Column arrangement: Before building the wall, the frame columns should be hung with central ink lines, and the columns should be arranged one by one. The cornice column has a slight side foot (left foot). After the whole frame is just right, reinforce it with a shovel.
3. The bricklayer's work:
① Types of parapets: gables on the mountain surface, front and rear walls, inserted walls on both sides of the patio, courtyard walls, etc. Because the specifications of bricks are different, the methods of assembling bricks are different. There are usually half brick walls (single walls), bucket walls, dry bucket walls and wet bucket walls. What is filled with stones and earth is called a "bucket wall". Building a flat brick is called "official box wall", and there is also a mandarin duck wall, which is a gypsum wall made of reeds between beams and columns. The French architectural method is called "weaving bamboo".
Firewalls and gables are necessary for wind and fire prevention. The top of the gable is built higher than the roof according to the slope of the roof, such as the stepped wall (shadow wall). Screen step count three mountains and five mountains. Three roofing bricks are selected at the top, covered with a hooked tile ridge, and the beam heads at both ends have "printing bucket" and "sparrow tail" seats, and animal kisses (chicken kisses) are also used.
② Mortar mixing: generally, dry lime powder is mixed into paste for mixing.
③ Masonry: The bricklayer's external wall operation refers to "building the wall to the top" and "dust falling to the ground". The frame rises and falls with the wall. In other words, there is no professional scaffolder, but bricklayers build and dismantle scaffolding with the rise of walls and the reduction of dust.
Masonry preparation: soak the bricks-position them by hanging lines at four corners, put bricks one by one, build common three-belt lines, and build them by sections with running water. In order to make the wall and wood structure attached and fastened, the methods of supporting columns, supporting purlins, wood pulling (vertical pulling, horizontal pulling) and iron pulling are adopted.
(4) Powdered ash: plastering operation method, including water brushing and finishing. Brush surface with water: after gypsum powder is on the wall, brush fine lines with bamboo shoot shell brush. Use dust clamp (iron trowel) to repeatedly press and polish the surface (plastering with dust).
⑤ Ground practice: There is concrete to polish the ground and use it in the hall. It is also useful to fill the ground with thick bricks and tung oil ash. The bedroom is covered with wooden floors, and the patio is eroded by rain and snow, so the ground is covered with slate.
⑥ Roof: Wooden rafters are tiled and covered with small blue tiles. Generally, the cover tiles are exposed in three overlapping lengths, and the roof ridge is at most the method of vertical tiling.