Guangxi sugar cane
Sugar cane
Scientific name: Saccharum officenarum L.
Also known as potato cane, dry cane, pickleweed, sugar cane, sugar cane, etc.
Family Gramineae, sugarcane genus Saccharum
Characteristics and characteristics Sugarcane is an annual ratoon tropical and subtropical herbaceous plant and is a C4 crop. The stems are upright, thick and juicy, often covered with white powder on the surface. The leaves are alternate and have small sharp teeth on the edges. The flower spikes are compound racemes. Sugarcane is a temperature-loving and light-loving crop. The annual accumulated temperature needs to be 5500-8500°C, the frost-free period should be more than 330 days, the annual average air humidity is 60, the annual precipitation needs to be 800-1200mm, and the sunshine hours should be more than 1195 hours. Sugarcane has a wide range of adaptability to soil, with clay loam, loam and sandy loam being better. Sugarcane can grow as long as the soil pH is between 4.5 and 8.0, but the optimum soil pH is between 6.5 and 7.5.
Distribution Sugarcane is native to India and is now widely planted in tropical and subtropical areas. The country with the largest sugarcane planting area is Brazil, followed by India, and China ranks third. Countries with larger planting areas include Cuba, Thailand, Mexico, Australia, and the United States. China's sugarcane areas are mainly distributed in Guangdong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang, Hubei and other provinces (autonomous regions).
Uses Sugar making. It can also be made into sucrose ester, fructose syrup, etc. Bagasse, waste honey and filter mud can be made into paper, fiberboard, particle board, furfural, feed, food culture medium, alcohol, dry ice, yeast, citric acid, lysine, glacial acetic acid, monosodium glutamate, glycerin, cement, Fertilizer etc. Sugarcane shoots, sugarcane leaves, bagasse bran, waste molasses or alcohol waste liquid can be used as feed for ruminant animals such as cattle and sheep; molasses and filter mud can be mixed into cereal feed to make pellet feed; waste residue discharged from sugar factories, The waste liquid can also be used as fertilizer for sugar cane.
Sugar cane is the main raw material for sugar production in my country. Of the world's total sugar production, sucrose accounts for about 65%, and my country accounts for more than 80%. Sugar is one of the necessary food products for human beings and an important raw material for the food industry such as candy and beverages. At the same time, sugarcane is also an important raw material for light industry, chemical industry and energy. Therefore, the development of sugarcane production plays an important role in improving people's lives, promoting the development of agriculture and related industries, and even the development of the entire national economy.
Overview of the origin, distribution and production of sugarcane
1. The origin of sugarcane
There are three theories about the origin of sugarcane. One is that it originated in India, and the other is that it originated in India. New Guinea in the South Pacific, and the third originated from China. China is one of the oldest sugarcane-growing countries in the world. Sugarcane cultivation has a long history. As early as the fourth century BC, there are historical records of sugarcane planting in my country. By the Dali Period of the Tang Dynasty, there were records of rock sugar production. In recent years, many studies have shown that sugar cane has several centers of origin, and China is one of them.
2. Distribution of sugarcane
At present, sugarcane is mainly distributed between 33° north latitude and 30° south latitude, with the area between 25° north and south latitude being relatively concentrated. For example, taking the temperature line as the distribution of sugarcane areas in the world, it is above the isotherm line with the annual average temperature of 17 to 18°C. The vertical distribution of sugar cane can reach 1,500 meters near the equator. In the southwestern Yunnan sugarcane area of Yunnan, my country, the altitude has reached 1,500 to 1,600 meters. Our country is located in the northern hemisphere. Sugarcane is distributed from Hainan Island in the south to the Hanzhong area of Shaanxi Province at 33° north latitude, spanning 15° latitude; in the east to eastern Taiwan and in the west to the Brahmaputra River in southeastern Tibet, spanning up to 30° longitude. Its distribution range It is vast and rarely seen in other countries. my country's main sugarcane-producing areas are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas south of 24° north latitude, including 11 southern provinces and autonomous regions such as Guangdong, Taiwan, Guangxi, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Zhejiang, and Hubei. . Since the mid-1980s, my country's cane sugar production areas have rapidly shifted to Guangxi, Yunnan and other western regions. By 1999, the cane sugar output of Guangxi and Yunnan provinces accounted for 70.6% of the country's total (excluding Taiwan Province).
3. Overview of sugarcane production in my country
my country is one of the world's major sugar-producing countries. From 1998 to 1999, the world's total raw sugar production was 128.7 million tons, of which my country's total sugar production was 8.934 million tons, making it the third largest sugar-producing country in the world.
In the past 50 years, my country's cane sugar industry has achieved great development. The sugarcane planting area increased from 1.6 million acres in 1949 to 20 million acres in 1998; the total sugarcane production increased from 2.642 million tons in 1949 to 83.438 million tons in 1998. From 1998 to 1999, the national total sucrose production reached 7.701 million tons. Accounting for 86.2% of the country's total sugar.
History and Current Situation of Sugarcane Breeding
In 1887, Soltwedel in Java, J.B. Harrison and J.R. Bovell in Barbados saw that sugarcane produced seeds that could germinate into seedlings. This discovery opened the door to sugarcane. Prologue to the history of sexual crossbreeding. Since then, all sugarcane-producing countries have used sexual cross-breeding as the main method to improve sugarcane varieties, especially interspecific hybridization, which has created many excellent varieties and laid the foundation for the world's sugarcane breeding industry. Java closely crosses tropical species with cutting-edge varieties, and has developed a series of fine varieties with large stems, high sugar, high yield and disease resistance through three times of nobility. Among them, POJ2878 is the most famous and is known as the world's number one sugarcane king. India has bred excellent varieties such as Co213 and Co281 by crossing three species: tropical species, Kashoumi species and Indian species. In Hawaii, the United States, five species, including tropical species, cut-hand dense species, Indian species, large-stemmed wild species, and Chinese species, were crossed to develop improved varieties such as H32-8560 and H49-5. Countries around the world have spent huge sums of money to engage in sugarcane hybridization and new variety breeding, and have bred a number of new sugarcane varieties with high yield, excellent quality, and strong resistance, which has promoted the development of the sugar cane industry in various countries.
Since the establishment of a hybrid breeding farm in Hainan in 1953, sugarcane scientific research units across mainland my country have successively carried out the breeding and research of new sugarcane varieties. So far, more than 100 sugarcane varieties have been bred for production use, promoting The development of my country's cane sugar industry. For example, Guangdong's Yuetang 57-423 and 86-368, Guangxi's Guitang No. 11 and Gui 15, Fujian's Mintang 70-611, Yunnan's 71-388, 89-151, etc. The five varieties with the largest area in the country from 1998 to 1999 were: Guitang 11, Xintang 10, Xuansan, Yuetang 63-237, and Xintang 16, accounting for 21.04%, 9.27%, 8.72%, and 6.77% of the country's total area respectively. % and 6.53%.
Sugarcane breeding requires sexual crossing, while reproduction is asexual. Every cane plant within a variety is of the same genotype and is very consistent unless an accidental mutation occurs. At present, most of the varieties bred in various countries around the world are the hybrid offspring of 3-5 original sugarcane species, and are then bred through hybridization and backcrossing between varieties. They are basically the recombination of varieties composed of homogeneous genetic types, which leads to inbreeding of sugarcane varieties. The narrow genetic basis and close blood relationship have made it difficult for sugarcane breeding to make major breakthroughs in terms of yield, sugar content and resistance in the past 30 years. Therefore, the world's sugarcane breeding community attaches great importance to the collection, research and utilization of sugarcane germplasm resources, in order to expand blood lines, enrich genetic foundation, and create breakthrough parental materials and excellent varieties. Sugar cane, remember to distinguish there are two types of sugar cane. Sugarcane with dark purple to almost black skin, commonly known as black sugarcane, is mild and nourishing in nature and is not suitable for those with sore throats and excessive heat. Green skinned cane, commonly known as bamboo cane, is sweet in taste and cool in nature, and has the effect of clearing away heat. It can relieve lung heat and gastrointestinal heat and lung heat cough. People with excessive phlegm and yellow, thick and thick phlegm can best use bamboo cane. Pair the juice with pear juice to enhance the effect of moistening dryness and clearing away heat from the lungs. Bamboo cane plus raw lotus root juice has the same effect. As for those who cough due to lung heat and vomit blood, drinking it can relieve their symptoms. In addition, it is said that this prescription is also effective in treating urinary system infections, commonly known as (red urine).
Sugarcane juice itself is cold, so people with weak constitution should not drink too much. If people with cold cough (white and thin phlegm) drink it by mistake, the condition may worsen in time. It is said that steaming the sugarcane before squeezing the juice can avoid this drawback, but the actual efficacy remains to be verified.
However, boiling water with bamboo cane, Imperata cogongrass root, and carrots does have the effect of clearing away heat. It is most suitable for children with excessive eye irritation and bad temper. If water chestnuts (water chestnuts) are added, it can be used when children have chickenpox or measles. Drink water regularly to clear away heat and detoxify, which can not only help the virus spread, but also speed up recovery. As the main source of sugar, there is no doubt that sugar cane is rich in nutritional value. If you find sugarcane juice boring, you can use sugarcane juice to cook rice, which can soften your stomach and whet your appetite.
Medicinal name Sugarcane
English name Sugarcane
Latin name Saccharum sinensis Roxb.
Name research: potato cane, dried sugarcane, intestine Grass, cane stem, sugar cane stem
Source of the subject: Poaceae plants
Medicinal part of the stem of sugar cane. The stem bark (sugar cane bark) and the shoots growing between stem nodes (cane chicken) of this plant are also used for medicinal purposes.
The nature and flavor are sweet, cold and non-toxic. ① "Bie Lu": "Sweet, flat, non-toxic." ② "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Cold." ③ "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica": "Sweet smell, slightly cold in nature, non-toxic." ④ "Compendium" ": "Sweet, astringent, flat, non-toxic."
Enters the lung, spleen and stomach meridians. ① "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Start with the Taiyin and foot Yangming meridian." ② "New Compilation of Materia Medica": "Enter the spleen, lungs, and large and small intestines." ③ "Renewed Materia Medica": "Enter the liver and spleen meridians. . ”
Effects are classified as deficiency-tonifying drugs and yin-tonifying drugs
Effects are mainly used to clear away heat, promote body fluids, reduce qi, and moisturize dryness. It can be used to treat fever, body fluid injury, upset and thirst, nausea and vomiting, dryness of the lungs and cough, and dry stools. And detoxify from alcoholism.
Usage and dosage: Oral administration: sugarcane juice, 2 to 4 taels. External use: pound and apply.
The medication should be taken with caution by those with spleen and stomach deficiency. ① "Compendium of Materia Medica": "It is contraindicated in those with stomach cold and vomiting, and those with fullness and diarrhea." ② "Compendium of Materia Medica": "Eating too much for a long time is prone to causing dampness and fire, and it is the disease of phlegm, distension, vomiting, and cough." ”
Medication should be combined with sugarcane pulp and decoction: eating together with fish shoots and the like is not good for people. "Compendium of Materia Medica". Pair with radish: clear away heat and relieve hangover. Paired with ginger: Warming and reducing adverse effects. With corn: nourishes the spleen and moistens the lungs.
[Edit this paragraph]Apple
"An apple a day" is a well-known health slogan. Indeed, apples are rich in sugars, organic acids, cellulose, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoid nutrients, and are called "all-around healthy fruits" by scientists. So, what are the health benefits that have earned it such a reputation?
Reduce blood lipids: A human experiment by the Japanese Fruit Research Institute showed that after eating two apples a day, the triglyceride levels in the blood of the subjects were reduced by 21% after 3 weeks. High triglyceride levels are exactly The main culprit of arteriosclerosis. After apple pectin enters the human body, it can combine with bile acids, absorb excess cholesterol and triglycerides like a sponge, and then excrete it from the body. At the same time, the acetic acid broken down by apples is beneficial to the catabolism of these two substances. In addition, the vitamins, fructose, magnesium, etc. in apples can also reduce their contents.
Lower blood pressure: Excess sodium is an important factor in causing high blood pressure and stroke. Apples contain sufficient potassium, which can combine with excess sodium in the body and excrete it from the body, thereby lowering blood pressure. At the same time, potassium ions can effectively protect blood vessels and reduce the incidence of high blood pressure and stroke. Dr. Susan Orridge, a famous British pharmacologist, discovered that the polyphenols and flavonoids contained in apples can effectively prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Cancer prevention: Research from Hirosaki University in Japan has confirmed that polyphenols in apples can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. A study in Finland is even more exciting: the flavonoids contained in apples are a highly effective antioxidant. It is not only the best blood vessel cleaner, but also the nemesis of cancer. If people eat more apples, the risk of lung cancer can be reduced by 46%, and the risk of other cancers can also be reduced by 20%. The latest research from the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research also tells us that the proanthocyanidins in apples can prevent colon cancer.
Antioxidant effect: A research team from Cornell University in the United States immersed the brain cells of mice in a liquid containing quercetin and vitamin C and found that the antioxidant capacity of the brain cells was significantly enhanced.
Compared with other fruits and vegetables, apples contain the best quercetin, and red apples are better than yellow and green apples. Therefore, apples are the best food for patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Strengthen bones: Apples contain the mineral elements boron and manganese that can strengthen bones. A U.S. study found that boron can significantly increase the concentration of estrogen and other compounds in the blood, which can effectively prevent calcium loss. Medical experts believe that if postmenopausal women can consume 3 grams of boron per day, their calcium loss rate can be reduced by 46%. Menopausal women eating more apples are beneficial to the absorption and utilization of calcium, and prevent and treat osteoporosis.
Maintain acid-base balance: 70% of diseases occur in people with acidic constitutions, and apples are alkaline foods. Eating apples can quickly neutralize excess acidic substances in the body (including acids produced by exercise and fish). Acid metabolites produced in the body by acidic foods such as meat, eggs, etc.) to enhance physical strength and disease resistance.
“An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Among many fruits, the apple can be said to be the most common and peaceful one, but its nutritional value cannot be underestimated. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that it can produce fluid and moisturize the lungs, strengthen the spleen and stimulate the appetite. Nutritional analysis points out that apples contain the most fructose and contain a variety of organic acids, pectin and trace elements.
Apple pectin is a soluble fiber that not only promotes cholesterol metabolism, effectively lowers cholesterol levels, but also promotes the excretion of fat from the body. The French conducted an experiment in which a group of healthy middle-aged men and women were asked to eat two or three apples a day. After a month, the cholesterol levels in their bodies were measured and they found that 80% of the people had low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in their blood. Bad cholesterol) has been reduced; at the same time, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL, good cholesterol) has increased. Apple’s cardiovascular benefits are evident.
The trace element potassium contained in apples can dilate blood vessels, which is beneficial to patients with high blood pressure. Zinc is also necessary for the human body. Its deficiency can lead to blood sugar metabolism disorders and decreased sexual function.
In addition to obtaining the above benefits, eating raw apples can also regulate the gastrointestinal tract because it is rich in fiber and helps excretion. On the other hand, it is also beneficial for people with diarrhea because malic acid has an astringent effect. However, it should be noted that if you have chronic diarrhea with spleen and stomach deficiency, you must wrap the apple in tin foil and bake or simmer it first. eat.
Apples are rich in nutrients and not high in calories, so they are very popular among those who want to lose weight. In terms of dietary therapy, boil water with apple peel and a few slices of ginger to stop vomiting. Using apples with pears can reduce the coldness of pears, and has the effect of strengthening and moisturizing the lungs and stomach. For autumn sugar water, use several apples and pears, add 1 tael (30g) of lily, 5 qian (15g) of dendrobium, and 3 qian (9g) of apricot, which can moisten the lungs and relieve cough.
Weight loss: Apples will increase the feeling of fullness. Eating them before meals can reduce food intake and achieve the purpose of weight loss.