What are the characteristics of Huizhou architecture and what should be controlled?
Huizhou architecture is a major school of ancient Chinese architecture, and its technical characteristics and modeling style are mainly reflected in residential buildings, temples, archways and gardens. The most distinctive feature of "Huizhou architecture" is the traditional folk houses, which reflect the landscape characteristics, geomantic will and regional aesthetic tendency of Huizhou. The structure of Huizhou folk houses is mostly in the form of multiple courtyards (the small ones are mostly in the form of three courtyards). Generally, they sit facing south, facing the mountain and facing the water, emphasizing the value of geomantic omen. The layout is symmetrically divided by the central axis, with three rooms wide, a hall in the middle and rooms on both sides.
The overall appearance of the residential building is very beautiful, with closed high walls, sloping horse heads, scattered wall lines, black tiles and white walls and elegant colors. In terms of decoration, the beauty of the "three sculptures" of Huizhou folk houses is amazing. The combination of blue brick door covers, stone carving windows, wood carving columns and buildings makes the buildings beautiful and poetic, which is a major feature of Huizhou folk houses.
Huizhou folk houses generally have the following characteristics.
1. Respect the natural landscape environment. In ancient Huizhou, factors such as topography, landforms, water flow and wind direction were carefully considered, and it was often surrounded by mountains and waters, with beautiful environment, reasonable layout, smooth traffic and buildings blended with mountains and rivers.
2. Aesthetic appearance integrity. The unique horsehead wall is a group of houses, which are closed with high walls and the horsehead is inclined. The height of the wall and the horse's head is uneven. Green hills, green waters, white walls and great harmony are one of the main features of Huizhou architecture, which is exquisite and elegant in simplicity.
3. More flexible multi-entrance courtyard layout. The unit of the architectural plane layout is the courtyard enclosed by the patio, with high buildings, deep wells and halls, which are flexibly arranged according to the function, scale and terrain and have a sense of rhythm.
4. Exquisite detail decoration. The art of "three sculptures" (brick carving, stone carving and wood carving) in Hui culture is amazing. Brick door covers, stone windows, wood pillars and buildings are integrated into one, which is a major feature of Huizhou architecture.
Structural elements:
Portal, hall, hall, big kiss, flying chair, high wall and deep house, lattice window.
architectural feature
Living in the North: If the terrain is not special, the best orientation of the house is to sit north and face south, but most houses built in Huizhou in Ming and Qing Dynasties face north. It turns out that there are many taboos in the living habits of ancient Hui people. It was popular in the Han Dynasty that "merchants should not be in the south, and households should not be in the north". The reason is that according to the five elements, business belongs to gold and the south belongs to fire, which is unlucky; It is unlucky to levy fire. The north belongs to water, and water can kill fire. Huizhou merchants flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Once they made a fortune, they went back to their hometown to build a house. For the sake of luck, the gate never faces south, and all the houses face north. Up to now, there are still tens of thousands of ancient houses facing north in Huizhou.
Houses: The houses in Huizhou are all deep, with a vestibule at the entrance, a patio in the middle and a living hall at the back. The hall is separated from the back hall by a middle door, and the back hall has two bedrooms. There is an uphill wall behind the hall with a patio and wings on both sides. This is the first entrance. The structure of the second entrance is still a ridge divided into two halls, two days before and after the well, with partition, four rooms and two halls. The third entrance, the fourth entrance or more entrances in the future have the same structure, one enters the house and the other enters the house to form the house.
Double eaves: Huizhou dwellings are double eaves buildings. There is a widely circulated story about the formation of this double-eaves custom. According to legend, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, she was under the jurisdiction of Li Yu, the queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chen Qiao mutiny, founded the Song Dynasty, and personally marched into Zhou She. Just when Song Taizu arrived outside Haiyang City in Xiuning County today, the sky suddenly changed and rain was coming. Mao came to a tile house to shelter from the rain. In order to avoid disturbing the people, Mao ordered not to enter, but the eaves of Huizhou folk houses are very small, far less than the Central Plains. Coupled with the storm, everyone was soaked. After the rain stopped, residents opened the door and found Taizu so, thinking that he was born to die, and he couldn't afford to kneel on the ground. Mao didn't blame him and asked, Why is the eaves in Zhangzhou so narrow? The villagers replied, "This is inherited from the ancestors, and it has always been like this." Mao said, "Although the old system of our ancestors can't be changed, you can build another roof below to help pedestrians shelter from the rain." Hearing this, the villagers even said that it made sense and immediately followed suit. Since then, all the houses in Huizhou have gradually built upper and lower eaves.
Full top bed: Huizhou traditional bedding. Because the top of the bed, the back of the bed and the head of the bed are all surrounded by wooden boards, it is called "full-top bed". Hanging curtains in front of the bed is like a news station. Most of the bedposts are made of torreya grandis, which are born from the same tree for several years, and take the color of "four generations under one roof" and "five generations thriving". There are 7 beds in common use, which means "five men and two women". On the front of the bed, the carving is more exquisite. The left and right sides are generally engraved with "Feng Dan facing the sun" and the upper teeth are engraved with "Shuanglong Play Pearl". The railings around the bed are generally carved with exquisite patterns such as "Phoenix Playing Peony", "Squirrel Grape" and "Yuanyang Playing in Water".
Traditional furnishings of Huizhou folk houses. Nave's paintings and couplets are often hung on the central wall of Huizhou residential halls, or the words "Heaven and Earth are teachers" are written on red paper, all of which are mounted and hung on scrolls. There is a long table under the scroll, and there are two saddle-shaped painting feet on the desktop. When the scroll is spread down on the long table and put into the saddle of the painting foot, the picture is flat and stable. This long table is called "painting table".