How to raise orchids?
First, self-cultivation
The stem has two parts: the flower stem and the rhizome. The stem is the aboveground part, bearing flowers and bracts, and the rhizome is the underground part, with short internodes and large and many nodes. Rhizomes are fleshy and form mycorrhiza with developed cortex with fungi. There are two kinds of leaves: ordinary leaves and abnormal leaves. The common leaves are mostly in the form of parallel veins, and different varieties have different leaf shapes and colors. Metamorphic leaves are membranous scales on flower stems, and the base is sheath-shaped, which is the bract of flowers. Their shapes and colors vary from species to species. The flowers are irregular, with 6 perianth pieces, which are divided into inner and outer wheels, 3 inner wheels and 3 outer wheels. The three petals of the inner wheel are true petals, the upper two petals are heart-shaped and upright, and the lower one is larger than the upper two petals, which is called lip or tongue. The three outer wheels are calyx, the upper one is longer, called the main lobe, and the respect pieces on both sides are called the auxiliary lobes. Orchids are very strange because of their special structure. Its color varies from species to species. Generally, those with red and purple spots are called meat petals, and those with white spots are rare "plain petals" orchids. The stamen is columnar, which is formed by male and female pistils and is a sachet. Seeds are many and small, and are wrapped in horns. When sowing, it is often difficult to germinate because the germ is underdeveloped.
The propagation of orchids is often divided into plants and turned into pots. The branching time usually occurs before the new buds are exposed. Generally, Chunlan is divided into late autumn and early winter, and Chunlan is divided into Qiu Lan and Hanlan. The specific method of root division is to make the basin soil of the selected mother plant slightly dry and the root system slightly wilted, so that it is not easy to break the seedlings during root division. After the mother plant is turned out of the pot soil, gently shake off the soil at the root, cut off the diseased roots, rotten roots and old leaves with scissors, soak in water to soften the soil that has not been shaken off, brush it with a brush and put it in the shade. When the roots turn gray or wrinkle and become soft, they can be planted alone.
Potted orchids should use clay pots with good air permeability and water absorption. After selecting the flowerpot with deep mouth and good bottom hole drainage, wash it first, and then disinfect it. The bottom hole is covered with iron net or plastic window screen to prevent pests from entering the flower root through this hole. The bottom of the basin is made into a circular pad with washed and disinfected broken gravel, covered with coarse sand, covered with coarse mountain soil, and filled to half the depth of the basin, then plants are placed around the basin, and finally mountain soil is added, so as not to be too full to prevent orchid plants from entering the soil. After filling the soil, hold the seedlings with your hands, gently lift them and gently shake the flowerpot, so that the rhizomes can stretch and the soil around the rhizosphere can be compacted. Finally, pour the water, put the pot in the shade and keep the air moist. It can take root in 15-20 and become a new plant.
The identification criteria of domestic orchid varieties are: many and round roots; The lower part of the leaf is tight, the upper part is wide, and it is soft and drooping; Light green is the best color, followed by thick green, and red and green are worse. It's best to spend all your colors without makeup. Elegant, pure and mild fragrance is the best, and strong smell is the worst. The outer three petals of the flower shape are even and thick, with a soft cotton feeling, while the main petal is wider and the side petals are narrower or upturned. Flat shoulders and straight shoulders are preferred, followed by inclined shoulders. The top is smooth and soft, and the bottom is dull and hard. Short, wide and round tongues are better, while long, narrow and flat tongues are worse. The tongue is neater and better, and the tongue is messy and dark and worse. If the flower does not bloom, it can be identified from the shape and color of the bud. Buds are short, round, tight and dense, with bright luster and thin and even veins. Plum petals, narcissus petals, white spots on the tip of bracts, and white-green bracts. Orchids like cloudy days, warm and humid, afraid of the sun, afraid of heat and afraid of dry climate. It grows well in acid soil with good drainage and rich humus. Orchids should not be watered too often and too wet. But the environment is humid, so in the dry season, water should be sprayed around the basin, and the upper part should be shaded to increase the humidity in the air. Rainwater is better, and tap water can only be used every other day. Bean cake fertilizer is the best fertilizer for orchids, and acid fertilizers such as sulfuric acid hinge and potassium dihydrogen phosphate are also suitable. It can be applied once every half a month to twenty days in the peak season. The diluted liquid fertilizer is better, and it is applied less at ordinary times, but not in the dormant period.
Orchids should be pruned frequently to remove the old leaves of oranges, which is beneficial to ventilation, keep the plant beautiful and prevent the spread of diseases. Orchids are pampered, difficult to raise and have more noble varieties. Such as "elastic crown", "great wealth", "emerald green" and "long tongue orchid", as well as fine varieties such as "yellow shell", "green shell" and "oriole" known as "national color and fragrance". Horticulturists and flower lovers in China have explored many successful experiences in long-term cultivation, conservation and management. If Chunlan is planted in autumn, there will be more light after autumn, which is beneficial to the development of flower arrow and its vigorous growth in the following year. Water less in winter and get wet. Fertilize once after the autumnal equinox until it blooms. There are only 4-5 flower arrows, too many will affect the size, freshness and fragrance of flowers. Chunlan needs to be kept in a low temperature place in winter. Orchid diseases and insect pests are mostly white silk disease, which occurs in rainy season and can be controlled by carbendazim. Anthracnose can occur all year round, and it is a common disease of orchids. It can be controlled by 1% Bordeaux mixture or carbendazim. Scale insects are the main pests of orchids, which can be controlled with 0. 1% omethoate.
First, the preparation of culture soil
Orchid cultivation soil should be loose, breathable, well ventilated, properly fertilized and free from hidden pests and diseases.
(1) The best formula of culture soil is: 4 parts of yellow sand, 4 parts of sawdust and 2 parts of river sand; If it is yellow loam, there is a river sand, a sawdust and a yellow loam. They are all completely mixed. The pH value of the prepared culture soil should be 6.5-6.8, which is loose and breathable, with good water retention and permeability and comprehensive nutrition. River sand and sawdust are used to conduct water and breathe. Wood chips are decomposed by bacteria, which can slowly release nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Yellow loam also contains a variety of trace elements. After years of observation, this formula is very suitable for the growth of orchids. It is especially suitable for domestication and cultivation of wild orchids, Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum, and is also an ideal choice for Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum, with significantly improved flowering rate and stress resistance.
(2) Bamboo root mud. Refers to the soil at the roots of bamboo forests planted for many years. This kind of soil has loose structure and good drainage, but it is not very fertile. Because of the appearance of bamboo whips and roots and the decay of bamboo leaves and stems, it is suitable for orchid growth. The quality of bamboo root mud depends on three factors: first, the original soil quality, which is the predecessor and foundation of bamboo root mud, and sandy loam soil is the best; Secondly, the longer the planting period of bamboo bushes, the more fully the functions of bamboo roots, bamboo leaves and bamboo whips; Thirdly, the distance from the bamboo pile, the closer the soil is to the bamboo pile, the better.
(3) Leveling soil. The chaff is made of green manure (Chinese milk vetch) by harvesting, drying and crushing. The glutinous rice paste is mixed with bamboo root mud or common sandy loam, accumulated and decomposed to obtain glutinous rice paste. The production method is as follows: choose a shelter, remove a layer of chaff from a layer of soil, and pour pig manure water once, so as to pile up layer by layer; After stacking, sprinkle water on the surface to wet it, and then smear it with mud to seal it. Stacking and fermenting for half a year can be used. When in use, other culture soils are mixed in proportion.
(4) Humus soil. Water or fertilize with dead leaves or grass and tall stalks, seal with mud, decompose and sieve. It is best to use seedless grass to fully decompose and kill pests and weeds, otherwise there will be many weeds in the orchid pot in the future.
(5) mountain mud. That is, the mountain soil where wild orchids first grew. It is a mixture of litter and soil for many years. Naturally formed humus soil, rich in humus, is loose and breathable, which is very suitable for orchid growth. Under the condition of convenient transportation, it is simple and economical to dig a lot of mountain mud to grow orchids, and it is better to domesticate grass. Humus soil under broad-leaved forest, especially under chestnut tree, is an ideal soil for orchids.
(6) Pond sludge. Combined with winter pond and fish pond, mud is dug out, dried and broken into fine particles, which can be used to cultivate all flowers, including orchids.
(7) Field soil. That is, the loose topsoil in the field is selected, mixed with a little sand or a little chaff ash, and then some organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost or fermented bean cakes and rapeseed cakes are added to improve the soil structure and enhance the chemical fertilizer efficiency. Repeatedly turn over the pile and stir evenly, and then sieve. This kind of soil is close to neutral and not as good as humus. Therefore, it is only used reluctantly when there is no suitable humus soil or forest sandy loam, and most of it is used to cultivate rough orchids.
(8) Cow dung soil. The fermented dry cow dung is crushed and ground, mixed with sandy soil or topsoil of field soil, and prepared according to the ratio of 1: 3. In winter, it is best to choose cow dung fed with dry feed, because the dry forage has fine particles, but it is still elastic, plant fiber and contains certain nutrients. This kind of cow dung has soft and fertile soil, which is very suitable for the aerobic of orchid roots. This kind of cow dung soil is often used as a filler to cultivate local orchids in Yilan community of Taiwan Province Province, and the effect is very good.
(9) Black mountain mud, peat, pastoral soil, pine needle soil, moss and bark are used as cultures. Cover the drainage hole at the bottom of the basin with ceramic tiles, then lay a layer of gravel with the thickness of 1/4 basin depth to enhance the air permeability and drainage, and then lay a layer of culture. Plant orchids upright, fill them with culture and cover them with bulbs. The culture should be compacted, 2 cm away from the mouth of the basin, so it is convenient to water. In order to be beautiful and increase the moisturizing power, the surface of the basin can be covered with a layer of broken white stone.
In foreign countries, 5 parts humus soil or humus soil and 1 part Gaza are generally used to cultivate local orchids; Or use 3 parts of peat soil and 1 part of river sand to mix the crushed cow dung, and then use it after thorough mixing. The cultivation substrate of epiphytic orchids is mainly moss and ferns, with a small amount of leaves, small pieces of charcoal and broken cow dung added.
Before planting orchids with soil, expose the soil to the sun for disinfection and sterilization. In summer. Spread out the soil and expose it to the sun for more than 3 days to kill germs and eggs.
Lime can be used to adjust the soil which is too acidic. For high alkaline soil, calcium superphosphate and ferrous sulfate are used to mix into the soil. In a word, it is appropriate to control the pH value of soil at neutral and slightly acidic points (pH 5.5-7). It is a better way to use organic fertilizer, such as grass and leaves, to make fertilizer and add it to the soil to change the pH of the soil.
Before planting orchids, nutrient soil should be screened and graded to separate large particles from small ones. When planting orchids, enlarge the particles at the bottom of the basin to facilitate drainage. At the same time, the degree of soil moisture and dryness should also be adjusted, not too wet or too dry. It is best to pinch the dough in your hand hard to make it into a ball; When you loosen your hand and shake it off, the soil becomes granular again, and the dry humidity is suitable.
Second, the preparation of orchid places
1. Productive field planting
The original environment of orchids is growing in a ravine, and the terrain is Gao Shuang, covered by trees, forming a humid microclimate. Small temperature difference, clean air. When introducing and domesticating, it is necessary to simulate the wild environment first, so that flowers can flourish.
Potted orchids It is best to use clay pots, which have good air permeability, can filter water and are cheap. It is an economical and practical orchid planting product. Porcelain pots or glazed pots have beautiful appearance and poor air permeability and drainage. If it is used for planting orchids for a long time, the roots of orchids are easily damaged and orchids are difficult to thrive. Therefore, when potted orchids with porcelain pots or glazes, you must put more drainage tiles at the bottom of the pot. Or mussels; And watering should be controlled and not excessive. If orchids are planted in clay pots, they can be placed in larger porcelain pots or glazed pots when exhibiting. Yixing purple sand basin, with beautiful and generous appearance and certain air permeability, is suitable for planting orchids.
The newly bought blue pot must be soaked in water for a few days, especially the pottery pot that has just come out of the kiln. It must be allowed to absorb enough water to completely eliminate its fire dryness. Generally, orchids are planted, and new orchids are planted in new pots, and old pots are used when changing pots.
All potted orchids, it is best not to sit directly on the ground, because they are easily disturbed by pests and weeds. Especially in hot summer, the sun is hot and the ground temperature rises, which hurts bluegrass; Whenever there is a thunderstorm or rainy season, the damp heat rises even more, and it is easy to steam orchid roots; But also because of poor ventilation near the ground. It is not conducive to the growth of aerial roots. Orchid flowerpot can be placed on the orchid platform made of cement board, which is convenient for up-and-down convection, constantly supplying fresh air, promoting the respiration of orchids, enhancing metabolic function, accumulating nutrition and productivity, making orchids thrive and avoiding ants and slugs from invading orchids. If limited by conditions, you can pour an empty pottery basin on the ground and then put potted orchids on it.
2. Indoor cultivation of orchids
As long as the temperature of terrestrial orchids is not lower than 7℃-8℃. Most of them can be cultivated in the open air. After the "heavy snow", all potted orchids will be moved indoors for maintenance. Before orchids enter the orchid room, clean the periphery of the orchid pot, which can not only prevent the soil from being contaminated with eggs and mold, but also look clean and elegant. Pay attention to reasonable drainage when putting the basin, which is not only convenient for sunlight transmission but also conducive to ventilation.
The key to wintering in the room is to master the temperature and humidity. Generally, the room temperature should be kept above 7℃-8℃, and the ideal temperature of winter jasmine should be kept at 10℃- 15℃.
During the indoor orchid cultivation period, especially in the cold season, special attention must be paid to the dryness and humidity of potted orchids. The soil in the basin should be dry. When you need to water, you can look at the surface of the basin. For example, when the surface soil is loose and powdery and the soil below is still slightly wet, don't wait until the basin soil is completely dry before watering. When watering, first take out the potted orchids, put them on the ground, and water them along the sink at the mouth of the basin. Never immerse water in the leaves. You can also put the orchid pot in a water tank for a few minutes, and the water is limited to the waist of the pot. When watering, if the water is immersed in the leaf sheath, it should be wiped off with clear water in time, or let the sun dry before moving back indoors. Because orchids are cultivated indoors for a long time, many dusts are often attached to the leaves, which hinders metabolism. You can choose sunny and warm weather, move the basin to a sunny place outdoors at noon, spray the leaves with a fine-hole watering can to wash away the dirt. When the water stain is dry, retreat indoors. If the water stains are not thoroughly dried, the wet parts of orchid leaves are easy to turn black and wither.
Indoor orchid cultivation, during heating. The indoor temperature is often high, the leaves are dry, the soil surface in the basin is dry and loose, or the moss on the basin surface is gaunt. You should spray some water on the passage and wall in time to make it transpiration to adjust the temperature. In short, it is better to raise orchids indoors, whether it is bluegrass in the basin or moss on the surface of the basin.
Third, orchid planting.
1. Planting opportunities
Generally, the appropriate time is the dormant period of orchids, that is, March-April, before the new buds are unearthed. If the operation is very inconvenient after the new shoots are unearthed, they will be broken and injured if they are not careful. When the dormancy period of orchids is coming to an end and new buds and roots are about to grow but not yet, it is best to plant them at this time, and they will take root and sprout soon after planting and resume normal growth. If you plant it too early, it will not be easy to "shine" after planting. In case of low temperature, cold wave, late frost and spring thunder, it often causes frostbite.
In order to facilitate the operation of plant division, the soil can be properly dried before plant division. Make the roots white, produce inconspicuous withering, and soften the fleshy roots that were fragile and easy to break. Don't break the roots too much when planting pots.
Use blue seedlings
Orchids used for reproduction should be well-grown orchids without pests and diseases. Orchids need to be changed in soil or pots after 2-3 years of planting. At this time, it should be propagated by combining ramets. When changing pots, hold the bottom of the pot with the palm of your left hand, put your fingers out of your right hand carefully into the leaves of the orchid seedlings to keep the soil, and then put the orchid pot down, with the inclined side of the pot facing the human face and the lower edge of the pot mouth touching the ground. At this time, both hands lift the pot slightly upward at the same time, so that the lower edge of the pot gently knocks on the ground, making the pot soil loose, rotating the pot body, changing the contact point where the lower edge of the pot mouth knocks on the ground, and making the pot soil gradually loosen evenly and separate from the flowerpot. Holding an orchid in his right hand and a flowerpot in his left. If the orchid plant is too high, it is advisable to knock against the lower edge of the basin door at the edge of the wooden chair or cement table, so that the orchid leaves are suspended in the air and will not be injured and broken. After the orchid pot soil is separated from the pot, put the orchid seedlings and pot soil flat, so that the soil lump will not suddenly loosen and crack, causing the orchid root system to break. Then carefully pat the loose soil lump and gradually shake off the old basin soil. Grasp pseudobulb carefully to avoid damaging leaves and buds, and especially protect the root tips. Cut off withered leaves, rotten bracts and rotten old roots on pseudobulb. However, leaves on pseudobulb with new shoots should be preserved as much as possible to promote the good growth of new shoots.
For larger clumps of plants that have been cleaned after selection. Find out the natural gap between the two fake balls. The gap is so big that it is easy to loosen by hand. Cut off two pseudobulb, control the base of the two bundles with both hands, gently shake them and slowly pull them into two bundles.
Prune the separated orchids properly, and then soak them in Tobezin solution diluted by 800 times of clear water for 10- 15 minutes. You can only soak roots, not leaves. It can also be disinfected with 1000 times of potassium permanganate solution. Pay attention to disinfect only the wound, and then put the orchid in a cool and ventilated place to dry. When the roots of orchids are soft and flexible, they can be planted. Generally, when the weather is fine, you can bask for half a day, but of course you can't bask too dry.
3. Planting procedure
Separate orchids should not be scattered too much, and each cluster should have at least 3-5 seedlings. It is best to put annual, biennial and triennial plants in the same cluster.
(1) cushion basin. Cover the drainage holes with tiles at the bottom of the basin, and then gradually fill them with bricks, tiles or shells, in which large gaps are filled with mud particles or bean stones, which are generally about 1/2- 1/3 of the height in the basin. The clear height of the upper part is about 10- 15 cm, which is reserved as a culture soil layer. Its specific height depends on the kind of orchid, the length of orchid root and the height of flowerpot. Don't fill the bedding too tightly, leave some holes. Practice has proved that some new roots can grow well in the pores of the cushion.
(2) planting. Fill the cushion with 2-3 cm of culture soil first, and then compact it slightly by hand, so that the orchid can stand upright on it. Depending on the size of plants and flowerpots, how many plants, 2 clusters, 3 clusters or more can be planted in a pot. Slowly put the orchid root into the pot, stretch naturally, try not to rub the inner wall of the pot, and brush the leaves in all directions.
After the orchid plant enters the pot, the posture of the orchid plant is gradually fixed-a bunch of potted plants should tilt the old pseudobulb to one side, so that there is room for the development of new shoots. There are several clusters of plants in a pot, and each cluster of old pseudobulb should be relatively concentrated in the middle of the pot, so that there is enough space for new roots and buds to develop outward.
(3) Fill the soil. When planting, hold the leaves with one hand and add nutrient soil with the other hand, hold the base of the orchid plant and lift it slightly to stretch the root system, and shake the orchid pot at the same time. Let the culture soil go deep into the rhizosphere; Continue to add soil, shake the orchid basin and adjust the position and height of the orchid plant. Press along the edge of the basin with your hands, but don't hurt your roots too much. Continue to add soil and squeeze until the soil on the basin surface is 2-3 cm higher than the mouth of the basin, which is slightly like steamed bread. Culture soil should cover all blue roots to the base of pseudobulb.
Traditionally, it is considered that the depth of filling soil is: Chunlan should be shallow and Huilan should be deep, but it is generally based on not burying the leaf base on the pseudobulb. When new orchids grow in Shan Ye, there are obvious signs on the plants, which can be used as standards. The size of flowerpots should also be commensurate with the size and number of plants, not large pots and small plants, nor small pots and large plants. Generally speaking, the number of plants is based on the principle that flowerpots are expected to be full in 2-3 years. The size of plants is commensurate with the height of the basin.
(4) Pavement. After planting, you can spread a layer of pebbles or moss on the surface of the pot soil, preferably high-quality moss under the forest, which is not only beautiful, but also can adjust the water content, and can also protect the leaves from muddy water pollution, so that the new buds will not infect the bacteria in the soil and rot the heart; In addition, it can also slow down the erosion of the basin soil by rain and keep the basin soil loose.
(5) water. After planting is completed, water should be poured for the first time, and the basin soil must be soaked thoroughly, and the water drops should be small to avoid impulsiveness. If you put it in a basin, you must not soak it for too long. Once the soil in the basin is soaked, remove the basin immediately and then put it in the shade for maintenance.
Fourth, the maintenance and management after planting
1. Cherish leaves
The key to cherish leaves is to control shading, air humidity, proper water and fertilizer, and keep good ventilation. Make the leaves of orchids lush and healthy, green and bright. It is also necessary to strengthen pest control to prevent wind and rain attacks and mechanical damage. The key to preserving the leaf tip is to ensure that orchids need enough water and nutrients, and the pot soil is loose and breathable, so that the root system is developed and complete, the plants grow vigorously, and there is no scorching tip phenomenon. Care should be taken to protect the orchid leaves during maintenance, and the operation should be light and fine, so as not to collide with the orchid leaves and keep its natural posture. The polluted leaves should be carefully cleaned, and water mist should not be accumulated in the center of the leaf bundle. Old and diseased leaves that are yellow should be cut off in time.
Protect flowers
After the flower bud is unearthed, it should be removed as soon as possible, and each orchid seedling can leave one flower bud Z. It is advisable to keep 3-5 buds in each pot. According to the variety of orchids, the size of pots and the number of seedlings, flower buds should be reserved appropriately. In order to protect and develop valuable varieties, we can break off all the flower buds and let them flourish. During the period from flower bud elongation to flowering, we should maintain moderate illumination to make the flowers bright, full, shiny and fragrant. If the light is too weak, the color of the flowers will be weak and lack luster.
Flowers bloom for too long, consuming nutrients, which hinders the flowering of the second long leaf of the bud. Chunlan's flowers bloom for about half a month, and it is necessary to cut off the scape in time after failure. Whelan's flowers will be cut off after the last flower in the inflorescence opens for l weeks. Orchids are generally not allowed to pollinate after flowering, especially those that are not very strong and valuable, otherwise it will affect the next year's flowering.
3. Temperature
In Guangxi province. Cold orchids and cymbidium in winter-generally do not need to spend the winter indoors. The purpose of adjusting the temperature is to prevent cold in winter and hot in summer and change the flowering period. When the temperature is lower than 0℃ in winter, the leaves and buds of orchids are vulnerable to freezing injury, and the leaves appear waterlogged black spots and the buds wither. If the temperature drops suddenly and sharply or the frost is extremely serious, the harm will be even greater. But too high a temperature in winter is not good, because orchids are dormant in winter, and too high a temperature will interfere with dormancy. In summer, if the temperature is too high and orchids suffer from summer heat, the leaves will be yellow, rough and dull, and they are easy to get sick, and often the base of the leaves begins to rot.