Detailed information on waste utilization (environmental protection means)

Waste recycling refers to collecting materials that would otherwise be discarded, breaking them down to make new products, or collecting used products, cleaning and processing them before selling them. Proponents of recycling believe that doing so reduces waste production and the consumption of raw materials. Commonly recycled materials include glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, steel, printers, toner cartridges, and ink cartridges. The sources of these materials can be divided into industrial waste and general waste. In order to realize waste resource utilization, many countries have adopted a series of policies and measures to encourage the utilization of waste, such as establishing professional waste exchange and recycling institutions to engage in the direct and effective use of waste. Basic introduction Chinese name: Waste Utilization Ancient times: The treatment and utilization of wastes have a long history Modern times: Due to the shortage of waste storage sites Development prospects: The cause has indeed achieved great achievements Historical evolution, ancient times, modern times, development prospects, functions, applications, operating methods , Historical evolution The treatment and utilization of ancient waste has a long history. Our people have built toilets to accumulate fertilizers as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. India and other Asian countries have had the custom of using excrement and garbage for composting since ancient times. As early as 3000 BC to 1000 BC, during the Minoan civilization of ancient Greece, there was a method of covering garbage burial pits with soil. In the 18th century, Edinburgh, a large city in Scotland, had records of collecting, classifying, selling and reusing waste. After entering the 20th century, with the development of productivity, the population further concentrated in cities. For example, 100 years ago, 80% of the population in the United States was in rural areas, and now 80% of the population is in cities; the rate of urbanization of our country's population is also rapidly accelerating, and the rise of township enterprises has increased the non-agricultural population. Due to the rapid increase in consumption levels, the emissions of "three wastes" are increasing day by day, and pollution incidents are increasing day by day, which has become a serious environmental problem. After the mid-1960s, environmental protection began to receive attention from the public and countries around the world, especially developed countries. Technologies for pollution prevention and waste utilization developed rapidly, and a series of treatment methods were generally formed, becoming an important part of environmental science and environmental engineering. content and foundation. Waste utilization of tapes Since the 1970s, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France and Italy, etc., due to tight waste storage sites, high processing costs, and the impact of the oil crisis, resource issues have become more prominent. The Japanese scientific and technological circles first proposed " The concept of "resource recycling" has attracted the attention of the international community, and the issue of waste recycling has attracted increasing attention. Many countries have successively formulated relevant laws and regulations, and the development trend of turning from passive disposal to active utilization in the past can also be seen in legislation. For example, the United States enacted the Waste Disposal Act in 1965, which was revised into the Resource Recovery Act in 1970 and the Resource Conservation and Recycling Act in 1976. It clearly stipulates that all kinds of waste, especially solid waste, are not allowed to be disposed of arbitrarily and must be used as resources. Take advantage of it. In order to realize waste resource utilization, many countries have adopted a series of policies and measures to encourage the utilization of waste, such as establishing professional waste exchange and recycling institutions to engage in the direct and effective utilization of waste. In the early 1980s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency deployed 200 waste exchange points and set up 3,000 recycling centers across the country. European recycling machines, you can get money by throwing bottles in. Some European countries vigorously developed transnational waste exchange systems from the 1970s to the 1980s. The German Chemical Industry Association first began to cooperate with neighboring countries such as Austria, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark and signed waste exchange agreements. The Western European Union Chamber of Commerce and Industry established the waste exchange market in 1978. The Nordic countries of Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway have established the Nordic Waste Exchange to promote the development of waste resources. In addition to these management measures, the scientific and technological circles of various countries have also proposed many waste utilization processes. Regardless of waste gas, waste liquid or waste residue, they can be converted into resources under suitable conditions. For example, a large amount of organic matter contained in municipal garbage can be used as auxiliary fuel for coal after sorting and processing, and can also be used to produce fuel oil through high temperature decomposition; some waste liquids are mixed with waste materials and can be degraded by microorganisms to produce biogas and high-quality fertilizers. ; High-priced metal materials like germanium can be recovered from waste smoke; it is common for waste residues to be used in the production of building materials.

In 1972, China proposed the environmental protection work policy of "comprehensive utilization and turning harm into benefit" at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (held in Stockholm, Sweden from June 5 to 16 of that year). From August 5 to 20, 1973, China It was confirmed at China's first environmental protection conference held in Beijing and written into the "Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (Trial)" promulgated in 1979, which is still in use today and has become our country's basic national policy. Hong Kong's three-color classified recycling bins In fact, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country, from the private sector to governments at all levels, has attached great importance to the comprehensive utilization of waste materials. For example, by the end of 1995, there were 2,800 renewable resource companies (or scrap companies) at or above the county level across the country, 112,000 recycling outlets across urban and rural areas, and more than 1,500 comprehensive processing and utilization plants of various renewable resources, employing approximately 730,000. From 1950 to 1995, the country recycled 177.5 billion yuan of various waste materials, with a total recycling volume of 350 million tons, including recycled raw materials from various industries such as metallurgy, chemical industry, light industry, handicraft industry, etc., such as 165 million tons of scrap steel, and 165 million tons of old scrap materials. There are 4.87 million tons of non-ferrous metals, 19.2 million tons of various old chemical raw materials, 63 million tons of waste paper, and a large number of directly usable old things and priceless historical relics. The benefits of comprehensive utilization are considerable. From 1981 to 1995 alone, the non-ferrous metals extracted from recycled waste residues and waste liquids amounted to 86,500 tons, with an output value of 10 billion yuan; and from gold, silver, and platinum group metals, From the discarded components, 4,800 kilograms of gold, 711 tons of silver, and 1,990 kilograms of platinum group metals were extracted. Development Prospects The waste utilization industry has indeed made great achievements, but humans will not be satisfied with the existing results. Usually, thinking about environmental protection focuses on how to deal with waste after it has been generated. This is a tail-end management idea. In May 1989, the Council of the United Nations Environment Program proposed a new concept called "cleaner production". The content of this concept was clarified at the Canterbury (UK) Conference in October 1990: Cleaner production is a preventive environmental strategy for processes and products, aiming to reduce the risks of production to humans and the environment; for production processes, cleaner production Focus on saving raw materials and energy, eliminating toxic raw materials, and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and waste before they leave the process; for products, the strategic focus of cleaner production is on the entire life cycle of the product, that is, starting from raw material collection to The final disposal of the product should minimize negative impacts. The development of the strategic thinking of cleaner production and the utilization or resource utilization of waste is a major progress. It broadens the horizons of environmental protection and promotes the transformation of tail-end management into all-round management of all aspects of the entire production process. However, this is for new process design, and the utilization and resource utilization of accumulated waste on the earth is still very difficult, but even so, the idea of ​​cleaner production must still be used as a guide to avoid secondary pollution and new environmental issues. Almost at the same time that the concept of cleaner production was proposed, the U.S. Congress passed the "Pollution Prevention Act" in 1990, which clearly proposed the concept of pollution prevention. Although it does not have legal force, it is an action guide that details the system and different levels of pollution prevention. It includes waste removal, processing, recycling, reducing pollution sources and eliminating pollution sources. This last term, "elimination of sources of pollution," represents the ultimate goal of the new concept of pollution prevention. This bill marks the beginning of a new era of environmental protection. It is the product of lessons learned from chemical pollution control since the 1960s. It is a "new chemical baby" conceived by people. Since the 1990s, this "baby" has attracted attention from all parties and has been given many beautiful names, such as: environmentally benign chemistry, atomic economics, environmentally friendly chemistry, green chemistry, etc. Eventually the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency adopted the name green chemistry. On March 16, 1995, President Clinton announced the establishment of the "Green Chemistry Challenge Plan" to promote cooperation among all walks of life in chemical pollution prevention and industrial ecology research, encourage and support major creative scientific and technological breakthroughs, and fundamentally reduce or even Eliminate sources of chemical pollution. This also takes the concept of waste utilization to a whole new level.

The wonderful use of waste sponge allows flowers and trees to get sufficient water for a long time. Place the waste sponge at the bottom of the flower pot and cover it with a layer of soil. When watering the flowers, the sponge can store water and supply the flowers and trees with sufficient water for a long time. of moisture. Use old umbrellas to make clothes hanger covers. Umbrellas are generally beautiful and have dense texture, so they are suitable for clothes hanger covers. Cut a piece of umbrella cloth with a diameter of about 2 cm from the center of the old umbrella cloth, and then use a diagonal strip of fabric to roll an edge on the cutting edge. In this way, the farm frame cover is made. The old belt extends the service life of the blade. Every time the blade is used up, rub it back and forth on the back of the old belt a few times, and it can be used again. Rice water to slurry clothes: The precipitated white rice water can be used to starch clothes after boiling. Use a scrap toothbrush to make a clothes hook. Remove the bristles from a scrap toothbrush. Place the toothbrush head in 1 cup of boiling water. After it softens, quickly bend the toothbrush handle into a hook with your hands (let it cool and harden before letting go), and then nail it to the appropriate place. position, it can be used as a clothes hook. Apple peels make the aluminum pot as shiny as new. Place fresh apple peels in a blackened aluminum pot, add water and boil for 1 quarter of an hour, then rinse with water. When the gum residue sticks to the shoes and the shoes are unglued, you can spit out the chewing gum residue that has been squeezed out of the sugar in your mouth, stuff it into the open gap of the shoe upper, and then press it hard a few times, and the heel and upper will stick together tightly. Its bonding fastness is even better than ordinary glue. Rice water makes muddy water clear. Pour a certain amount of rice water into the pool, and the turbid water will become clear. I often pour rice water into the fish pond. It not only enhances the nutrition of fish, but also keeps the pond water clean. An old shower cap prevents the seat cushion from getting wet. Put an old shower cap on the bicycle seat cushion on rainy days to ensure that the seat cushion does not get wet. It is fast and safe to remove fish scales from waste bottle caps. Fix five or six beer bottle or beverage bottle caps staggeredly on a wooden board, leaving a handle, and use it to scrape fish scales, which is fast and safe. Mosquito-repellent incense ash as fertilizer Mosquito-repellent incense ash contains potassium and can be used as fertilizer for potted flowers. As long as you sprinkle a little water on the mosquito-repellent incense ash, you can apply it to the pot and it will be easily absorbed by the flowers and trees. Ice cream box waste recycling materials: plastic containers, glue, lace, scissors, ribbons. Steps: Clean and dry the plastic container. Cut the lace to appropriate length according to the circumference of the container. Apply glue to the container and attach the lace. Apply glue on top of the lace and stick the ribbon on it. Ice cream box waste recycling, clever use of waste oil. Materials: waste oil used for frying food, napkins. Steps: 1. Soak kitchen paper in oil until soaked. 2. Wipe the oil-stained range hood with a paper towel soaked in oil. Rinse with hot water after 3.5 minutes, and the range hood will be very clean. Principle: Since oils easily penetrate each other when in contact with each other, the oil stains can be removed more easily after applying waste oil on the oil stains. The wonderful uses of egg shells 1. Make small handicrafts. Complete empty eggshells can be turned into arts and crafts by painting them with oil paint. 2. Makes skin delicate and smooth. Collect a layer of egg white in the eggshell, add a small spoonful of milk powder and honey, and mix it into a paste. After washing your face at night, apply the mixed egg paste on your eyelids and wash it off after 30 minutes. This method is often used to make Facial muscles are delicate and smooth. 3． Treat rickets in children. Egg shells contain more than 90% calcium carbonate and a little sodium carbonate, hydrogen phosphate and other substances. When crushed into powder and taken internally, it can treat rickets in children. 4. Upper stomach pain. Wash and break the egg shells, put them into an iron pot and stir-fry them over a slow fire until they become brown, and then grind them into powder. The finer the better, take one egg shell a day, divided into 2 to 3 times before meals or Take it with sweat after meals. It has analgesic and antacid effects on patients with duodenal ulcer, stomach pain and hyperacidity. 5. Anti-inflammatory and pain relieving. Crush egg shells into powder and apply them externally, which has the effect of treating wounds and anti-inflammatory. 6． Treat burns. Inside the egg shell, there is a thin layer of egg membrane. When a certain part of the body is burned, you can gently crack an egg, peel off the egg membrane, and apply it on the wound. After about 10 days, the wound will heal. Another advantage is that it relieves pain when applied. 7． Treat dizziness in women. Fry the eggshells over low heat until yellow, then grind them into powder, mix evenly with the licorice powder, take 5 grams and drink it with an appropriate amount of rice wine, twice a day. 8． Treat diarrhea. Use 30 grams of egg shells, 9 grams each of tangerine peel and chicken gizzards, fry them in a pot until yellow and grind them into powder. Take 6 grams each time with warm boiled water, 3 times a day for two days. 9. Light the stove.

A tool for repairing sewers. After a long period of use, the wooden handle of the sewer pipe became separated from the rubber. In this case, you can find an iron cap for a wine bottle, use screws to fix the cap to the end of the wooden handle, and then put a glue bowl on it to avoid the handle falling off. Relieve itching. If mosquito bites are extremely itchy in summer, you can place the hot water bottle cap on the mosquito bite and rub it for 2 to 3 seconds, then remove it, 2 to 3 times in a row. The severe itching will disappear immediately and will not appear locally. erythema. The bottle cap is best taken from a thermos bottle with a water temperature of about 90°C. Raise flowers. Take a bottle cap and place it at the water outlet of the flowerpot to allow water to circulate and prevent soil from flowing away. Make your own simple needle and thread spool with a film inner spool. Just glue 2 to 3 used 135 film inner spools together with adhesive to create a beautiful and practical needle and thread spool. There are many uses for scraps. For example, when making children's clothes, you can choose some brightly colored rags, cut them into interesting animal patterns, and use them as appliques to stick on children's knees, etc. It can increase the appearance and play a decorative role. It can also increase the firmness of these parts and extend the wearing life. The wonderful use of noodle soup. If there is no detergent on hand, then noodle soup or dumpling soup is a good substitute. Use it to wash dishes, and then rinse with water after washing. The decontamination effect is no less than that of detergent. Utilization of old umbrella canopies: Most of the old nylon umbrellas with no repair value have very strong canopies. Therefore, the umbrella cover can be removed and transformed into large and small nylon handbags with different patterns and colors. The production method is as follows: first break the old umbrella cover into small pieces (maximum 8 pieces) along the seams, wash, dry and iron them. Then use 6 of the pieces to turn them upside down and piece them into a rectangular shape, and use 2 pieces to make a strap or shoulder strap. When splicing, various portable nylon bags can be made according to personal preferences and umbrella patterns. Finally, attach the carrying strap or strap and decorate it with various fasteners. Utilization of old records: Discarded plastic records can be baked softly on the stove and gently shaped into a lotus leaf shape with your hands to create a unique fruit plate. It can also be shaped into various styles as you like, or used to hold items or for decoration, all of which are unique. The wonderful uses of scrap tapes Scrap tapes or inferior tapes can easily damage the magnetic heads and cannot be used on machines. But it can be used to decorate the surface of light-colored modular furniture. How to attach: ① When the last coat of paint on the modular furniture is about to dry, straighten the waste tape and attach it. ②After painting the modular furniture, apply white glue to the matte side of the tape, then straighten it and stick it to the modular furniture. The wonderful use of used boxes Use used boxes (such as toothpaste boxes) to make a pen holder. Production process: 1. Cut the toothpaste box at 1|3, and stick it together with the other part of 2|3 with double-sided tape. 2 Use colored cardboard to draw 2 animal portraits that are slightly higher than the glued box, such as giraffes, and decorate them. 3. Glue two animal pictures to both sides of the toothpaste box, and a beautiful pen holder is ready. 4 You can also use other boxes to make some practical glove boxes. The wonderful uses of expired magazines. The expired magazines can be bundled up and made into stools, and the outside can be sprayed with colorful paint.