What remarkable achievements has China made in the development of space technology?
1in August, 965, China began to implement the first artificial earth satellite plan. After five years' efforts, China successfully launched the "Dongfanghong-1" satellite. The satellite's weight, tracking means, signal form and star temperature control all exceed the level of the first satellite in other countries. The successful launch of the "Dongfanghong-1" satellite marks the successful completion of the "two bombs and one satellite" national major high-tech project.
The great achievement of the "two bombs and one satellite" project is an important symbol of the achievements of the new China. Comrade Deng Xiaoping profoundly pointed out: "If China did not have atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs and satellites in the 1960s, China would not be a big country with important influence and would not have such an international status. These things reflect the ability of a nation and are also a sign of the prosperity of a nation and a country. " The implementation of the "two bombs and one satellite" project has made a qualitative leap in China's national defense strength, widely promoted the development of science and technology in China and promoted the socialist construction in China. From the 1970s to the mid-1980s, China made a series of major breakthroughs in satellite technology and made many significant achievements in the application of satellite technology. 197 1 in March, China's first scientific exploration and technical test satellite "Shijian-1" was successfully launched. The satellite's in-orbit operation time exceeded 8 years, far exceeding the design requirements, which was rare among foreign satellites at that time. 1975165438+1October 26th, the recoverable remote sensing satellite was launched for the first time and successfully returned to the ground after three days of normal operation in space, making China the third country in the world to master the satellite return technology after the United States and the Soviet Union. The recoverable satellites of the United States and the former Soviet Union were successfully recovered after many failures, and the recoverable satellites of China were successfully recovered in the first flight test, and valuable remote sensing data were obtained, which was a great achievement. 1in April, 1984, the first geostationary orbit communication satellite "Dongfanghong-2" was successfully launched and accurately positioned over the equator at 125 degrees east longitude, making China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch geostationary orbit satellites. The experimental communication satellite launched for the first time has been put into practical use, and its normal operation has exceeded the design requirements for more than three years, creating a new record in the development history of communication satellites in the world.
From the late 1980s to the early 20th century, China made a series of major breakthroughs in satellite technology, and made many new achievements one after another. 1September 1988, the first polar-orbiting experimental meteorological satellite "Fengyun-1" was successfully launched, making China the third country to independently develop and launch polar-orbiting meteorological satellites. 1May 1997, the medium-capacity communication satellite "Dongfanghong-3" was successfully launched and fixed above the equator at 125 degrees east longitude. The main performance indexes of the satellite have reached the advanced level of similar satellites in the same period in the world. The successful development and operational application of this satellite indicates that China has stepped onto a new stage in the field of communication satellites. 1June, 1997, the first geostationary experimental meteorological satellite "Fengyun-2" was successfully launched, and all experimental tasks were completed. 1999 10, the first earth resources satellite "Resources No.1" was successfully launched, namely the China-Brazil earth resources satellite mainly developed by China and jointly developed by Brazil. The satellite worked normally for 3 years 10 month, which exceeded the design life requirement of 2 years, and provided effective application at the first launch. This marks a breakthrough in transmission remote sensing satellite technology in China, and China's space remote sensing has entered a new stage.
2 1 century, China satellite development achieved 3/kloc-0 flight tests, broke through a large number of core technologies and key technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and achieved a series of major scientific and technological innovations. In June, 2000, 5438+ 10 and February, 65438+2, two Beidou-1 navigation test satellites were launched and operated normally in orbit, making China the third country in the world to independently develop and launch navigation satellites. Beidou-1 is also the world's first double-star navigation and positioning system. In May, 2002, the first ocean satellite "Ocean No.1" was launched, ending the history that there was no ocean satellite in China. In June, 5438+February, 2003 and July, 2004, the Exploration I and Exploration II satellites developed in cooperation with the European Space Agency were launched respectively, and the ground-air double-star exploration plan was successfully implemented, thus realizing the leap-forward development of China's space exploration technology. In May 2007, China successfully developed and launched "Nigeria Communication Satellite No.1" based on Dongfanghong-4 platform, completed the on-orbit delivery, and achieved a breakthrough in China's satellite export. The design life of "Nigeria Communication Satellite No.1" is 15 years, the output power reaches 10000 watts, the comprehensive capacity is more than 20 times that of "Dongfanghong-3" satellite, and the overall performance of the satellite has reached the advanced level of similar international communication satellites. The successful development of this satellite marks a new leap in China's communication satellite technology.
At present, China has formed six satellite series, including recoverable remote sensing satellite, Dongfanghong communication and broadcasting satellite, Fengyun meteorological satellite, Shi Jian scientific exploration and technology test satellite, resource earth resource satellite and Beidou navigation and positioning satellite, and the marine satellite series will soon be formed. The overall level of various satellites has been significantly improved, reaching the international level in the 1990s. In addition, in the past five years, China has jointly developed or independently developed a number of microsatellites with foreign countries, and made important progress in the field of microsatellites.
A great leap in manned space technology
Manned space flight is one of the most challenging high-tech fields in the world. Manned spaceflight project is a concentrated demonstration of the high-tech development level in the contemporary world and an important symbol to measure a country's comprehensive national strength. 1992 China's manned spaceflight project is another major national high-tech project after "two bombs and one satellite", and it is also the largest aerospace project with the most complex system, great technical difficulty and the highest requirements for reliability and safety since the establishment of China's space industry. 1999165438+10. In October, the "Shenzhou-1" experimental spacecraft was successfully launched and recovered, and China's manned space technology made a major breakthrough. After that, three unmanned experimental spacecraft "Shenzhou" were successfully launched and recovered, which laid a solid foundation for manned flight. From June 5438+1October 15 to June 16, 2003, Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft successfully sent China's first astronaut into space and returned safely, realizing the Chinese dream of flying for thousands of years and setting another milestone in the history of China's space development. From June, 5438 to October, 2005 10, Shenzhou VI manned space flight was carried out for "two people and five days", and the first manned space test was carried out, which made China achieve another great achievement in the field of manned space flight. The historic breakthrough and continuous success of China's manned spaceflight project is a milestone victory for China's space industry.
20 1 1 20 16 On September 29th, Tiangong-1 was launched. Its main task is to complete the rendezvous and docking test as a space rendezvous and docking target; Ensure the work and life of astronauts during their orbit; A space test platform with short-term manned and long-term independent and reliable operation will be initially established. China Shenzhou VIII spacecraft successfully docked with Shenzhou VIII for the first time in the early morning of 111October1. After a combined flight of 12 days, the Shenzhou-8 spacecraft successfully rendezvous and docked with Tiangong-1 for the second time at 20114: 20.
The core part of the first phase of China's manned spaceflight project is the development of Shenzhou manned spacecraft. The development of China's manned spacecraft started late, always insisting on a high starting point and high goals, overcoming a number of technical problems recognized by the international space community, adopting a number of new technologies with international advanced level, spanning the 40-year history of the United States and Russia, and developing a manned spacecraft with international advanced level. The overall level of Shenzhou manned spacecraft has reached or surpassed the third generation, which is the latest generation of manned spacecraft in the world, and has its own characteristics. It consists of an orbital module, a return module and a propulsion module, and can accommodate three astronauts. With a diameter of 2.5 meters, the return capsule is the spacecraft with the largest available space in the world. After the return capsule returns, unlike the practice of abandoning the orbital module abroad, the orbital module can stay in orbit for several months to continue space scientific exploration and technical experiments. The development of manned spacecraft in China has achieved a high starting point, high efficiency and leap-forward development.
Historical Breakthrough of Deep Space Exploration Technology
Deep space exploration is the third largest field of space activities in China after launching artificial earth satellites and manned space flight. In 2004, China launched the lunar exploration project, which is one of the 16 major national science and technology projects launched in the new period. The lunar exploration project is implemented in three phases, namely, phase I, phase II and phase III, namely, lunar exploration; Soft landing of the moon and automatic sky survey; Lunar sampling returns. The core part of the first phase of China's lunar exploration project is to develop the "Chang 'e-1" lunar exploration satellite to realize the transfer of the earth and the moon and the flight around the moon. Chang 'e-1 is the first lunar probe in China. Although the development started later than abroad, it insisted on a high starting point and aimed at the forefront of international deep space exploration technology. After more than three years' efforts, on the basis of fully inheriting mature technologies, we have conquered a large number of core technologies and key technologies with independent intellectual property rights, such as lunar exploration orbit design, guidance navigation and control, long-distance measurement and control and communication, satellite thermal control and payload, and the technical level of Chang 'e-1 satellite has reached the advanced level of similar lunar probes in the world today. The complete success of China's first lunar exploration project has achieved a major breakthrough in China's deep space exploration technology and marked another historic leap in the development of China's space technology.