The layout of ancient tombs
1. Layout mode with Lingshan as the main body: represented by the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty, its enclosure is in a bucket shape, surrounded by walls and backed by Mount Li, with simple outline and majestic weather, creating a commemorative atmosphere.
2. Shinto runs through the overall axis layout: giving priority to Shinto. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the Gaozong Ganling was dominated by mountain peaks, and the front was decorated with quemen, stone statues, inscriptions and huabiao, forming a Shinto. Build a pavilion in front of Shinto. Using the ups and downs of Shinto and the spatial changes of opening and closing, the grand spirit of mausoleum architecture is set off.
3. Layout of buildings: In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the closed environment surrounded by mountains was chosen as the mausoleum, and all tombs were arranged in one place harmoniously. Archway, Dahongmen, Monument Pavilion, etc. All of them have joined Shinto, and the architecture and environment are closely combined to create a solemn environment.
There are three kinds of ancient tombs: soil cave tomb, Wooden Tomb and Masonry Tomb.
1, Guo Mu Tomb: After entering the class society, the tomb system is divided into strict classes and grades. The tombs of kings and nobles at all levels are made of wood. Guo is the "palace" for holding coffins, that is, a set of coffins outside the coffins. In the coffin, the coffin is divided into several squares. The coffin is placed in the middle, surrounded by several squares on both sides and up and down, which are called compartments for placing funerary objects.
"Huangchang crossword puzzle" is the development of Guo Mu Gong Xuan, and Huangchang refers to the cypress yellow core, that is, the cypress core is tenon; "Ming" refers to the architectural form of the parliamentary hall, the predecessor of the tenon structure, and the square-wood cross building. After tenon, it has no practical architectural significance and becomes a symbol of etiquette, that is, "Ming" and "He" are architectural forms. By the Han Dynasty, the tenon had been separated from the rafters and piled up around the rafters, which became a "crossword puzzle". If you look from the inside, all the walls can only see the end of the rafters.
2. Masonry tombs: Since the Han Dynasty, masonry tombs have been widely used, and wooden tombs have been gradually replaced, which is an epoch-making change in China's ancient tomb system. In the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, hollow brick tombs were popular in the Central Plains. Stone tombs began to appear at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and portraits were carved in the tombs, so they were called "relief stone tombs".
3. soil cave tomb: In the loess-rich areas in the north, using the characteristics of thick soil layer, strong viscosity, uniform texture and less precipitation, earth caves and earth palaces were dug, with exquisite carvings and murals on the walls.
Extended data
Development history
In ancient China, burial was a custom. Neolithic tombs are mostly rectangular or square pit tombs with vertical holes and unmarked ground. Many huge tombs have been found in the ruins of Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province, some of which are as deep as the surface 10 meter, with a large number of slaves and chariots and horses buried with them. Tombs of the Zhou Dynasty were concentrated in Xi, Shaanxi and Luoyang, Henan. The exact location has not been found, and the mausoleum system is unknown.
During the Warring States period, tombs began to form huge mounds with fixed tombs. Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is located in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, with a large scale and high walls. There are two cities around the mausoleum, including an enjoyment hall, stone carvings and graves buried with him. According to records, the underground bedroom is luxuriously decorated, and all kinds of rare treasures are buried with it. Its construction scale has a great influence on the tombs of later generations. There are more imperial tombs in the Han Dynasty than cities built on the edge of the tombs, which are called Lingyi.
The Tang Dynasty was a climax in the history of China's mausoleum architecture, and some tombs were built because of mountains, with magnificent momentum. Due to the needs of the emperor's mausoleum, there is a memorial hall in the cemetery, which is called Shanggong; At the same time, there is a lower palace outside the mausoleum for fasting and living. There are tombs buried with kings, princesses, concubines and even prime ministers, heroes, generals and officials in the mausoleum area. Stone statue, stone beast, que building, etc. Are listed in the front row of Lingshan.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, except Hui Di and Qin Emperor who were captured by Jin and imprisoned in the northern desert, all the tombs of the seven generations were concentrated in gongyi city, Henan Province, and the scale was smaller than that of the Tang Tombs. Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, is still planning to return the capital to the Capital of the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the emperor's coffin was temporarily placed in Shaoxing, known as the Salvation Palace.
After the death of the Emperor of Yuan Dynasty, he was buried in Guqi Valley in Mobei. According to Mongolian custom, he was buried on the flat ground, without tombs and ground buildings. Therefore, the mausoleum site is still hard to find.
The Ming Dynasty is another climax in the history of China mausoleum architecture. Mao Xiaoling Mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty was in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, and other tombs were in Tianshou Mountain, Changping County, Beijing, collectively known as the Ming Tombs. Every mausoleum is built with the back of a mountain. There are a number of buildings such as Baoding, Fangcheng, Minglou, Fifteenth Palace, Huanxingmen, Yunen Temple and Yunen Gate arranged on the ground according to the axis. In front of the whole mausoleum area, there is a total Shinto, stone statues, stone pavilions, Dahongmen and stone archways, creating a solemn atmosphere.
Mausoleum In the Qing Dynasty, the former Yongling Mausoleum was in Xinbin, Liaoning, Fuling and Zhaoling Mausoleum were in Shenyang, and the rest were built in Zunhua and Yixian, Hebei, which were called the Qing Dongling Mausoleum and the Qing Xiling Mausoleum respectively. The layout and modeling of the building follow the Ming Tombs, and the carving style of the building is more gorgeous. Spatial layout and artistic conception Mausoleum is a comprehensive art integrating architecture, sculpture, painting and natural environment? .
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