Appellations of Top Ten Ancient People
Ten appellations of people in ancient times 1 1. First, calling people by their first names: There are roughly three situations: (1) claiming their first names or names. (2) for introduction or biography. (3) people who are disgusted and despised.
Second, the word: the ancients named it when they were young, and they took the word when they were adults (male 20 years old, female 15 years old), and the word has a meaningful connection with the name.
Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders.
Third, the title:No. is also called nickname and table number. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself.
Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title.
4. posthumous title: The title added after the death of ancient princes, senior officials and famous scribes is posthumous title.
5. Name of fasting: refers to the name of fasting or the room number. If Pu Songling is called Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao is the owner of the icehouse.
Sixth, birthplace: For example, Zhang Jiuling, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was born in Qujiang, so he was called Zhang Qujiang; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu.
7. Counties: For example, although Han Yu was from Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), because the Han family in Changli (now Yi County, Liaoning Province) was a famous family in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu" and the world called him Han Changli.
Eight, official name: official name as a person's title is quite common in ancient times.
For example, "Book with Wife": "Sima Chun shirt, you can't learn too much." "Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou.
Nine, title: For example, Zhuge Liang once conferred the title of Wuxiang Hou, so future generations are commensurate with Wuxiang Hou.
Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, criticized his ancestor Xie Xuan's title, so he died in his later years.
Official land: refers to the place name of official land.
For example, Jia Yi was once dismissed as a teacher of Changsha Wang, and the world called Jia Changsha; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world.
There were ten kinds of appellations for people in ancient times. Modesty is the traditional virtue of China, so the ancients called themselves modesty to show respect and courtesy to others.
In ancient times, people respected their parents very much. They introduce their parents to others as "my parents".
Although the emperors of the second country are the gods of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, they are also very modest when addressing themselves. They call themselves "widowed kings"
Third, people who read poetry books are afraid that others will say that they show off their literary talent, so ancient literati modestly call themselves "incompetent", which means that they need to study harder.
Fourth, when the ancients called themselves, they did not directly refer to me, but used a meaningful word. The word is "stupid". People are born from ignorance to understanding, so everyone will be stupid sometimes. This stupidity is the most modest self-promotion.
In ancient times, younger people of the fifth generation would call themselves "Xia" when introducing themselves to the younger generation and others, which means claiming to be under the ancients, under the elders and in front of the elders, showing a kind of respect.
The sixth oldest old people, their modesty is called "old father-in-law", which is also a kind of modesty to the old people themselves.
In the seventh ancient times, women humbly called themselves "concubines".
Emperor Bagu gave himself a humble title "I am a widower" when he spoke at ordinary times. This is the humble title that emperors call themselves.
The ninth monk will call himself an "old woman", and the old woman refers to a cassock he wears. The ascetic once believed in Buddhism all his life, and he could live on only one cassock. Monks put all their energy into practice, which is a modest name for themselves.
In the tenth ancient times, officials called themselves "Xiaguan" when they met others or people with higher positions than themselves.
I don't need to express it, because I am too straightforward. The ancients attached importance to etiquette and culture, and modesty is the traditional virtue of China people. Therefore, in order to popularize this virtue, people in China are polite. When addressing themselves, they will spread this humility to men, women and children.
Second, the top ten honorifics, there will be addressing others in communication, and the ancients also defined the top ten honorifics for addressing others. Which ten are they?
First, when meeting the other parents' elders, they will respectfully call each other's parents "your father, your mother" to show their respect for each other's parents.
When the second emperor gets along with his courtiers, he will call his courtiers "Ai Qing" to show their respect. The emperor often said, "All ministers love your uprightness", which is a kind of honorific title for their ministers in the Qing Dynasty.
The third is the name of the deceased. The ancients added a word "first" to the dead, such as "my father" and "my emperor".
Fourth, the emperor's family will address the emperor as "Your Highness".
Fifth, people respectfully call the emperor's meeting "long live" and "holy". Ancient people usually salute when they see the emperor, and eventually they will say, "Long live the emperor" to express their hope that the emperor will live forever and have respect.
Sixthly, those people with profound knowledge and great contributions in ancient times were called "saints" by the ancients, such as our "Confucius saints". He was a representative of the ancient Confucian school, promoted Confucianism and made great contributions to China culture, so everyone respectfully called him a "saint".
In the seventh ancient times, the general who heroically killed the enemy on the battlefield was regarded as "under his command" by the ancients.
In the eighth ancient times, there was a respectful name for older people called "grandfather".
In the ninth ancient times, the ancients called an elder with higher status, higher rights and heavier prestige a "master".
Tenth, the ancients called people older than themselves "good friends" to show modesty and respect for their elders.
There are ten modest names and ten honorific names in these appellations, which better reflect that the ancient people's work style is gentle and polite, and that China is a big country with etiquette.
Appellations of the top ten ancient figures III. First, direct roll call.
The ancients were famous for their writing. The ancients thought that first-name calling was disrespectful to others, so first-name calling only appeared in the following special circumstances:
1. Used to claim. For example:
Luling Wen Tianxiang prefaces the poem. (Wen Tianxiang's Introduction)
2. used for biography. For example:
Ping Zi, Zhang Heng, was born in Xi 'e, Nanyang. (Zhang Hengchuan People)
3. The elders address the younger generation to show kindness. For example:
In the name of (the name of Confucius disciple Luz), I will teach you what you know! A person's real knowledge lies in knowing what he knows and what he doesn't know. ("The Analects of Confucius for Politics")
4. Used to address people you hate. For example:
Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter. (Wen Tianxiang's Introduction)
It's a pity that Lu Shimeng has already made enemies with me. First, he spoke ill of me in front of the Yuan people, and then he followed suit to flatter the enemy.
Second, words.
Chinese characters, also known as ideographs, were taken in adulthood. Words are generally explanations and supplements to names. Praise is out of courtesy and respect for the praised person. For example:
Dongyang Horse has been in imperial academy for two years. (Song Lian's "Preface to Sending Ma Sheng to Dongyang")
With the expansion of Chinese character cultural circle, the phenomenon of "naming people by characters" appeared. Taking words as a line is the abbreviation of "taking words as a line in the world" That is, just call this person's "word" instead of his name. For example, Yang Shiqi, a famous cabinet official in the Ming Dynasty, has a unique name and unique handwriting, but the world usually only knows his handwriting, so it is called "taking the word as the line". On the other hand, Li Bai, whose name is white and his words are too white, can't be said to be "word for word" because his name and words are familiar to the world.
Three. Title (alias)
No, it refers to the nicknames of ancient people in China, besides names and characters, also called "posthumous title". Most of the numbers are dialed by themselves, and others are also dialed. No. is very practical. Besides being called, it is also used as the signature of articles, books and calligraphy. For example:
Example 1: Duke Zhou of Liao country (Duke Zhou of Liao Li: Zhou Shunchang, word, Liao country) arrested five people, and those who were shocked died. (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs")
Example 2: Yuan Mei, the author of Poems with the Garden, is the owner of the Garden. Xin Qiji, the author of Jia Xuan's long and short sentences, is called Jia Xuan.
We should study this regular chapter in a solid way, and everyone should memorize the numbers of some historical celebrities, such as:
Du Fu: Shaoling is old at night.
Li Bai: Violet Lay Man
Tao Yuanming: Mr. Wu Liu
Bai Juyi: a Buddhist in Xiangshan
Su Shi: Dongpo lay man
Ouyang Xiu: The drunkard's intention is not to drink, but to be a layman on June 1st.
Li Qingzhao: Yi 'an laity
Fourth, posthumous title.
Posthumous title is an evaluative writing given by later generations after his death.
As we said last class, in ancient history, emperors, queens, princes and ministers with relatively high social status generally had posthumous title. Said posthumous title came from a kind of respect for the sages. For example:
Zuo, Xiang Zu, public school Gyeonggi. (Fang Bao's "Zuo Anecdote")
Let's summarize the common words of "posthumous title". Let's pick up a small notebook and remember it:
Wen, Jing, Wu, Hui, Zhao, Xuan, Yuan, Cheng, Ping, Ming, Huan, Xian, Kang and Mu (praise)
Spirit, strength and grace (key)
Mourn, cherish and care (sympathy)
Five, according to the room number (house name)
Refers to calling by the empty stomach number or room number. We can regard the den or room here as the "studio" of the ancients.
For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called it "Chengzhai" and people called it "Yang Chengzhai"; Another example is that "Liaozhai" is Pu Songling's fasting name, so we call it "Mr. Liaozhai"; Drinking ice room is Liang Qichao's fasting name.
Six, said the official name
Address a person by his official name. This is also a unique way of addressing China in ancient times.
For example, Du Fu was called "Du Gongbu" because he was a foreign minister of the Ministry of Industry, and even his poems were named "Du Gongbu Collection".
We should accumulate some common titles of "official names":
Jia Taifu: Jia Yi; Xie Taifu: Xie An
Wang Youjun: Wang Xizhi; Wang Youcheng: Wang Anshi;
Du Fu: Du Fu; Liu Putian: Liu Yong;
Su Shi
VII. Official Land
Call it where you are an official.
For example, the word "Yuzhou" in Battle of Red Cliffs refers to Liu Bei. For example, "Liu Liuzhou" refers to Liu Zongyuan;
For example, "Jia Changjiang" refers to Jia Dao and "Wei Suzhou" refers to Wei Zhuang.
Eight, said the place of origin
It is easy to understand where he comes from, so we will use that person's last name plus his native place.
For example, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called "Meng Xiangyang". Liu Zongyuan is from Hedong, so he is called "Liu Hedong"; Wang Linchuan means Wang Anshi.
Nine, call county hope
This kind of address is very special. The so-called county looks refer to the prestigious family surnames in a certain area (generally, a surname can have one or more county looks).
For example, Han Yu is from Heyang, Henan, but we seldom call him "Heyang". On the contrary, at that time, the county of Korea was Changli, which we often called "Han Changli".
X. Title
Address someone by a title.
For example, the poet Xie Lingyun was called "Xie" because he inherited the title of Gong.