Feeding techniques of giant salamander
The individuals with good maturity of giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) are selected, and the appearance is strong, disease-free and injury-free, and the female abdomen is large and soft, and the abdomen feels full, soft and elastic when touched lightly with hands; The milky white spots around the male cloaca are obvious, the orange petal-shaped muscles protrude and the inner periphery is red and swollen. If a little semen is squeezed out, it will be examined by a microscope. Only when sperm is free can induced labor be induced.
induced labor
Oxytocin drugs usually use luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LRH-A) and chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), which are mixed. The injection dose is calculated according to the weight of the parent fish of giant salamander (ANDRIAS davidianus). Each kilogram of parent fish is injected with LRH—A50 microgram and HCG 800 ~ 1000 international unit. It is best to insert the needle into the intercostal groove at the back end. Can be injected once or twice. Inject the first dose of 1/4 and the second dose of 3/4 twice, with an interval of 1.5 ~ 2 hours. The spawning water temperature is 65438 04 ~ 265438 0℃. Under these conditions, the effective time of induced labor is 4 ~ 9 days, and the eggs laid 4 ~ 5 days after induced labor are better.
artificial insemination
Dry-wet method is adopted. The specific method is to catch the female giant salamander (giant salamander) after giving birth to a small piece of egg belt in the water, gently put it into a canvas stretcher, cover its head with black cloth, then one person lifts its tail slightly upward with his hand, and the other person holds a porcelain basin to catch the eggs. If the egg belt is blocked in the middle, you can hold the egg belt by hand and wait for a while to continue production, and you can't forcibly pull it out. Otherwise, the eggs are deformed and cannot be produced. When a section of egg belt is produced and there are a certain number of eggs, squeeze the male fish semen out of the egg belt, add a little water (3 ~ 5 ml), and gently shake the porcelain basin to fertilize it. Wait for 5 ~ 10 minute, add a little water, and change the water twice in half an hour. Finally, hatch in a pot.
artificial hatching
In order to ensure the smooth hatching of giant salamander, fertilized eggs should be identified and selected before hatching, and unfertilized eggs and deformed eggs should be rejected. The four cells of fertilized eggs and normal eggs are equal in size and arranged neatly; After division, the cells of unfertilized eggs and abnormal eggs are different in size and arranged in disorder. Only fertilized eggs with normal development can hatch and emerge. Incubation water should be cool and calm, with less sediment and high dissolved oxygen, and the water temperature should be between 14 ~ 18℃. During the incubation period, fresh water was slowly injected every 6 ~ 7 days for 65438 0 times, and the water temperature did not change more than 65438 0.5℃. When injecting water, the embryo should be prevented from rotating violently. Avoid direct sunlight and strong light during incubation. If water mold is found, it can be immediately soaked in 3 ~ 6 ppm malachite green water solution for 3 ~ 5 minutes. First, adopt refrigeration technology, strictly control temperature and light, and improve production efficiency.
Strictly adjust the water temperature
The optimum water temperature for the growth and development of giant salamander is 16 ~ 23℃. Therefore, in actual production, according to the change of production season, the water temperature in the aquaculture pond in summer is controlled between 16 ~ 23℃, which is beneficial to the growth and development of giant salamander, thus improving the growth speed of giant salamander and shortening the breeding cycle. In winter, the pond water is raised to 18 ~ 23℃, which makes the giant salamander change its hibernation habit and grow all year round, thus improving the breeding efficiency. In order to reduce the production cost and pollution, groundwater can be used for circulation, and the cooling capacity depends on various parameters and the water area, volume, water depth and ground temperature of the aquaculture pond.
Strictly adjust the lighting
The giant salamander is afraid of light, which is an important ecological factor for the gonad development of giant salamander. One of the key technologies of giant salamander industrial culture is dimming. The experimental results showed that the light intensity of the giant salamander was 100 ~ 500 LX, which meant that the gonad of the giant salamander matured in the dark. Strong light is not suitable for the growth and development of giant salamander, and even it is easy to cause unknown death.
Formulate operating rules for disease control technology
The industrial culture of giant salamander has a high density and is prone to diseases. Therefore, strengthening management and prevention is an effective measure to prevent diseases. The industrial culture of giant salamander adheres to the principle of prevention first and treatment second. The occurrence of giant salamander diseases is closely related to the ecological environment. Therefore, disinfection and prevention should be done from the point that fish enter the pond. In the breeding stage, iodine disinfection and medicinal materials feeding are carried out regularly, and sick fish are isolated and treated in time.
Two, the implementation of scientific farming, farming technology operating rules.
Cultivation water quality
The quality of water quality is related to the success or failure of industrial culture of giant salamander. Factory farming should strictly control water quality to prevent water quality from deteriorating. In actual production, we use zeolite to filter fish water, and then use ion exchange equipment to magnetize and mineralize the water source, and insist on changing one-third of the water every day to keep the pool water clean.
raise
According to the biological habit of giant salamander, it is fed once every three days, and different drugs are used for mixed feeding every time according to the breeding purpose. Feeding should be fixed, qualitative and quantitative.
Clean up dirt
The residual bait and feces in the pool should be removed in time to prevent the water quality from deteriorating. Check the drainage and water intake facilities regularly.
ventilate
Because the workshop area is large and the air circulation is not good, we use ventilation to make the air circulate. Summer is midnight 1 ~ 2 hours, and winter is once in the afternoon 1 ~ 2.
Graded feeding
After a period of time, giant salamander will appear individuals of different sizes. In order to prevent the law of the jungle, it is necessary to breed regularly according to different specifications of large, medium and small, so as to facilitate normal growth and development.
Strict supervision
To participate in aquaculture personnel, to carry out pre-job training, formulate post responsibility system, regular inspection and assessment.
Design of aquaculture pond
Living in a mountain stream at an altitude of 300-800 meters, the natural giant salamander has the characteristics of being fond of shade, afraid of wind, quiet and afraid of earthquakes, clean and dirty. Therefore, it is best to imitate the living conditions of giant salamander in nature by artificial construction.
Farm site selection requirements
1. 1 water resource demand
According to the analysis results of water samples collected in our hospital for many years, the general requirements of water for giant salamander culture are: sufficient water source, non-toxic and harmless, and meeting the standards of fishery water use. Specifically, in terms of water sources, it is best to use clear, cool and flowing water such as mountain streams, reservoir water and groundwater to achieve free irrigation and drainage; The water temperature should be strictly controlled within 0 ~ 28℃, and 18 ~ 22℃ is the best. In terms of water quality, it is required to be rich in dissolved oxygen, above 3.5mg/L, and the PH value is 6.5 ~ 7.5. The total hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, sulfate, silicate and ammonia nitrogen in the water cannot exceed the fishery water standard.
1.2 environmental requirements
The environment around the culture pond should be quiet, cool and fresh, surrounded by mountains, lush trees, sparsely populated and relatively independent. In addition, the transportation is convenient, and the local fish, shrimp, crab or animal viscera bait resources are abundant.
Design and construction of farms
The growth of giant salamander has obvious stages and metamorphosis process, so the breeding pool of artificial giant salamander should be designed and built in stages. The area of the breeding pond depends on the size of the giant salamander, and the juvenile pond (tadpole period 1 year) is 0.5 ~ 1 m2, and the juvenile pond (juvenile salamander period 1 ~ 2 years) is1m2. The shape of giant salamander culture ponds in each stage is preferably rectangular or oval, and the length-width ratio is 3∶2. Its height requirement is 2 to 3 times that of the giant salamander. The periphery and bottom of the culture pond should be flat, and the top should be provided with escape prevention facilities or covered with escape prevention nets. Multiple caves can be designed in the pond to facilitate the giant salamander to hide, and each breeding pond should be equipped with independent irrigation and drainage facilities to ensure that the water level can be effectively adjusted. The whole farm should establish perfect facilities to prevent the giant salamander from escaping, stealing and hurting.
Breeding management
3. 1 bait feeding
Fresh fish, shrimp, crab, frog and animal viscera are the best bait for giant salamander, and its bait feeding should be "four fixed", that is, "fixed time, fixed location, qualitative and quantitative", just like fish feeding. Every once in a while, according to the activity of giant salamander, feeding is mostly carried out at night; Positioning, the bait should be placed near the giant salamander hole to facilitate the lazy giant salamander to feed; Qualitative identification shows that the giant salamander has strict requirements on the quality of the bait, and the variety of the bait cannot be changed too much, so as to avoid the giant salamander refusing to eat; In terms of quantity, giant salamander is greedy, and the feeding amount should be from less to more, step by step. Generally, it is fed according to 10 ~ 15% of the body weight, and the specific feeding is appropriately adjusted according to the water temperature, weather conditions and individual situation of giant salamander. In addition, when feeding the baby fish bait, try to make the baby fish not frightened and avoid spitting.
3.2 Regulating water quality
The water quality in the giant salamander pond should always be kept fresh and pollution-free, with high transparency and dissolved oxygen, and the pH value is between 6.8 and 8.2. In the actual breeding process, it is necessary to remove the residual bait and excrement in time, adjust the water quality with quicklime regularly, and keep the pool water flowing for a long time.
3.3 Adjust the water temperature and light.
The giant salamander has strict requirements on water temperature. If it exceeds its tolerance, it will cause the giant salamander to hibernate or sleep in summer. When it is hot in summer and cold in winter, measures must be taken to reduce or increase the temperature to ensure that the giant salamander has a suitable water temperature growth environment. In addition, giant salamander is afraid of light, so the farm should take measures to avoid light, and can't shoot with strong light at night.
3.4 Prevention of escape and theft
Giant salamander has a very strong ability to escape. It is agile on land or in water and can climb the top heavy objects. If it is not careful, it will run away. Always pay attention to escape, especially in heavy rain. All water inlets, water outlets and land passages of the aquaculture pond and the whole farm should be equipped with escape prevention facilities. The economic value of giant salamander is high, so we should always pay attention to prevent it from being stolen by criminals during the breeding process.
3.5 Feeding types of young giant salamanders
Because of the different habitats and food structures of giant salamanders, the feeding types of young giant salamanders are also different. But the main foods include the following categories: (1) Daphnia cladocera, Daphnia carinata, etc. (2) Eriocheir sinensis and Eriocheir sinensis. (3) aquatic insects larva and Chironomid larva. (4) Fish, shrimp, loach, crucian carp, river crab, etc. (5) Artificial compound feed.
Breeding conditions
Both indoor and outdoor can be cultivated. Outdoor is a specially built open-air breeding pond, and indoor is a breeding pond transformed from various idle facilities. Aquaculture ponds only need to be safe, firm, watertight, keep running water or be equipped with an aerator. The size of indoor aquaculture ponds can range from 1 square meter to tens of square meters. Before stocking, the culture pond needs to be soaked in water 1 month to keep the pH below 6.4. Generally, strong light is not needed, and only weak light or no light can be kept.
Seedling stocking
Giant salamander breeding generally introduces young giant salamanders above 10 cm, and about 20 giant salamanders can be released per square meter of water surface. Before stocking the fry, the breeding ground was soaked in 2 mg/L copper sulfate for 5 hours for disinfection, and the giant salamander was soaked in 3% ~ 4% sodium chloride 10 minute. A cave was built with granite in the pool in advance, and aquatic plants were placed for the giant salamander to hide.
Feeding skills
The culture pond is equipped with a bait table, and the table top is slightly higher than the water surface. It is better to feed on natural bait, which mainly includes plankton, insects, meat, fish and shellfish. Feed it once every morning and evening, before 7:30 in the morning and before 10:30 in the evening. When throwing the bait, clean up the last residual bait first. Feeding amount is 5 ~ 10% of body weight. When the water temperature is 16 ~ 23℃, the feeding amount should be increased, and the frequency and time can remain unchanged.
Current management
The daily management of giant salamander is very simple, but it is very important. When feeding, keep three points: timing, fixed point and quantitative. It is very important to understand the ecological habits of giant salamander. Giant salamander likes silence, is afraid of noise, likes clear water and muddy water, and likes darkness and bright light. We should try our best to take care of these habits in breeding. In addition, the giant salamander body and culture pond are disinfected regularly to prevent diseases, and the change of water temperature is paid attention to. The water temperature is controlled not to exceed 26℃ in summer to prevent "summer sleep" and prevent the water temperature from falling below freezing point in winter.
Water quality requirements of feeding ponds
The fluctuation of water temperature in giant salamander (giant salamander) indoor culture pond is relatively stable throughout the year. The water temperature is relatively low from/kloc-0 to March and relatively high from July to September. Giant salamanders (giant salamanders) prefer to gather in fish nests rather than feed. The water temperature of artificially raised giant salamander (giant salamander) should be kept between 10 ~ 24℃.
The pH value of giant salamander (giant salamander) pond water is weakly alkaline, generally fluctuating between 7.3 and 7.4. The low pH value in summer is mainly due to the high consumption of dissolved oxygen and the increase of organic acids, which is beneficial to reduce ammonia poisoning caused by high temperature. Giant salamander (giant salamander) is very sensitive to alkaline water, and when the pH value is greater than: 9, it can lead to the fatal death of giant salamander (giant salamander), so the pH value change of giant salamander (giant salamander) culture pond water can not be ignored.
Chloride, sulfate and silicate are relatively stable in the pool, mainly affected by tap water. Cl in the pool? Slightly more Cl than tap water? (14.5 1.5 mg/L) is on the high side, which is due to the fact that giant salamander (giant salamander) excretes some Cl when urinating. Accumulate in the pool water. Cl？ Too high is easy to form toxic chlorine with NH, so Cl? Should be less than 1000 mg/L. When the sulfate concentration is high, O is deficient? Sulfate-reducing bacteria are easy to reduce and produce highly toxic H? S, so the sulfate content should not be too high. Silicate in pool water is the most stable, which is consistent with the content of tap water.
Dissolved oxygen and organic oxygen consumption The dissolved oxygen in the water of giant salamander is low, while the growth of giant salamander is good, which is related to the oxygen in the breathable air in its lungs. When the giant salamander breathes in the water, its weight increases and its breathing volume increases, so the density of feeding giant salamander should not be too large. Dissolved oxygen is an important factor to maintain the ecological balance of water, and it is necessary to constantly replenish the water with high oxygen content in the pool. It is suitable that the dissolved oxygen is greater than 3.5 mg/L.
The oxygen consumption of organic matter mainly comes from the excrement of giant salamander (giant salamander) and excess bait, which is positively related to the retention time of pond water. Because giant salamander (giant salamander) likes the quality of fresh water, it is necessary to reduce the oxygen consumption factor COD by constantly replacing fresh water. Total hardness and total alkalinity Giant salamander (Giant salamander) likes water rich in Ca, and a certain alkalinity can buffer the change of pH value. Therefore, the total hardness and alkalinity of giant salamander (giant salamander) should be slightly higher than that of fish, and the suitable ratio of Ca∶Mg is about 3∶ 1, and the suitable range is 100 ~ 2000.
What is the annual PO of phosphate giant salamander (ANDRIAS davidianus) breeding pond? —P content is high, and there is accumulation phenomenon. This is because the giant salamander digests the bones of loach through gastric acid, and its excrement constantly releases PO in the pool water. In addition, no green plants and algae use PO? Because. Giant salamander (giant salamander) culture pond po? The content of-P can be higher, but it should be lower than 5.0ppm.
The ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in giant salamander culture pond are obviously higher than that in tap water. This is mainly because the giant salamander (giant salamander) feeds on loach with high content in protein. Digest NH in excreta? The urea content is high, but the sunlight in the indoor pool is insufficient. Phytoplankton and algae use NH, which makes NH accumulate in the pool, and ammonia nitrogen is unstable. And transformed into NO under the action of nitrifying bacteria. The persistent accumulation of NO-N in pond water is positively correlated with the retention time of pond water. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen in the pond reaches a certain level, it is easy to cause the giant salamander (giant salamander) to die in batches. Therefore, reducing the concentration of NH-N and NO-N by changing water is the key to improve the artificial ecological environment of giant salamander (giant salamander).
If the residual chlorine is too high, it will irritate the eyes and skin of giant salamander. After large-scale aeration in the feeding pond, the residual chlorine in tap water decreased to the minimum in 1 ~ 2 days. According to the annual measurement, the residual chlorine in the pond of giant salamander (giant salamander) in summer is slightly higher, and the residual chlorine in each liter of water is about 0.32 mg. Usually, the residual chlorine content of 0.05 ~ 0.5 mg per liter of water has no effect on the growth and development of giant salamander (giant salamander). 2. 1 disinfection of aquaculture ponds
Newly-built aquaculture ponds, especially cement ponds, must be soaked for more than two months, and the fry can only be released after its alkalinity disappears. For the original culture pond, disinfection drugs generally use 1PPM bleaching powder or 0.5PPM 90% crystal trichlorfon to kill harmful organisms such as bacteria or parasites, and then rinse them with clean water, and then release the fry after injecting fresh water.
2.2 sterilization of giant salamander species
In order to prevent giant salamanders from bringing pathogenic microorganisms into the culture pond, all the stocked giant salamanders should be soaked in 0.2 g or 0.5 g methylene per cubic meter for 5 minutes, and then the liquid medicine and giant salamanders should be gently put into the culture pond.
2.3 seedling identification
3. 1 Difference between giant salamander fry and other fry
Among amphibians. In the order Ranidae, there are procaviidae, procaviidae and other species. Very similar to giant salamander, the main difference between them is to compare their morphological characteristics, mainly as follows: procaviidae, procaviidae, procaviidae.
3.2 Identification of the quality of giant salamander seedlings The quality of giant salamander seedlings is directly related to the success of feeding. High-quality giant salamander fry should be healthy, muscular, free from scars and parasites, and have intact external gills before metamorphosis. On the other hand, it is inferior giant seedlings.
2.4 stocking density
The stocking density of giant salamander culture pond depends on the specifications of giant salamander culture and the water source, water body and bait of the farm. In general, it is considered that the giant salamander has a small range of activities, weak feeding ability and relatively high stocking density at seedling stage, which is convenient for centralized management and feeding. In the adult stage, the giant salamander has a wide range of activities, strong feeding ability and attacks each other, so the stocking density should be small. According to our years of breeding practice, the stocking density is 60 ~100 fish /m2 in the seedling stage and 5 ~ 20 fish /m2 in the adult stage. When stocking, the specifications should be kept as neat as possible, and the difference between individuals should not exceed 0.5 times. The artificially raised giant salamander mainly suffers from the following diseases:
1. Abdominal distension (also known as ascites)
Symptoms: The individual floats on the water, moves slowly, does not eat, his eyes become cloudy and his abdomen swells. Anatomical examination revealed hydrops in the abdominal cavity and congestion and redness in the lungs. Sometimes fecal adhesions can be seen in the anus. Because the bait rots and the water quality deteriorates, changing water frequently can prevent diseases.
Treatment method: after discovery, feed them separately, put them in shallow water in the pool, and let their bellies reach the bottom, so as not to consume too much physical strength, but also to ensure fresh water quality. For fry, the disease is caused by poor digestive function, and they stop eating for 1 ~ 2 days. Properly handled, eyes can see again, abdominal distension disappears and health is restored. Adult giant salamander produces a large amount of ascites due to visceral infection, and kanamycin can be injected intramuscularly at the dose of 10000 unit /kg body weight. Gentamicin (20000 units/kg), chloramphenicol and neomycin also have good curative effects on this disease.
2. Spinal curvature disease
Symptoms: This disease can occur in catfish from larvae to adults. The appearance shows that the body is bent in an "S" shape, and its vitality is weakened, but it can still eat a little. Anatomical examination showed no obvious abnormality except curvature of spine. The cause of the disease may be a lack of certain minerals, or it may be caused by physiological diseases. After the onset of seedling stage, most of them died before reaching the adult stage. Adult giant salamanders are extremely thin after getting this disease, but generally they don't die immediately.
Treatment: the disease is mainly prevention, and it is difficult to recover after onset. Breeding should be diversified, so as to meet all kinds of minerals and vitamins needed by giant salamander. In addition, it is necessary to improve the water quality so that the water does not contain heavy metal salts, because heavy metal salts are toxic, which will stimulate the nerve and muscle contraction of giant salamander and cause rickets.
3. Rotting dermatosis (also known as skin ulceration)
Symptoms: There are many white spots the size of rapeseed or mung bean on the body surface, which gradually develop into white patches; With the development of the disease, the white plaque further decays into an ulcer, and red muscles, especially limbs, can be seen. The mouth, tail handle and head of the sick python are slightly congested. The sick salamander lay in the pond without food and soon died. Anatomical examination, liver swelling and purplish red, gastrointestinal congestion, pale heart blood loss, purplish red lungs.
Treatment: disinfect each cubic meter of water with 0. 1g norfloxacin or 0.2g chlorine dioxide, or disinfect with 0.3g strong chlorine essence, and change water every day for 3 consecutive days. For edible sick salamanders, ciprofloxacin 100 mg and multivitamin 150 mg were taken orally every day for 5 days. For the sick salamander who can't eat, the intramuscular injection of gentamicin is 1000 unit per kilogram of salamander's weight, 1 day after injection 1 time. Attention! Gentamicin should not be used at will. For edible and inedible salamanders, 2 ~ 4 mg/L gentamicin can be used to soak them for 4 ~ 8 hours every day until they are cured. You can also soak in ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin at a concentration of 2 ~ 4 mg/L. Neomycin, erythromycin and furazolidone are also effective for this disease. If the ulcer surface is large, apply gentamicin powder.
Prevention: The giant salamander was introduced from other places. The giant salamander is soaked in norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin for 20-30 minutes before entering the pool, and the solution concentration is 0.5 ppm. For the giant salamander bitten by the other side, it is necessary to clean the wound with hydrogen peroxide, then apply Kuiyangling ointment and put it in a waterless enamel basin. 1 ~ 2 hours later, it can be put into the pool. You can also apply erythromycin ointment.
Rot skin disease is mainly caused by feeding unhealthy frogs and loaches. Therefore, when feeding frogs, loaches, live fish and other fresh bait, it should be strictly disinfected. Soak in ciprofloxacin with a concentration of 0.5 ppm for 20 minutes.
4. erythroderma
Symptoms: The diseased giant salamander is swollen all over, showing congestion, inflammation, erythema and suppurative ulcer. Irregular red lumps often appear on the body surface of sick salamanders. At the beginning of the disease, there is a yellow pustule the size of a rice grain in the center of the red lump, which gradually spreads to the surrounding skin tissue. After the abscess is punctured, it will form a larger ulcerated focus. Anatomical examination showed that the liver was enlarged, there were bleeding spots, intestinal wall erosion and ascites increased.
Treatment: firstly, chloramphenicol ointment was applied to the ulcer on the body surface, and gentamicin was injected intramuscularly for seven days, and gentamicin 15 mg was injected every day according to the weight of giant salamander. The cure rate is 93%. Streptomycin and norfloxacin are effective. Oral synergistic diammonium and kanamycin. Each kilogram of giant salamander's body weight was fed with 50 mg of synergistic diammonium buried in fish pieces for 5 consecutive days. At the same time, intramuscular injection of kanamycin per kilogram of giant salamander weight 1/3 ml for 5 days.
Prevention: every 10 ~ 15 days, use "Xia Yu 'an" to disinfect the water for 1 time. Pay attention to prevent the skin of giant salamander from being damaged in the process of changing water and cleaning the pool, otherwise bacteria will invade and infect through the wound on the body surface. If fresh water is not added to aquaculture for a long time, the water quality will deteriorate, and bacteria in the water will multiply in large numbers, which will easily invade the wound of giant salamander. Therefore, frequent replacement of fresh water can also prevent this disease.
5. Printing disease (commonly known as red plum leaf spot)
Symptoms: The diseased salamander has bean-like erythema, which is massive and part of the epidermis is rotten (all in the erythema). Most of the diseased parts are in the back and tail, and a few are in the trunk and limbs. Many infected giant salamanders swim out of artificial caves and swim alone. Anatomical examination showed no pathological changes in heart, liver and lung.
Treatment: Apply mercuric chloride to the affected area of giant salamander, inject chlortetracycline into giant salamander, and inject 3 mg into muscle per kilogram of giant salamander, and it will be cured in 10 day. Or soak the sick giant salamander in the mixture of Venenum Bufonis 1g and 0.8g of rhubarb powder, with water per cubic meter 15min, and it can be cured for 7 days.
Prevention: Because Monopterus albus has red plum leaf spot, if giant salamander is raised with sick Monopterus albus, it is easy to be infected with this disease.
6. Hydromycetes
Symptoms: The diseased giant salamander produces cotton-wool gray-white hyphae. At first, gray spots can be seen, and the length of mycelium can continue to grow to 3 cm. For example, cotton tidbits are radial in water and hyphae are clearly visible. In severe cases, the sick salamander moves slowly, loses appetite, loses weight and even dies.
Treatment method: apply 10% potassium permanganate or 10% malachite green to the affected part of the sick giant salamander, then place it in the shade for 1 ~ 2 hours, and then put it into water. After two days, if there is still a water model, you can brush it 1 time. In addition, the sick giant salamander can also be soaked in 4 mg/L malachite green for more than 8 hours. You can also soak the sick salamander in 10 mg/L malachite green 15 ~ 20 minutes, and then apply 1‰ malachite green ointment to the affected area. For giant salamander seedlings suffering from water mold in gills and abdomen, soak them in malachite green solution of 0.5 mg/L for 2 ~ 3 minutes. If the giant salamander seedlings appear restless and swim wildly in the solution, the concentration should be reduced. Clotrimazole ointment also has a good effect on water mold.
The optimum water temperature for giant salamander breeding is about 20℃, which requires fresh water. This condition is also suitable for the growth of water mold. Therefore, in the incubation of giant salamander eggs, if a fertilized egg suffers from water mold, the diseased eggs can be soaked in 5 ~ 10 mg/L malachite green 10 minute, and then the soaked diseased eggs can be hatched separately.
Prevention: to prevent the giant salamander from being injured in the process of handling and reproduction. For the injured giant salamander, apply Kuiyangling ointment directly to the wound. For giant eggs that are hatching, the unfertilized egg belt should be cut and removed. Scissors used should be soaked and disinfected in 10% potassium permanganate solution in advance. Incubators are soaked in 50g/L salt in advance.
7. Oral ulcer (also known as oral ulcer)
Symptoms: The main symptom is oral ulcer, there are two kinds. One is that the upper and lower lips of the sick salamander are swollen, oozing and ulcerated, and the upper and lower jaws are seriously exposed; The other is that the lips are normal in appearance, but the palatal tissue in the mouth forms a large plaque, which leads to severe bleeding. Some sick salamanders have both symptoms. The sick salamander can't eat for a long time, and its constitution becomes weak, which is easy to cause complicated infection and die.
Treatment: After the sick giant salamander is found, it should be isolated in time. If the condition is mild, it can be cured by continuous soaking with gentamicin 4 mg/L 10 day. If the condition is serious, apply gentamicin powder to the affected area 1 ~ 2 hours, and then soak it in ciprofloxacin solution with a concentration of 4 mg/L for 8 hours a day for 10 days, and it can be cured. In severe cases, besides soaking, gentamicin should be injected at a dose of 0/0000 unit per kilogram of sick giant salamander. If treated in time, the cure rate is high.
Prevention: This disease is spread by frogs with oral ulcers. Therefore, when feeding frogs, they should be strictly disinfected in advance (soaked in ciprofloxacin liquid for two hours), and the safest way is not to feed sick frogs.
8. Rotten tail disease
Symptoms: At the initial stage of the disease, red spots or red patches often appear from the base to the end of the tail stalk, and the surrounding skin tissues are congested and inflamed, and the epidermis is gray. The course of the disease is too long, forming a sore-like lesion. In severe cases, the muscle tissue of the affected side is necrotic, the coccyx is exposed, and dark red or light yellow liquid is often oozing. The sick salamander stopped eating and lay motionless at the bottom of the water, and soon died.
Treatment: after finding the sick giant salamander, it is necessary to isolate and treat it in time. The sick salamander was washed with potassium permanganate solution (concentration of 20g per cubic meter) first, and then coated with chloramphenicol ointment or erythromycin ointment, once a day/kloc-0, for 7 days.
Prevention: The giant salamander used to live in deep mountains and streams with running water all the year round. The water quality is clean and pollution-free, but there are often a lot of germs in the artificially raised water. When the skin of giant salamander is injured, bacteria take advantage of it and cause diseases. Therefore, changing water frequently can reduce the occurrence of this disease.
9. Trematosis
Symptoms: the sick salamander is emaciated, with too much mucus on the body surface and slow movement.
Treatment: There are many kinds of trematodes in the giant salamander, which have been reported as follows: quasi-niutous trematode Guiyang, Acanthopanax japonicus, Paragonimus orientalis, giant salamander Oviductus, giant salamander live trematode Muchuan and midgut trematode. Most species are parasitic on the mucosal layer of the intestinal wall of giant salamander, causing swelling and inflammation of the intestinal wall, and a few species are parasitic in the stomach. If a small amount of trematode is parasitic, it has little effect on giant salamander. If trematode is a large number of parasites, it is easy to block the intestine and cause gastrointestinal perforation. You can refer to the veterinary treatment of trematodes, and treat them with drugs such as praziquantel and nitrothiocyanate.
Prevention: the pond can be disinfected with trichlorfon (because the giant salamander is sensitive to trichlorfon, it can be removed first, and then moved into the pond after disinfection and cleaning. ) Kill parasite eggs and larvae in water. Especially in summer and autumn, it is necessary to strengthen prevention and regularly embed insect repellent in bait (such as embedding insect repellent in fresh pig liver) to kill parasites in the body. Frogs, snails, mussels, etc. Those caught in the wild must be disinfected before feeding (preferably cooked before feeding).
10. Nematode disease
Symptoms: Nematodes parasitic under the skin of giant salamander occur in limbs, back, abdomen and tail. Nematodes parasitize the trunk (especially on both sides) from April to May. When the giant salamander touches the affected area, it will have a painful reaction. At this time, the giant salamander does not eat, and naturally disappears after June. There are also nematodes in the intestine of giant salamander, which are mainly parasitic in the muscle layer of the foregut. The head of the nematode burrows into the intestinal wall, destroying the tissue and absorbing tissue nutrients. There are also nematodes parasitic in the small intestine and rectum. There are also nematodes parasitic in the gallbladder.
Treatment: There are many kinds of nematodes in the giant salamander, such as Capillaria chenggu. Simple nematodiasis, if the number of parasites is small, generally will not cause death. The treatment method can refer to the method of veterinary treatment of nematodes, and feed the giant salamander with mebendazole, albendazole and other drugs embedded in fresh pig liver to achieve the effect of insect repellent.
Prevention: In summer and autumn, regularly bury pesticides or pesticides in the bait to kill parasites in the body. After cooking, feed frogs, water snakes, snails, mussels and other bait.
Giant salamander, whose scientific name is giant salamander, is a rare species that survived and continued with dinosaurs 300 million years ago. It is also the largest amphibian in existence. Known as a "living fossil", 1988 is listed as a national second-class protected wild animal. To sell giant salamanders, it is necessary to hold a license for domestication and breeding of aquatic wild animals, a license for operation and utilization and a transport license issued by the fishery administrative department, and apply to the local fishery administrative department.
Chinese giant salamander has high economic value, and has a wide development and utilization prospect in food, health care, medicine, ornamental and other aspects, so it has attracted much attention from all walks of life.
Giant salamander is a traditional precious medicinal animal. Modern clinical observation shows that giant salamander has the effects of nourishing yin and tonifying kidney, enriching blood and promoting qi circulation, and has remarkable curative effects on anemia, cholera and malaria. Its skin secretion has hemostatic effect. At the same time, giant salamander is also an economic animal with high edible value. Its meat is tender, its flavor is unique and its nutritional value is high. Its meat protein contains 17 amino acids, 8 of which are essential for human body.