Soybean Encyclopedia
Soybeans are commonly known as soybeans. Originating in China, it is cultivated throughout China and is also widely cultivated around the world. Soybean is one of the important food crops in China. It has a cultivation history of 5,000 years. It was called Shu in ancient times and is mainly produced in Northeast China. It is a crop whose seeds are rich in plant protein.
Contents
1. Growth habits
2. Morphological characteristics
3. Geographical distribution
4. Cultivation technology
5. Nutritional value
1. Growth habit
Soybeans like warmth. The seeds begin to germinate at 10-12℃ and continue to grow at 15-20℃. The optimum temperature for growth is 20-25°C, and the suitable temperature for flowering and pod setting is 20-28°C. Pod setting is delayed at low temperatures and cannot bloom below 14°C. If the temperature is too high, the plant will stop growing early. Seed germination requires more water, and the soil moisture content is required to be 70%-80% during the flowering stage, otherwise the bud shedding rate will increase. The amount of fertilizer absorbed by soybeans before flowering accounts for less than 15% of the total amount, while the flowering and pod setting stage accounts for more than 80% of the total amount of fertilizer absorbed.
2. Morphological characteristics
Annual herb, 30-90 cm tall. The stem is stout, upright, or the upper part is nearly winding, the upper part is more or less ribbed, and is densely covered with long brown bristles. Leaves usually have 3 leaflets; stipules are broadly ovate, acuminate, 3-7 mm long, veined, and yellow pubescent; petioles are 2-20 cm long, sparsely pubescent or ribbed when young. Stiff hairs; leaflets are papery, broadly ovate, nearly round or elliptical-lanceolate, the top one is larger, 5-12 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, the apex is acuminate or nearly round, rarely blunt Shape, with a small pointed protrusion, a broad wedge-shaped or rounded base, small lateral leaflets, oblique ovate, usually with scattered strigose hairs on both sides or glabrous below; 5 lateral veins on each side; small stipules beryllium needle-shaped, long 1-2 mm; petiole 1.5-4 mm long, covered with yellowish-brown bristles.
Short racemes have few flowers, long ones have many flowers; the total pedicel is 10-35 mm or longer, usually with 5-8 stalkless, tightly packed flowers, and sometimes the flowers at the lower part of the plant Solitary or paired in leaf axil; bracts are lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, strigose; bracteoles are lanceolate, 2-3 mm long, covered with appressed setae; calyx is 4-6 long mm, densely covered with long hairs or strigose hairs, often deeply divided into two-lipped shape, with 5 lobes, lanceolate, the upper 2 lobes are often conjoined to above the middle, the lower 3 lobes are separated, all densely white villous, flowers Purple, lavender or white, 4.5-8 (10) mm long, the flag is obovate and nearly round, the apex is slightly concave and usually inverted, the base has a petanium, the wing petals are grub-shaped, the base is narrow, with a petanium and Ear, keel obliquely obovate, with short stalk; stamens two-body; base of ovary has underdeveloped glands and is covered with hair.
The pods are plump, oblong, slightly curved, drooping, yellow-green, 4-7.5 cm long, 8-15 mm wide, densely covered with brown-yellow hairs; 2-5 seeds, oval, Nearly spherical, oval to oblong, about 1 cm long and 5-8 mm wide. The seed coat is smooth and comes in various colors such as light green, yellow, brown and black, depending on the variety. The seed hilum is obvious and oval. The flowering period is from June to July and the fruiting period is from July to September.
3. Geographical distribution
Soybeans originate from China. It is cultivated all over China, most famous in Northeast China, and is also widely cultivated around the world.
4. Cultivation technology
Deep fertilization
Fertilization method: Under normal circumstances, fertilizer and seed are separated and applied 4-5 cm below the side of the seed. The dosage can be adjusted. When applying more than 20 kilograms of diammonium phosphate per 667 square meters, it can be applied in layers: the depth of the upper layer of seed fertilizer is 5-7 cm, and the fertilizer amount accounts for 1/3; the depth of the base fertilizer is 10-16 cm, and the amount of fertilizer accounts for 2/3. Or after the previous crop is harvested, spread the fermented organic fertilizer evenly on the surface, then use a rake to rake the fertilizer into the soil. Mix the manure and soil thoroughly before plowing deeply. After plowing, rake the bottle to create fine ridges. Soybeans can be planted flat.
Precision sowing
Rational crop rotation: It is best to choose the right stubble, not heavy, and plant in the next stubble.
Careful soil preparation: Carry out late-autumn plowing according to the previous crops, with a depth of 22-25 cm. During the operation, no large clods of soil, clear strips or lumps will be produced, and the soil must be buckled tightly and not heavy or leaky.
Soil moisture: The soil moisture content (dry soil weight%) after soil preparation should be about 22% when sowing to ensure that the seeds can absorb water and germinate normally.
Sowing at the right time: Summer soybeans can be sown after the wheat is harvested, as long as the moisture is suitable. The best sowing period is from June 10th to 25th, and no later than early July.
Field management
Hoeing and cultivating:
⑴ Hoe all over the ground before the first compound leaf, so that the seedlings can be cleared of grass and grass without damaging the seedlings. Loosen topsoil.
⑵ When the seedlings are about 10 cm high, perform the second cultivating to ensure that the seedlings are not damaged, pressed, or grass leaked.
⑶ About 10 days after the second cultivation, the third cultivation should be carried out to deeply loosen and cover the soil.
Pre-emergence weeding: The most commonly used spectral herbicides in production are Pusite and clomazone. These two herbicides are effective against a variety of grass weeds and broadleaf weeds in soybean fields. All valid. Dosage: 5% Pusite aqueous solution, 1.5-2 kg per hectare; 48% clomazone EC, 2-2.5 kg per hectare. Pusite, bensulfuron, and clomazone can all remain in the soil for a long time, so special attention should be paid to the damage to subsequent crops.
Post-emergence weeding:
⑴ Types of herbicides Herbicides suitable for early emergence: The most commonly used herbicide in production at present is Pusite. Apply pesticides when weeds are just emerging, generally no later than the second compound leaf stage of soybeans. The dosage of Pusite applied in the early stage of emergence is: 5% Pusite aqueous agent at 1-1.5 kg per hectare, and should not exceed 1.5 kg. It should be applied in weather with high humidity before and after rainfall, and avoid hot and dry weather at noon and windy weather.
⑵Usage 12% of Nana Net Emulsion, the dosage per hectare is 1-1.5 kg; 15% of refined grass, the dosage per hectare is 0.75-1 kg; 5% of refined grass Gram EC, 24% Gram EC, the dosage per hectare is 0.33-0.75 kg.
(3) Application period Herbicides suitable for the late emergence period are generally applied at the 2-3 compound leaf stage of soybeans. In years with good soil moisture in spring, pesticide application can be done earlier, and the lower limit of pesticide dosage is generally adopted. If there is a drought in spring, pesticide application can be done later, and the upper limit of pesticide dosage is generally used.
Summer sowing technology
Irrigation before sowing: For plots with poor moisture and irrigation conditions, you can irrigate once before sowing to facilitate seed germination after sowing. Combined with irrigation, field closed weeding is carried out.
Sowing date: Since the growing season of summer soybeans is short, it is important to sow them early and at the right time. Sow seeds at the right time, with high seedling preservation rate, neat and strong emergence, good growth and development, and strong stems.
Reasonable dense planting: Reasonable dense planting means correctly handling the relationship between individuals and groups under the specific conditions of the local area and the time, so that the group can develop to the maximum extent and the individuals can also be fully developed; so that the plant area per unit area can be fully developed. Light energy and soil fertility are fully utilized; under the same cultivation conditions, the best economic benefits can be obtained. Sowing can be done on field ridges, which can increase the sowing area and make the soybeans taste better.
Autumn sowing technology
Soil preparation: After the rice fields are plowed, they are divided into compartments. The compartment width is 2-3 meters, the row spacing is 3 meters, and the hole spacing is 0.33 meters. There are 2-3 seeds per hole, and the density is about 30,000 plants per mu.
Timely sowing: Generally sow before August 10, with a seeding rate of 8-10 kg per acre.
Reasonable fertilization: use 25 kg of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizer per acre mixed with 500 kg of soil fertilizer as cover seed fertilizer; topdress 3-5 kg of urea per acre during the early flowering period depending on the seedling condition, and 2% during the pod-bearing period. Use 40-50 kilograms of superphosphate clarified solution per mu, and 30-40 kilograms of ammonium molybdate 0.05% concentration diluent per mu. Mix the two and spray them on the leaf surfaces; or spray 0.1% borax solution on the leaf surfaces to improve the quality of the leaves. Kernel fullness.
Field management: When encountering high temperatures during sowing, watering should be done first and then watered. If there is insufficient water after sowing, water can be poured in the evening. At the 3-leaf stage and at the right time, the seedlings are established. The general seedling density is 30,000-40,000 plants per acre. After the seedlings are established, 6-8 kg of urea per acre is applied in a timely manner. Timely cultivating and weeding, generally 2-3 times of cultivating and weeding, and soil cultivation is also required.
5. Nutritional value
Soybeans not only refer to soybeans, but also include black beans and green beans. Soybeans are comprehensive in nutrition and rich in content. The protein content is 2 times higher than that of pork and 2.5 times that of eggs. The protein content is not only high, but also of good quality. The amino acid composition of soy protein is similar to that of animal protein. The amino acids are relatively close to the ratio required by the human body, so they are easily digested and absorbed. If soybeans are eaten with meat and egg foods, their nutrition can be compared with, or even exceed, the nutrition of eggs and milk.
Soy fat also has high nutritional value. This fat contains a lot of unsaturated fatty acids and is easily digested and absorbed by the human body. And soy fat can prevent the absorption of cholesterol, so soy is an ideal nutritional supplement for patients with arteriosclerosis.
The dietary fiber in okara plays a crucial role in promoting good digestion and excretion of solid waste. Appropriate supplementation of fiber can make the food in the intestines larger and softer, promote intestinal peristalsis, thereby speeding up defecation, preventing constipation and reducing the risk of intestinal cancer. At the same time, dietary fiber has the functions of significantly lowering plasma cholesterol, regulating gastrointestinal function and insulin levels.
Soybean meal is a by-product of the residual oil extracted from soybeans using a low-temperature (40-60°C) extraction method. It is in the form of coarse powder. Since soybeans are not exposed to temperature, the antitrypsin, urease, hemagglutinin, saponin, and goiter-inducing factors of soybeans will not be destroyed. Soybean meal is the most widely used and consumed plant-based protein raw material.