Tang Poem "Hope in Spring"
Du Fu: Hope of Spring
Chang' an fell, the country was broken, and only the mountains and rivers remained; Spring has come, and the sparsely populated Chang' an city is densely forested.
Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold.
Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin.
Chang 'an fell into the country, but only the mountains and rivers remained. Spring has come, the city is empty, sparsely populated and the vegetation is dense and deep. Sentimental state affairs face flowers, tears can't stop splashing, and relatives and birds are scattered, which is shocking and increases the sense of hatred. Since the beginning of spring, wars have been frequent and spread in March. Where is your home? There is little news from the country, and a letter is worth thousands of dollars. Worried about scratching my head, my white hair is getting shorter and shorter, and my hair is falling short and less, so I can't insert it.
In July (756), in the fifteenth year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion captured Chang 'an, and Su Zong ascended the throne in Lingwu, changing Yuan to virtue. On his way to Lingwu, Du Fu was captured by the rebels to Chang 'an, and wrote this poem the following year (the second year of Zhide). The poet witnessed Chang 'an's flute falling and homesickness in adversity, and he couldn't help feeling deeply. One or two couplets of poetry, writing about the defeat of Spring City, are full of sighs; Three or four couplets are about relatives, full of feelings of separation. The whole poem is calm, sincere and natural, which embodies the poet's feelings of loving the motherland and caring for his family. Modern people such as Xu Yingpei and Zhou Rongquan commented on this poem: "The meaning is straightforward, the scenery is not free, the feelings are strong but not floating, the things are rich but not miscellaneous, and the meter is rigorous but not rigid." This theory is quite appropriate. "A letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold" is also a famous saying that has been passed down through the ages.
The Artistic Charm of Du Fu's Sense of Worry in Spring Hope
Du Fu is a great poet, who was born in the historical turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline. He insisted on the creative principles of "learning from many teachers" and "language is not surprising and endless", and pushed "modern poetry" (new poetry style in Tang Dynasty, that is, regular poetry and quatrains) to the extreme. He personally experienced the eight-year Anshi War, so social unrest, the sufferings of the middle and lower classes, worries about state affairs, and his own misfortunes are all intertwined and fused in his representative works. Later generations evaluated Du Fu's poems as "the history of poetry", and summarized their style characteristics with Du Fu's own "gloomy and frustrated" words (see Biography of Fu in the New Tang Dynasty). "depressed" refers to the content of poetry, that is, the deep meaning of thoughts and feelings, which has a strong sense of the times; "frustration" refers to the form, that is, changing the composition of songs and melodious language. This feature can be clearly seen in the five-character poem "Spring Hope".
In 755 AD, 1 1, An Lushan launched a mutiny in Fanyang (now southwest of Beijing) and attacked Chang 'an in June the following year. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to West Shu. Du Fu escorted his family to take refuge in the countryside. When he heard that Prince Hengli ascended the throne in Lingwu (now Lingwu, Ningxia) in July, he immediately left Qiang Village in Zhangzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) and went to the new court. He was captured by rebels and sent to occupied Chang 'an. It was not until April 757 that he fled to the Suzong court in Fengxiang (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province). During this period, he was deeply touched by the scene and deeply touched by the state affairs, and wrote such famous articles as Moonlit Night, Day of Mourning for the King, Mourning for Qingban, Racing Deer, Mourning for the Head of the River, Snowing, Spring Hope, etc. "Spring Hope" was written in 65438+757 10, on the eve of his escape from Chang 'an. This poem focuses on the poet's grief over the broken country, his thoughts about his loved ones and his uncertainty about life and death.
The word "Wang" runs through the whole poem. The poem "Looking at Spring" means looking at spring. The author is moved by the return of spring to the natural season and hopes to restore the stability and prosperity of the country.
The first two sentences bear the title and write the general impression you saw from afar in spring. The fall of the capital, the mountains and rivers remain the same, and the personnel are completely different. "Spring in the city" and "Mountains and rivers are here" ushered in the annual spring in Beijing. After "the vegetation is deep", it is "the country breaks down and the family dies". The people fled, and the vegetation was allowed to grow wild and desolate. Both of these sentences use the turning point method, but the upper sentence is reversed and the lower sentence is straight, showing the change of composition. The ruins of "national destruction" are in sharp contrast with the vitality of "urban spring". This contrast highlights the dilapidated scene after the fall of Chang 'an and reflects the poet's deep concern for the country and the people. Sima Guang appreciated this couplet very much in the Song Dynasty: "The ancients were poems, which were more valuable than words, making people think and get it ... Du Zimei was the most famous poet in modern times. For example, this sentence' where the mountains and rivers are' means that there is nothing; The vegetation is deep and there is no one. " (See Wen Gong's Continued Poems)
Couplets are received from a distance, pushing the panorama to a close-up. There are differences in understanding these two sentences in various notes. The point is who is "throwing tears" and who is "shocking". One explanation is that the poet himself shed tears at the flowers and was shocked by the smell of birds. Another explanation is that the subject in the sentence is "flower", not "bird". Flowers cry because of "feeling time", and birds are frightened because of "hating farewell". This seems unreasonable, but it actually takes advantage of empathy. Flowers and birds are natural things, but now because of the poet's special mood, I place my feelings on them and think they are human beings. The flowers are full of dew, which means the sad time is crying and the birds are jumping. That's because of where will you go. It is more meaningful and effective to write like this than to express your inner feelings directly. As the saying goes, "Heaven and earth share the same sorrow, and vegetation share the same sorrow", which is not only about personal feelings, but also about the feelings of many people who suffered from war at that time. It is difficult to describe it properly without using special expression skills.
Because from a distance to a close look, the neckline changes from looking up to looking down, and the feelings naturally change from mourning for the country to missing relatives. In the way of expression, from the feelings in the scene, it has become a direct expression of one's own mind. "March in a row" means that the war disaster lasted until March, that is, the time to write poetry. Some notes say "refers to the first month, February and March of that year". Or all spring. In fact, the Anshi Rebellion began in November last year, and Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an for seven or eight months. He once said: "Tongguan was broken last year, but his wife and children were separated for a long time" ("Shu Huai"), and "news of several States was broken, so I was worried about books" ("Snow"). The poet was trapped in Chang 'an, and the life and death of his wife and children were unknown, which led him to lament that "a letter from home is worth a ton of gold". The interpretation of poetry is too solid, and the original intention is often misinterpreted.
This poem first describes two kinds of scenery: national ruin and spring coming, and then two kinds of feelings: "feeling of time" and "hating farewell". Here, bonfires are used to inherit the sense of time, and letters from home are used to inherit the hatred of parting, and the parting of relatives is precisely caused by the time of war. This is a link, and the composition is very rigorous. Belinsky once said: "Any great poet is great because his pain and happiness are deeply rooted in the soil of society and history, so he has become the representative and spokesman of society, times and mankind." (See "belinsky Literature") Du Fu interweaves family worries and national worries in his poems, which profoundly shows that the personal fate of honest intellectuals is closely related to the fate of the country and the nation, with a high degree of generality and typical significance, and is the spiritual essence of "depression and frustration".
The last two sentences of this poem are the pen of genius. A few crosses make the image of a sad white-haired old man stand in front of readers. The author looked forward to spring, but he didn't get any pleasure. Instead, he was trapped by "feeling the time" and "hating parting", and finally he was restless and scratched his head frequently. Although the poet is only forty-five years old at this time, his hair is getting less and less because he is worried all the time, and he can't even insert a hair clasp. From the point of view of composition, this couplet unifies the two feelings of "feeling of time" and "hating farewell" expressed in front of it, and closes the whole article. The author chooses the subconscious action of scratching his hair, which turns the full sadness into a vivid image that can be seen and touched, naturally guides the reader into the artistic conception of the poem and produces a * * * sound.
The metrical form of this poem belongs to five-character style. The two antithetical couplets in the middle are antithetical sentences, and their parts of speech, structure and tone are even, very neat. Rhyme, depth, heart, gold and hairpin all belong to the Pingsheng invasion department. It is not harmonious to read in modern Mandarin, but the ancient sounds preserved from dialects are very harmonious to read. For example, in Hakka dialect, the word "Shen" is pronounced qim, "Xin" is pronounced sim, "Jin" is pronounced gim, "Chai" is pronounced zim, and the vowel is "-im", which shows that it is because of the sound change in ancient and modern times. The "Guo" in the first sentence of this poem is an ancient sound. Rushing "short and urgent episodes" is suitable for expressing anger and sadness. Therefore, the beginning of this poem sets the tone of depression, which is in tune with the sadness of "feeling the time" and "hating parting", and then produces a deep power to knock people's hearts.
Our generation of intellectuals is also full of turmoil and ups and downs, and their personal destiny is linked to the rise and fall of the motherland, so it is easy to cause * * * to sing this poem. It does not show the suffering of a person or a generation, but summarizes the sense of hardship of China intellectuals. That is to love the motherland, love our own nation, and link our destiny with the rise and fall of our country and nation. Therefore, countless people of insight in ancient and modern times, in order to revitalize China and benefit the people, were worried and resentful until they gave everything. In my opinion, this is the fundamental reason why "Looking at Spring" has become a masterpiece that has been recited through the ages and has the artistic charm of "depression and frustration".
Flowers can't shed tears, and birds naturally find it difficult to understand people's parting. It is the poet himself who feels this way. In the turbulent years of An Shi Rebellion, the poet was killed several times and suffered setbacks repeatedly. Immersed in pain all day. These two poems vividly expressed the author's mood at that time.
Emotion is a lasting emotional state, which makes all other experiences and activities of people infected by emotions. It affects a person's whole behavior and life in a certain period of time. The ancients said, "Those who are worried see their worries, and those who are happy see their happiness" is a general description of the state of mind.
Once emotions are generated, people will be infected with certain emotional colors for a period of time. A happy person, in his view, flowers are smiling and birds are singing beautifully. On the contrary, people who are in a sad mood are disheartened and bored, and there seems to be a sense of helplessness in a beautiful moment. They usually turn a blind eye to what they like and remain indifferent for a while. Fear makes people feel "nervous" and "jittery". Therefore, the distinctive feature of tone is that there is no specific object. It is not a concrete experience of something, but a diffuse emotional state.