What house is Tujia?

Question 1: What kind of house does Tujia people live in? 1. Diaojiaolou is the place where Tujia people live and live. The diaojiao building is half land and half water. Built on the mountain, it looks like a tiger sitting, with "left Qinglong, right white tiger; "Before Suzaku, after Xuanwu" is the best curtilage field. Later, it pays attention to orientation, either sitting west facing east or sitting east facing west. Second, Tujia people mostly live in mountainous areas and like to live in diaojiao buildings. The foundation of the house is low in front and high in back, and some houses are suspended. The house is a "dry rail" all-wood structure, with the ground floor as a barn or farm tool and people living upstairs. There are cloisters, carved columns and windows around the building, and the fishtail on the eaves is upturned. The whole building is covered with eaves and walls, carved dragons and painted phoenixes, carved columns and painted windows, painted red and green, and colorful.

Question 2: What buildings do Tujia people live in? Tujia people mostly live in mountainous areas with steep slopes. When building a house, everyone likes to build an antique diaojiao building. This diaojiao building has cornices, three cloisters and wooden railings hanging out. There are carved patterns symbolizing good luck on the railing, such as Wanzi, Xizi Pavilion, Zizi Pavilion and Sifang.

The hanging column is octagonal and square, and it is often carved with broken bottom hydrangea and golden claw. A diaojiao building generally has two floors. There are floors upstairs and downstairs, and there are windows upstairs, so it is sunny and well ventilated. There are flowers and plants carved on the window lattice, such as double phoenix rising sun, magpie singing plum, lion bowling ball, peony, camellia and chrysanthemum, which are simple and elegant, beautiful and practical, and have the characteristics of national residence. Outsiders who have been to Miao rural areas all say that "Miao rural beauty" and "native rural beauty" lies in the diaojiao building. However, the diaojiao building beside the Tuojiang River has another form and interest. location

The clear water of Tuojiang River passes through the city, green as ribbon, like a demure lady. Diaojiaolou hangs on both sides of the river, and wooden columns hold up small and exquisite houses and sweet and warm families.

This diaojiao building is surrounded by mountains and waters, and stretches along the river. Smiling faces flashed out of the window, and I couldn't help thinking of the charm of the diaojiao building at dusk written by Shen Lao. At night, the lights of the Linjiang window twinkle like stars on the water, and the diaojiao buildings are reflected in the clear water, just like the Dragon Palace under the water, which is very clear. During the day, the washerwomen crowded by the river let the river ripple and sway leisurely, but it looks like a knowing smile. In the shadow of both sides, the river is clearer and greener. Against the backdrop of ancient pavilions and new buildings, the diaojiao building is more colorful. There are also turtledoves foraging in the river, and Tintin finches fly low and fly high, adding luster to the diaojiao building.

The shape and decoration of Tujia folk houses are unique and have high artistic and aesthetic value. The architectural custom of Tujia nationality generally includes the unique architectural style and decoration of local houses, which has high artistic and aesthetic value. The architectural customs of Tujia nationality generally include watching geomantic omen, digging the foundation of the house, cutting down green hills, erecting columns, erecting girders, and completing ceremonies, which embodies the unique spatial nature view of Tujia nationality and the ubiquitous deification of gods, and forms a unique Tujia residential culture. It is the crystallization of wisdom of Tujia people in the process of long-term adaptation and transformation of nature. It has rich cultural connotations and is the concrete embodiment of China's traditional cultural spirit.

Question 3: The title mystery of Tujia folk houses: Diaojiao Building or Jiaolou Building? From the Neolithic site in Liye and the site of Qin and Han Dynasties, it can be seen that there were ancestors in Longshan area in pre-ancient times. More than 2,000 years ago, different cultures such as Han culture blended with Tujia culture, so that the application of Chinese characters became Tujia writing habits and tools before Tujia ancestors could create characters, which eventually led to the situation that Tujia people had no characters. In addition, before 1956, Tujia was identified as a single ethnic group by the state, Tujia or Tujia was always regarded as Miao or Miao in the hearts of other ethnic groups or China people. Although there are records of natives and soldiers in history, it is only a branch of Miao people. Therefore, in the official titles and records of today's documents, some Tujia folk customs have followed the titles of Miao folk customs. In this sense, for a long time, Tujia people existed as a member of Miao people, and some Tujia folk customs followed the title of Miao folk customs. For example, Tujia folk houses are called Diaojiaolou in official and modern documents (especially those written by people of other nationalities except Tujia and Tujia in fully Chinese Tujia areas). However, how do Tujia folk houses call their home in ancient literature and Tujia civil society (Tujia)? In recent years, the author has consulted a large number of ancient and modern documents on this issue, and has done a lot of investigations and hearings in Tujia civil society. The information we have now is recorded as follows: 1. Ancient documents called Tujia folk houses "Ganlan" and "Chenzhou Prefecture Records". The Customs said: "The residents near the city are all multi-storey, with rooms above and goods below as trading lines. It's hard to be deep without bending the room one step. Recently, teeth are flourishing and houses are dense, and the value of land is many times that of ten years ago. Shanjia relies on building a house, taking the cliff as the room, thatching the roof, replacing the stove with a fire bed, cooking during the day and heating by fire at night. The mountains are deep and cold, and it will happen in early winter. "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty says:" There are more than 4,000 households in Nanping Liao, starting from the east, reaching Yuzhou in the south, reaching Fuzhou in the west and reaching Fuzhou in the north. There are many weeds, poisonous weeds, sand lice and poisonous snakes on the mountain. People live in buildings and climb stairs, which is called Gan Lan. " According to the cloud, another species of Liao, from Hanzhong to Qionglai Cave, is widely distributed in the valley, and there is no ethnic difference ... According to the building blocks of trees, it is called Gan Lan, and the size of Gan Lan depends on the number of its families. "The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty says," There are many people who are rustic and ugly, and poisonous weeds, sand flies and poisonous snakes on the mountain live together in the building, which is called Gan Lan ". Yongshun County Records? Miscellaneous affairs "cloud:" The former local government office carved beams and painted columns, and the bricks were beautiful. People fork wooden frame houses and weave bamboo as walls. Give up the leader Xu vertical beams and columns and surround them with boards. No one is allowed to cover the tiles. Offenders will be prosecuted, as the saying goes: only buy horses, not cover tiles. " "Tang Zhi? Miscellaneous notes: "The ancestral temple is in Laocheng Si. Jintianfu was built in the second year. There are four pillars in the main hall and several trees around it. It's wonderful that there are no chisel marks on the wooden Fang. According to legend, it was built by the losers. "China Ancient Architecture" said: "In the warm and humid south, houses often face south or southeast to receive the cool sea breeze in summer, or overhead dry diaphragm structure is adopted at the lower part of houses to circulate air and reduce humidity. Besides wood, bricks and stones, bamboo and reeds are also used as building materials. Wide walls and many windows; The architectural style is light and sparse, ... "... Second, a few folk documents refer to Tujia folk houses as" turret "and" Tujia customs in China ",saying:" Tujia houses are mostly wooden houses, and their structural customs are composed of four parts: the main house, the partial house, the wooden house and the opposite door. Generally, people only have principal rooms, while well-off people have principal rooms, wing rooms and watchtowers. Rich people build more courses. The rich and powerful family built a quadrangle compound with a brick wall on all sides. It is often called a bank bucket, and some families have built a towering building and a clothes drying table. The main house can be divided into three columns and four flags, three columns and five flags, five columns and eight flags or even seven columns and twelve flags. Most of them have four rows and three rooms, and some have six rows and five rooms. Avoid building a single two-bedroom house. In the middle of the main room is the main hall, which is used to worship ancestors and welcome guests, with people on both sides. There is an aisle room behind the hall, commonly known as the' hug room'. The wing room is called grinding angle, also called' horse * * *', or painting room, which is connected with the left and right sides of the main room and divided into kitchen or mill. The unique Tujia turret is commonly known as "Zouma turret". In a family with many children, the daughter lives in the corner building, so some people call it the embroidery building or the old mother building. The turret is built in the left or right front of the main house, and there are also turrets around the main house. The turret is generally three rows and two rooms, with two floors, the upper floor is human, and the lower floor is a wing, warehouse or mill. The turret is next to the main house, and there is a suspended corridor, which turns to the outer edge as a pledge, and the upper ends of the pledges on both sides are tilted upwards, which is quite magnificent. "Third, Tujia people call Tujia folk houses" turrets ",and water boats sing a cloud:" Shiban Street ... >>

Question 4: Characteristics of Tujia Folk Houses Xiangxi Tujia people live in the scenic Wuling Mountain area, where ravines are criss-crossing, streams are gurgling and there are few mountains. They belong to the subtropical mountain climate, which is foggy and humid all the year round. In this natural environment, Tujia people combine geographical conditions and conform to nature, and "borrow the sky instead of the land" in architecture, and build houses with little contact with the ground on undulating terrain to reduce the damage to the terrain. At the same time, strive for the development of the upper space, which changes with the sloping terrain at the bottom of the house, thus forming architectural forms such as staggered floors, falling floors and cliffs. This also proves that the "nest" is the basic form of prehistoric architecture in the south.

Question 5: A woman loves flowers, perhaps in her bones. Some people say, it's beautiful and colorful, just take one. It's the ultimate in love In fact, women love flowers, whether gorgeous, charming, elegant or bright, all to decorate this ordinary world. I think a woman is a flower. The person you love is actually loving another self.

Question 6: What kind of house did Changyang Tujia people live in before? In the past, there were mainly diaojiao buildings and adobe houses.

If it helps you, please set it as adoption.

Question 7: Tujia people's basic necessities of life. Most of them live near mountains and rivers. Except for a few large mountainous areas, they generally like the gathering of one village and one village. At first, the village was named after the same surname and the same clan. Later, some cottages were gradually inhabited by relatives and friends, so they took place names as village names. Tujia people are used to living in one house. During the period of toast system, ordinary people lived in thatched huts built in Mu Cha, and gradually moved into wooden houses after "returning to the stream". Generally, houses face south or south, not east-west. The scale of the house, the average well-off family is "three pillars and four chess", "three pillars and six chess" and "five pillars and eight chess"; Big rich families have "seven pillars and eleven chess" and "four in one patio". A house is usually three rooms (that is, four rows and three rooms), and there are also six rows and three rooms. At most, it is a big house with seven pillars and eleven chess, with ten rows and nine rooms. In a house with four rows and three rooms, the middle room is called the "first room", which is used to pay the rent first, welcome guests and organize weddings, funerals and weddings. The left and right rooms on both sides of the main hall are called "human rooms", which are divided into two small rooms by pillars. In front of a small intercropping kitchen, there is a fire pit three feet square, surrounded by three to five inches of green slate, and a tripod stands in the middle of the fire pit for cooking and cooking. One person is high above the fire pit, and there is a wooden kang hanging upstairs, which is used to roast bacon and wet things. There is a small bedroom in the back. My parents live in the "human world" on the left and my daughter-in-law lives in the "human world" on the right. If two brothers are separated, the elder brother lives in the left room, the younger brother lives in the right room, and the parents live in the "hug room" behind the shrine of the main room. No matter the size of the house, there are towers. There are people living downstairs, and there are two kinds of buildings upstairs: slab buildings and strip buildings. Above the bedroom is a banlou, a floor paved with wooden boards, which is used to put all kinds of objects and cabinets and barrels for loading food; Above the kitchen is a building, paved with wooden strips (called tendons by Tujia people) or bamboo strips, with gaps. Specially used to put corn balls and other foods that need to be dried. At the two ends of the main house, it is customary to turn a "horse" at one end and press a wing at the other. In the "Ma * * *" kitchen, it grinds and doubles as a canteen (usually eating in the kitchen); Pigs, cowshed and toilets are all located in the side room. Wealthy families still use the left and right wing rooms or hanging wooden houses in front of the main house as pigsty and toilet downstairs. The girls' building upstairs is where girls weave soil and quilts, embroider, perform hemp and make shoes. The wing is also divided into upper and lower floors, and the lower floor is used as a granary and an embroidery workshop in Xilankapu. Go to the house as a study and guest room. In order to prevent thieves, the walls around the house are all stone and earth walls. In front of the house is a terrace, and the south side of the terrace is connected with the wall. I like to plant bamboo, fruit trees and landscape materials around the house. The above-mentioned houses are generally well-off families with better lives. Poor families are still thatched huts with wild bamboo walls and thatched roofs with Mu Cha as the framework before returning home. "A thousand stigmas fall to the ground, the wind sweeps the floor, and the bright moon shines on the world" is a description of this hut. Colored glutinous rice is also an essential food for young men and women to fall in love and get married. Miao people in Chengbu, Hunan Province gave each other glutinous rice cakes painted with mandarin ducks as souvenirs. When the wedding is held, the bride and groom will raise their glasses to propose a toast, and the person in charge of the wedding will also invite the bride and groom to eat glutinous rice cakes painted with dragons, phoenixes and dolls. Miao people in Guizhou have well-preserved hanging coffins and cave coffins. It is said that this move is to facilitate the return of Miao descendants to the Central Plains, or to bring their deceased ancestors back to their homeland for peace.

Question 8: What were the main houses of Tujia and Miao people in ancient times? Of course, they are fir trees and chestnut trees in the forest.

Question 9: Tujia folk customs ① Tujia characteristics: 1) Folk customs: ◆ Tusi system: it is a national policy adopted by the ruling class of feudal dynasty to solve the ethnic minority areas in southwest China. Under the rule of the chieftain, the land and people were owned by the chieftain, and the chieftain formed their respective spheres of influence, resulting in a separatist situation. Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture belonged to Ba in the Spring and Autumn Period and Wu Chu in the Warring States Period. The county system was implemented in western Hubei from the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, and the Tusi system was implemented in western Hubei from the Yuan Dynasty to the thirteenth year of Yongzheng. In the 13th year of Yongzheng, western Hubei implemented the policy of "changing land to flow", changed the chieftain system to flow official system, and set up the southern government to govern six counties. After the founding of the Republic of China, Nanfu was abolished and all counties were directly under the province. 4 years, belonging to Jingzhou Road. /kloc-in 0/5, it was changed to Shihe Road, which governs seven counties. 17 was changed to western Hubei administrative region. 2 1 year changed to the seventh administrative supervision area, which governs eight counties. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Hubei Province moved into Enshi from 65438 to 0938. After the founding of New China, Enshi organization was established, which governs 8 counties. 1 983 65438+February1Hubei Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture was established and changed to Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture on April 4th. 1993. ◆ Living in Diaojiaolou: Diaojiaolou in western Hubei is mostly bedded with mud tiles. The construction of diaojiao building is an important event in Tujia life. Diaojiaolou has many advantages. Hanging on the ground is ventilated and dry, which can prevent poisonous snakes and wild animals, and sundries can be placed under the floor. Diaolou also has distinctive national characteristics, and the elegant "eaves" and wide "walking columns" make Diaojiaolou unique. Compared with "Gan Lan", this diaojiao building successfully got rid of the primitive and has a higher cultural level, so it is called the "living fossil" of Bachu culture. Legend has it that Tujia ancestors moved to western Hubei because their hometown was flooded. At that time, there were towering old trees and thorns in western Hubei, and wolves, tigers and leopards were everywhere. The dog claw shed built by Tujia ancestors is often attacked by wild animals. For safety, people lit a tree fire and bamboo was buried in it. Fires and firecrackers scare away the attacking wild animals, but they are often threatened by poisonous snakes and centipedes. Later, an old Tujia man thought of a way: he asked the boys to make a shelf out of ready-made big trees, tie up wood, spread wild bamboo strips, build a roof on it, and build large and small air houses, where they can eat and sleep, and they are no longer afraid of being attacked by poisonous snakes and beasts. This way of building an "air house" spread to more people, who later built an "air house" in this way, and this "air house" evolved into the current diaojiao building. Daughter Party: It's Tujia Valentine's Day. It is a festival with shopping as an excuse, singing as a form and choosing a spouse as its purpose. Every year on the twelfth day of the seventh lunar month, my daughter will make a lively opening. On this day, many unmarried Tujia girls will carry all kinds of mountain products and come to downtown to wait for their Mr Right. If any elder brother takes a fancy to this younger sister, they will run to the mountain products store, ask someone to buy her and bargain with her. If this sister has a crush on her brother in front of her, she will lower the price and even give it to her brother for free. When they are in two of a kind, they will meet hand in hand in the woods, by the stream and on the hillside, and even make a lifelong commitment. On the contrary, if this sister doesn't like this brother, she will raise the price higher and higher, and finally she won't even sell it. Then at this time, this big brother should also be well-advised to walk away. According to the older generation, it is a custom for a daughter to go to * * *, that is, if Tujia Yaomei has a crush on you, but you don't take the initiative to buy her mountain products, she will run over and step on your left foot with her right foot. At this time, you should pay attention. If you don't have a crush on this girl, don't touch her feet, or you will accept her love. Sheba: It is one of the most representative sacrificial dances of Tujia people. It is mainly popular in the Tujia inhabited areas in Youshui River basin, with Baifusi Town in laifeng county being the most authentic. Swing dance can be divided into big swing dance and small swing dance. There is a big song and dance, a strong lineup and great momentum. Its songs are called "Langge", which are all sung in Tujia language, powerful and touching. The main contents include the story of human origin, ethnic migration, labor and heroes. "Song of Waving Hands" also faithfully records the history and culture of Tujia nationality, and is a great collection of Tujia traditional culture. Through it, we can see the path of ancient Tujia people coming to us. This is an epic of Tujia people and a bright pearl in the treasure house of Chinese culture. Xiaobo only dances without songs, and the dance content mainly imitates farming, fishing and hunting movements, and the dance is beautiful and hearty, which is a treasure in folk dance. Baifusi's waving dance has been listed in the national intangible cultural heritage protection list. Waving Dance and Xilankapu & gt

Question 10: What are the wonders of Tujia nationality? Diaojiaolou is the most complex and typical architectural form that can best reflect wealth in Tujia areas in western Hubei. With the development of economic machine and the progress of culture, diaojiao building has become a common building in Tujia area. As far as its structure is concerned, the diaojiao buildings in different regions are similar. Their most basic feature is that the main house is built on the ground, one side of the wing is connected with the main house, and the other three sides are suspended and supported by columns. People live in the main house and the wing (that is, the hanging foot part), and the lower part of the wing has columns without walls for raising livestock. Generally speaking, the diaojiao building should still belong to the dry fence type building, but it is different from the general dry fence. Stilts are suspended, so they are called semi-stilt buildings.

Single hanging, the most common form, is called "hanging at one end" or "key head". It is characterized in that only the wing on one side of the main room is hung, and the lower part is supported by wooden columns.

Double crane, also known as "double crane" or "dustpan mouth", is the development of single crane, that is, there are hanging wings at both ends of the main room. Single cranes and double cranes are not formed in different regions, mainly depending on economic conditions and family needs. Single crane and double crane are often in the same place.

Four-in-one-water type is developed on the basis of double-hanging type, which is characterized by connecting the upper parts of the hanging feet on the two wings of the main house into a whole to form a quadrilateral. The downstairs of the two wing rooms is the gate. After entering the gate, this quadrangle must climb several stone steps to enter the main house.

Double-chamber crane is developed on the basis of single crane and double crane, and it is added with a layer on the basis of general hanging foot building. Single crane and double crane can be used.

The form of flat crane and diaojiaolou is also developed on the basis of single crane, which has both single crane and double crane. Its main feature is that it is built in a flat dam. According to the terrain, it didn't need to hang its feet, but it just lifted its wings and supported them with wooden posts. The ground supporting the wooden column is flush with the ground of the main house, so that the wing is higher than the main house.

Diaojiaolou has rich cultural connotation, besides the deification phenomenon that Tujia folk houses pay attention to Long Mai and create a land of man and god according to the situation, it also has a very prominent space cosmology. Tujia diaojiao building is not only in the arms of the universe and nature unilaterally, but also in the arms of the universe and nature. This concept of space accommodating the universe is very obvious in Tujia Shangliang's ritual music songs: "In the previous step, look at Baoliang, with a round of Tai Chi in the center, and a line of unity is auspicious. In the last two steps, the word "Gankun" is on both sides, and the sun, the moon and Yong Cheng can both enjoy it ... "The words" Gankun "and" Sun and Moon "here represent the universe. In a sense, Tujia Diaojiao Building is subjectively closer to the universe, thus making the house, people and the universe integrated and inseparable.