Basic gardening questions, I hope the answer will be brief, thank you!
1. Northern type
Northern gardens are larger in scope due to their vast territory; and because most of them are located in Bai County, the buildings are magnificent. Due to limitations of natural meteorological conditions
There are few rivers, lakes, garden stones and evergreen trees. So beauty and beauty are not enough. Representatives of northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Xi'an, Luoyang, and Kaifeng, especially Beijing.
2. Jiangnan type
The population in the south is denser, so the garden area is smaller; and because there are more rivers, lakes, garden stones, and evergreen trees, the garden scenery is more delicate and exquisite. Due to the above
conditions, its characteristics are bright and beautiful, elegant and simple, with deep twists and turns. However, after all, it is small in area and feels a little cramped. Representatives of southern gardens are mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and other places, especially Suzhou.
3. Lingnan type
Because it is located in the subtropics, is evergreen all year round, and has many rivers, the gardening conditions are better than those in the north and south. Its obvious characteristics are its tropical scenery and tall and spacious buildings. Existing Lingnan-type gardens include the famous Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Guangdong, and Keyuan Garden in Dongguan.
4. In addition to the three major theme styles, there are also various forms such as Bashu gardens and Western Region gardens.
Chinese classical gardens have their own methods of dealing with some of the most unique design concepts of Eastern and Western gardens; and after integrating their own history, humanities, and geographical characteristics, they also show some of their own uniqueness .
1. Nature worship of the unity of man and nature
2. Landscape types that imitate natural landscape patterns
3. Poetic expression techniques
4. Comfortable and pleasant living environment
5. Expansion of horizons due to skillful borrowing
6. Step-by-step spatial sequence
7. Small Large visual effect in the middle
8. Euphemistic and implicit emotional expression
Ancient Greece, West Asia, and China are representatives and are praised as the three major garden systems
The influence of the development of European classical gardens on modern landscape design
The development process of European classical gardens
The European garden cultural tradition can be traced back to ancient Egypt. The gardens at that time were imitated through human cultivation. The transformed nature is geometric nature, so Western gardens began to develop along the geometric path. Representatives include ancient Egyptian gardens, ancient Greek gardens and ancient Roman gardens. Water, evergreen plants and colonnades are all important gardening elements, laying the foundation for Italian Renaissance gardens in the 15th and 16th centuries.
In the 8th century AD, the Arabs conquered Spain and brought Islamic garden culture, which combined with the Christian culture of the European continent, formed a unique Spanish garden style. As a symbol of life and a source of meditation in Arabic culture, water often appears in the form of cross-shaped channels in the courtyard, representing the four rivers of water, wine, milk, and honey in heaven. Various decoration changes are subtle, and ceramic tiles and mosaics are used as finishes. This type of garden greatly influenced American gardening and modern landscape design.
California Gardens, USA
The glory of ancient culture in the Middle Ages was completely wiped out, and society was in turmoil. People sought comfort in religion. Therefore, the foundation of medieval civilization was mainly Christian civilization. There are two different types of gardens: religious temple courtyards and castle courtyards. Both types of gardens were primarily practical in the beginning. As the situation stabilized and productivity continued to develop, the decoration and entertainment aspects of the gardens became increasingly stronger.
At the beginning of the 15th century, the Italian Renaissance movement emerged. The rapid progress of literature and art caused a group of people to love nature and pursue pastoral interests. Renaissance gardens became popular and gradually transformed from geometric to Baroque art curves. In the late Renaissance, gardens even pursued subjective, novel, and dreamlike expressions of "manipulativeism."
In the 17th century, there appeared in the history of gardens an outstanding figure who created a new style of gardening in France and even Europe - Andre Le Notre (1613-1700), who created French gardens. China calls it classical garden. Le Notre's garden retained some elements of the Italian Renaissance manor, and reorganized it in France in a more cheerful, gorgeous, grand and symmetrical way, creating a more noble garden and pursuing the tranquility of the entire garden. It is open, unified yet full of changes, creating a magnificent and majestic landscape effect. In China's Old Summer Palace, Emperor Qianlong's curiosity led to the construction of Western-style buildings imitating French gardens.
Baroque Gardens
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the tendency of painting and literature to focus on nature influenced British gardening. Coupled with the influence of Chinese garden culture, natural landscapes appeared in Britain. garden. A new kind of garden is composed of undulating and open grassland, naturally winding lakeshore, and patches of naturally growing trees. In the mid-18th century, as an improvement, some scenic spots were built in the garden, such as Chinese pavilions, towers, bridges, rockeries and other exotic small buildings or imitating the ruins of ancient Rome. People call this kind of garden a sentimental garden. Or an English-Chinese garden.
Continental European landscape gardens began by imitating British and Chinese gardens. Although they were often blindly imitated at first, the results brought about fundamental changes in gardens. The development of landscape gardens in continental Europe was a process of purification. The proportion of natural landscapes became larger and larger, and there were fewer and fewer scenic spots. After 1800, pure natural landscape gardens finally appeared.
Garden design in the first half of the 19th century was often a synthesis of geometric and formal gardens. At the end of the 19th century, more designs used formal gardens to coordinate the relationship between architecture and the environment. The art and architecture industries are developing in the direction of simplicity. Influenced by new trends of thought, gardens are on the road to purification, gradually turning to functional and people-centered design.
In the 19th century, the gardening style stagnated in the design style that blended natural and geometric styles, and even gradually became an imitation and patchwork of historical styles until the Arts and Crafts Movement and the Art Nouveau Movement. Leading to the birth of new garden styles.
Influenced by the Arts and Crafts Movement, the garden style is more concise, romantic, and elegant. Small-scale spaces with different functions are used to construct gardens, and the use of natural materials is emphasized. This style influenced later garden design in continental Europe and still has a certain influence today.
The purpose of the Art Nouveau movement was to create a new design through decorative means, mainly in the pursuit of natural curves and the pursuit of straight-line geometric shapes. Another feature of the Art Nouveau movement is the emphasis on the connection between gardens and architecture in the form of art. It is believed that gardens and architecture should be conceptually unified. The ideal garden should reproduce the "outdoor room" inside the building as much as possible.
Although the Art Nouveau movement rebelled against the tradition of classicism, its works were not "modern" in the strict sense. They were useful explorations and preparations before modernism. It can be said that this art movement at the turn of the century was a design movement that connected the past and the future. It heralded the end of the old era and the arrival of the new era.
British Garden
A school of thought that has had a significant influence on modern landscape planning and design
Tracing back the development and changes in the field of garden design over the past century, no matter which style It has had a wide impact on modern gardens. Based on the development of garden landscapes in the last century, numerous design styles emerged in various countries in the 20th century, and some very influential schools of thought emerged.
1. The first manifestation of French modern garden style was the "International Exhibition of Modern Arts and Crafts" held in Paris in 1925. At the exhibition, one can see some modern features of the garden, represented by four identical red "trees" designed by the architect Stevens, a combination of pillars with cross-sections and huge abstract concrete blocks. , and the "Garden of Water and Light" designed by the ancient Egyptian Reikian. The exhibition unveiled a new scene in modern landscape design.
French modern landscape design broke the shackles of traditional rules or natural styles and adopted a new dynamic and balanced composition at the time, which had strong geometry, but was not a static balance ruled by abstraction. It is the embodiment of irregular geometric form.
2． Modern Baroque style is characterized by the large number of curves used in landscape design works. The representative figure of this style is Brazilian landscape architect Bray Marquez. His works expand upon the forms of ancient parterres. His curved flower beds are like a paintbrush containing moisture, drawing bright strokes on the earth. Flower beds are used to limit the growth range of large plants, but the plants are never pruned. This is essentially different from the patterned flower beds of Baroque gardens. He uses contrasts in color and texture of plant leaves to create beautiful patterns, rather than relying primarily on flowers; extending this contrast to other materials such as gravel, pebbles, water, paving, etc. His various design languages are still widely spread around the world.
3. Barragan-style landscape design combines modernism with Mexican tradition, pioneering new approaches to modernism. He often designs buildings, gardens, and furniture together to form a unified and harmonious whole with a distinct personal style. The garden uses bright, colorful walls to create a strong contrast with the water, plants and sky, creating a quiet and poetic sanctuary for the soul. Some elements of his work, such as colorful walls, elevated flumes, and cascading waterfalls, have become hallmarks of Mexican style.
4. Typical features of the California School are: simple forms, direct connections between indoors and outdoors, hard surfaces adjacent to the house that can be arranged with garden furniture, small irregular patches of grass, redwood decks, wooden benches, swimming pools, and barbecues. racks and other recreational facilities. Fences, walls and screens create privacy, while existing trees and a new pergola provide shade to outdoor spaces. Some also draw on some features of Japanese gardens: such as low bryophytes, ferns, evergreen trees and naturally embellished stones. It is an artistic, functional and social composition in which every part has been carefully considered taking into account climate, landscape and lifestyle. It is a local, contemporary and humane design that meets the needs of comfortable outdoor living. , maintenance is also very easy.
The California School transformed the history of American gardens from the revival and copying of European styles to the exploration of American social, cultural, and geographical diversity.
In Chinese gardens. The nobility of the royal status is unshakable. In terms of garden construction techniques, it can be said to be domineering. Therefore, it is manifested in the garden as an incisive display and infinite pursuit.
In Chinese gardens. The nobility of the royal status is unshakable. In terms of garden construction techniques, it can be said to be domineering. Therefore, it is manifested in the garden as an incisive display and infinite pursuit.
In terms of Feng Shui site selection, China’s royal gardens occupy all the Feng Shui treasures. Such as the Summer Resort in Chengde. Water comes from the northeast. Water accumulates in the southeast, flows to the southeast, and mountains are high in the northwest. The mountain is the representative of Kunlun and the symbol of Xuanwu, and the water is the symbol of Qinglong and Suzaku. Inside the garden, the pattern is also modeled after Feng Shui. Proceed east and south. The west and north are surrounded by stacks of mountains. In front of it is Case Mountain. Behind it is a mountain. To the east is Zuofu and to the west is Youbi. Surrounded by mountains is a low-lying basin. So, water was accumulated in the salt land to make a pond, to resemble a red bird. In terms of landscape pattern, Chinese royal gardens adopt a mountain-shaped landscape garden style. Mainly mountains, supplemented by water. Pay attention to the combination of Zhishui and Renshan. Putting benevolence first, supplemented by wisdom, is also the moral outlook of the Chinese people. Therefore, there must be mountains in the garden. The mountain is tall, with the main building on the mountain as the visual center and the small island in the water as the composition center, using the two-center-one approach.
In terms of axis, symmetry and center, the royal garden unswervingly follows the path of axis and symmetry. For example, in the Summer Palace, there is an obvious axis from the Beigong Gate in the back hill to the Buddhist Incense Pavilion in the center of the scenery, and even to the Fenghuang Pier in Kunming Lake. Examples that use both axis and symmetry include the Imperial Garden behind Kunning Palace, Cining Palace Garden, Ningshou Palace Garden, etc.
In terms of scenery separation and enclosure, Chinese royal gardens adopt the form of solid walls, thick scenery and high walls.
For example, every garden in the Imperial City of Beijing is surrounded by high walls, as is the Chengde Summer Resort. This kind of enclosure was designed with the wall as a safe city wall, which reflected the sacred and inviolable dominance of the emperor at that time.
Chinese royal gardens make great use of framed scenery, contrasting scenery and missed scenery. The framed view is generally realized by window frames: the facing view is generally realized by the separation of mountains and rivers; the missed view is generally realized by the cloister or verandah.
On the roads, Chinese royal gardens often use mosaics of bricks, tiles, stones and other materials. It is mainly made of artificial pottery masonry, supplemented by natural mountain rocks. Use pattern composition methods. In terms of plant planting, the volume used is relatively small and the green coverage rate is relatively low, mainly to show the effect of nature within the artificial. On plant species. I like to use plants from all seasons and flowering plants. Such as the Three Friends of Suihan and the Four Gentlemen of Flowers. They all have the same preference for peaches in spring, lotuses in summer, maples in autumn, and pine trees in winter, which is a manifestation of the golden mean in Confucianism.
In terms of plant pruning, the beauty of natural forms is always the most important thing.
In terms of architecture, it is reflected in the following points: First - in terms of type, mainly palaces. It is supplemented by pavilions and pavilions. Religious buildings occupy a large part of Chinese royal gardens, which is related to the royal family's desire to accumulate virtue and seek longevity. The second is that the building layout is dominated by regular central axis symmetry. The third is that the number of buildings is intensive. The building density is relatively high. The fourth is that the building volume is relatively large. The fifth is bridges, mostly stone arch bridges.
1. Humble Administrator’s Garden (Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province)
2. Summer Palace (Haidian District, Beijing)
3. Summer Resort (Chengde City, Hebei Province) )
4. Lingering Garden (Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province