How to consider the related word of a noun clause as the first word of a sentence. thank you
First, the related word
A. that
The conjunction that itself has no meaning, does not serve as any sentence component in the clause, and can sometimes be omitted in the object clause.
I hear (that) he has joined the football club. I heard that he has joined the football club.
that light travels in straight line is known to all. As we all know, light travels in a straight line.
It so happens that I know the man. I happen to know that.
Is it certain that they will win? Are they sure to win?
B. whether and if
The conjunctions whether and if are meaningful in themselves (explaining "whether") and cannot be omitted in clauses.
1. Where can connect all noun clauses, while if can only guide object clauses.
t know when he would attend the concert. I don't know whether he will attend the concert or not. (object clause, if can be used instead of where)
The question is where it is worth trying. The question is whether it is worth a try. (predicative clause, you can't use if instead of where)
Where she comes or not makes no difference. It doesn't matter whether she comes or not. (subject clause, you can't use if instead of where)
He must answer the question where he agrees to it or not. (appositive clause, you can't use if instead of where)
2. The object clause guided by where can be used as an introduced object, but if can't.
it all depends on whether they support us or not. (without if)
Ryan was worried about what he had hurt her feelings.
3. If can guide both language clauses and object clauses. If using if will cause ambiguity, you should avoid using if and use whether instead.
Please let me know if you want to join us. Please tell me if you want to join us. (if-guided clauses can be regarded as object clauses, and if means "whether")
Please let me know if you want to join us. Please let me know if you want to join us. (if-guided clauses can be regarded as conditional adverbial clauses, and if means "if")
Please let me know where you want to join us. Please tell me whether you want to join us. (in order to avoid ambiguity, you can use "where" to indicate "whether")
C. who who, whom, whose, what, which
the connecting pronouns who, who, what, which, etc. not only play a connecting role in the clause, but also act as the subject, object, attribute, predicative and other components.
No one knows who he was waiting for. No one knows who he was waiting for.
We are worried about what we should do next. We are worrying about what to do next.
tell me whose house it is. Tell me whose home this is.
let me know which train you will be arriving on. Tell me which train you will take to get to
D. where, when, how, why, etc. The adverbs of where, when, how, why, etc. are both conjunctions and adverbials in clauses. T know where we are going to have the meeting. I don't know where we will have the meeting.
D. where, when, how, why
The connecting adverbs where, when, how, why, etc. are both conjunctions and adverbials in clauses.
I don't know where we are going to have the meeting. I don't know where we will have the meeting.
she always thinks of how she can work well. She is always thinking about how to do the work well.
what I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum. I am anxious to know when we can visit the museum.
Comparison:
Different tenses in adverbial clauses of time and nominal clauses guided by when.
Please lt me know when you arrive. Please let me know when you arrive. (when leads to an adverbial clause of time, in which the future is represented by the simple present tense. )
Please let me know when you will arrive. Please tell me when you will arrive. (when leads to an object clause, in which the general future tense is used. )
e. whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, who sever
The connecting pronoun whoever = anyone, no matter who; Everything = anything that ... whatever; Whichever = anything that no matter which one, any one; Whomever = anyonewhom (objective form of whoever)
whoevercomes to the club is welcome. Whoever comes to this club is welcome.
whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. whatever is worth doing is worth doing well.
they ate whatever they could find o the deserted island. They ate whatever they found on a desert island.
You may do whatever you will. You can do whatever you want.
I'll take which book interests me. I'd like to buy any book that interests me.
who sever book is overdue will be fined. Whoever fails to return the book after its expiration will be fined.
comparison:
the connecting pronoun whoever is the subject in the object clause, and whomever is the object in the object clause.
You may offer he book to whoeverwants it. You can give this book to anyone who wants it. You can't use whomever in this sentence because whoever is the subject of wants it in the object clause.
You may offer the book to whomever you like. You can give this book to anyone you like. (whomever is the object of you like in the object clause)