How are ancient buildings used in modern architecture?
[Original] The influence and application of ancient Chinese architectural Feng Shui in modern architecture
-- [Original] The influence and application of ancient Chinese architectural Feng Shui in modern architecture
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The influence and application of ancient Chinese architectural Feng Shui in modern architecture
Li Yuanguo, researcher and professor at the Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences
About the application of ancient Chinese architectural Feng Shui in modern architecture Its influence and application have increasingly attracted widespread attention from people in the real estate, construction, decoration and design industries as well as ordinary people. Here, I would like to talk about some of my views on this topic, in order to seek advice from the academic community and related people.
1 The basic idea of ancient architectural Feng Shui
Many archaeological data prove that paying attention to people's living environment is an important content in Chinese local culture. As early as six or seven thousand years ago, the Chinese ancestors had reached a very high level in their choice and understanding of their living environment. The location selection of settlements during the Yangshao Culture period had a clear tendency of "environmental selection". The main manifestations are: (1) being close to water sources, which is not only convenient for daily water collection, but also conducive to the development of agricultural production. (2) It is located at the intersection of rivers and has convenient transportation. (3) Located on river terraces, it not only has fertile soil for farming, but also can avoid floods. (4) If you are on a hillside, it is usually on a sunny slope. For example, the Banpo site is a typical Shangji Feng Shui pattern surrounded by mountains, rivers and the intersection of two rivers. What is quite instructive is that most of these villages are overlaid by modern villages or towns. For example, in a certain area along the flood coast of Henan, 11 Neolithic village ruins were discovered among 15 modern villages. 69 ruins have been discovered within 70 kilometers along the Wei River in Gansu. It can be seen that people in ancient times paid great attention to the factors of settlement site selection. This ancient tradition is deeply rooted in the minds of future generations and is concretely reflected in the site selection and construction of many modern cities, villages and towns. It can also be judged from the situation of ancient cultural sites that clear functional divisions have emerged in areas where people live together. For example, in the Banpo site, the cemetery was arranged outside the residential area. The conscious separation of the residential area and the tomb area became a precursor to the later distinction between Yin Zhai and Yang Zhai. The continuous improvement of primitive living forms in the Neolithic Age reflects people's ability to adapt to changes in the environment. The location selection of primitive settlements also reflects the ancient ancestors' high level of understanding of the quality of the living environment. In short, while observing the environment, people began to actively choose the environment.
From the palace ruins of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, it can be clearly seen that people's understanding of the relationship between rivers and living environment has reached a very high level. Xiaotun Village, two kilometers northwest of Anyang, Henan Province, was the capital of the Yin and Shang dynasties. Here the Huan River turns from the northwest to the south, and then flows to the east. On both sides of the river, the Xiaotun Village area at the bend of the south bank is where the palaces of the Shang Dynasty were located. The large areas to the west, south, southeast of the palaces and east of the Huan River were the residences of common people and small and medium-sized nobles. Land, workshops and cemeteries, etc.; the Houjia Village and Military Officer Village on the north bank are the tomb areas of Shang kings and nobles. What needs to be emphasized is that whether they are palace areas, residential areas, production areas, or mausoleum areas, they are all located in the meandering embrace of the river. This fully proves that the pursuit of the concept of "a crooked road means good luck" has a long history in later generations of Feng Shui. Just as it is said in "Boshan Chapter: On Water": "The ocean tide is vast, the water grid is rich. The twists and turns, the water grid is noble." Jiang Pingjie's "Shuilong Jing" also said: "The natural water law must be remembered, nothing more than When bending, there is affection. When it comes, it cannot rush away. It must be wrapped around and curved. "When water sees three bends, happiness and longevity will be at ease. When bending comes, prosperity and prosperity will surround it." In short, the requirement for water flow is to "bend around." "Hug", pay attention to "the bend of the river is the gathering of dragon energy" ("Summary of Yangzhai")
Furthermore, in Feng Shui, the bend of the river is an auspicious place. The outside of the meander is a dangerous place. "Kanyu Reveals Secrets" says: "Water hugs the edge to find the ground, water turns to the edge and cannot go down." "Water Dragon Sutra" also believes that any "reverse flying water", "reverse diving", "reverse water", "reverse bow" Landforms such as "water" are all dangerous places, which are not conducive to fertility and living. As the saying goes, "Sentient beings who desire water like it to circle around and face the acupuncture point. Water is the connection of the dragon's veins, and it is taboo to rush and reverse the bow."
"This is a Feng Shui treasure land model from the perspective of the overall environment: that is, it requires endless mountains and ridges in the north, low mountains and hills that echo far and near in the south, and mountains on the left and right sides, with heavy protection. The halls are clearly divided, the terrain is spacious, and surrounded by curving water. This is an ideal Feng Shui treasure place. As Fo Yin said in "Feng Shui Lecture Notes": "The backing is undulating, the heights are staggered, the windings are like living things, and the veins emerge from the center. The acupuncture points protrude, surrounded by dragon sand and tiger sand, surrounded by mountains and waters, a place of prosperity and wealth protected by layers of protection. ”
From the perspective of modern urban construction, it is also necessary to consider the natural geographical conditions and ecological systems of the entire region. Each region has its specific lithology, structure, climate, soil quality, vegetation and hydrology. Condition. Only when the various comprehensive natural and geographical elements of the area coordinate with each other and complement each other will the "Qi" in the entire environment be smooth and lively, full of vitality, thus creating an ideal "Feng Shui Treasure Land" - a very good Living environment. The common cities and villages in China are surrounded by mountains and rivers, which is a typical environment with ecological significance. The scientific value is: the backing is good for resisting the cold wind coming from the north in winter; The flowing water can not only receive the cool breeze from the south in summer, but also enjoy the benefits of irrigation, boating, and breeding; the trend of the rising sun is convenient for getting good sunshine; the gentle slope terrace can avoid the disaster of flooding; the surrounding vegetation can be cultivated Water source, water and soil conservation, microclimate adjustment, and firewood acquisition. The combination of these different environmental factors creates an organic ecological environment that is full of ecological imagery and vitality, which is the ancient city. The feng shui treasure that is always pursued in architectural style
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-- Author: Shanshui Time and Space
-- Release time: 2005-9-14 17:06:00
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1 Lou [original] is wrong, it should be [reposted]
The inspiration of ancient Feng Shui on modern urban planning and architecture
In ancient Feng Shui, the earth is often compared to Various factors are taken into consideration based on the human body. There is a saying in Feng Shui that "the appearance of the earth is like the appearance of the person." For example, "Xuannv Qingnang Haijiao Sutra" says, "The shape of the dragon is like the shape of a person, but when the body moves, Then the hands and feet will respond on their own; as soon as the general comes out, all the troops will follow. "The dragon of oneself must be long-lasting, the body must be upright, the hands and feet must be in harmony, the elders and the young must be humble and submissive, and the guest of honor must be welcomed as a surprise." "Based on this idea that people and land are similar, Feng Shui often divides the true acupoints of the dragon vein into three types according to the structure of the human body. One is on the head, the second is on the navel, and the third is on the vulva. Their specific locations are: "The upper point is like a child's head. When a child is born, the chimney is not full and there is a slight nest, which is the top of the mountain. The middle point is like a person's navel, and the hands are like dragons and tigers. The lower point is like a human being. The scrotum and the two legs are like a dragon and a tiger. "(Qing Meng Hao's "Xue Xin Fu Zheng Jie") In the Qing Dynasty's "Mr. Liu Pu Shen Xin's Geoscience", there is a Feng Shui acupuncture map based on the "orifices" of the human body, which can best vividly reflect this kind of person.
Since the foundation of ancient Feng Shui is based on the theory of yin and yang and vitality of traditional Chinese philosophy, it is natural to incorporate the ideas of "the unity of heaven and man" and "the unity of all things". As the soul of Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese have long discovered the movement patterns of the sun, the moon, the 28 constellations, and the five planets of metal, wood, water, earth, and fire, and their relationship with the earth's diurnal changes and disasters. , the movement of heaven and earth is directly related to human growth: "The human body is like a small heaven and earth, yin, yang, five elements, four seasons and eight festivals, all of which can be used in one body." Heaven and earth are a big universe, and the human body is a small universe. The human body is the same as the universe. The heaven and earth are divided into yin and yang, and the human body is also divided into yin and yang. The heaven and earth have five stars and five mountains, and the human body also has five organs and five organs. The sky is divided into ten heavenly stems, which means that the earth revolves around the sun, and humans also have ten fingers.
"Garden City" was once put into practice, and its ideas inspired many urban planners, and most new urban design plans benefited from this. After China put forward the strategy of "urban and rural gardening and greening" in the 1950s, it held the China "Landscape City Seminar" in February 1993. Mr. Qian Xuesen pointed out that Chinese cities in the 21st century should be a combination of urban gardens and urban forests. An integrated "landscape city". Planning scientist Mr. Wu Lianghao pointed out: "Chinese cities regard mountains and rivers as urban composition elements. Mountains, water and cities are integrated and unique. The background of these characteristics is the traditional Chinese philosophy of 'harmony between man and nature', and is closely related to The emphasis on landscape composition and urban site selection are related to theories such as Feng Shui. "Mr. Wu has a unique insight and realizes the important role of Feng Shui in ancient Chinese city site selection and landscape composition; it also enlightens us that Feng Shui is about landscape. The effective combination of space will definitely play a positive role in the planning and construction of "Landscape City".
The modern application and value of three ancient architectural Feng Shui
The ancient architectural Feng Shui, which belongs to the field of traditional Chinese culture, must have many illusory and unrealistic elements due to the limitations of the times and history. . Taking the essence and discarding the dross, and using contemporary language and scientific concepts to interpret traditional ideas to better serve society, this is a common problem faced by experts and scholars engaged in Chinese traditional culture and modern architecture. A major task.
First of all, we must break out of the "mysterious and mysterious" language circle in traditional Feng Shui and use modern expression methods that are easy to understand so that more people can understand the essence and modern value of Feng Shui. Secondly, we should adapt to the development of contemporary science and technology, be good at using the latest scientific and technological achievements as the "philosopher's stone" to enlighten traditional Feng Shui, make it reborn, and carry forward the essence of traditional Feng Shui under new historical conditions. Third, we must adapt to the rapid development of contemporary urban construction, real estate development and the construction industry, study various new problems faced, dare to innovate, and promote the modernization of Feng Shui as soon as possible, that is, organically integrate the essence of traditional Feng Shui into contemporary architecture among.
The development of contemporary society is centered on urban construction. However, many cities do not have mountains or rivers, which seems to be far away from the emphasis on mountains and rivers in traditional Feng Shui. But with a little modification, you can still find examples that fit the traditional Feng Shui treasure land. When examining the Feng Shui conditions in the city, the buildings can be seen as overlapping peaks, with sand guards on the left and right, green dragons and white tigers, and red birds and black basalts; the crisscrossing roads extending in all directions can be seen as strips. of rivers and streams. Because for cities and residential buildings, the influence of the natural environment, such as mountains and rivers, is far less direct and intimate than the influence of other houses, walls and roads adjacent to the house. Therefore, the shape of the house in the city is determined. In this method, dragon, sand, water and cave were given new special metaphorical meanings and used. As the "Yangzhai Collection" said: "In the tens of thousands of tiles and scales in the market, the tall houses with ridges are real dragons. Although the dragon of Han Dynasty ascends to the sky, it still needs the true sect of the dripping world." "Yangzhai Huixin Collection" also says: "One-story street The road is a layer of water, the wall house is a layer of sand, the street in front of the door is the Mingtang, and the house opposite is the mountain. "On the basis of following the basic concepts of traditional Feng Shui, we make full use of various areas and various types. The superiority of innate conditions, carefully discovering the innate defects of individual areas, and making various efforts to improve the overall environment and improve the architecture of this community can also achieve good results. Here is an example of the design plan of the Haikou International Trade Center, which can be regarded as a successful example of applying Feng Shui theory to modern architectural design. The following is introduced based on Jiao Yiqiang's article "A Preliminary Study on the Application of Feng Shui Theory in Modern Architectural Design on the Scheme Design of Zaohaikou International Trading Center".
Haikou International Trade Center (hereinafter referred to as the Haikou International Trade Center) is a comprehensive facility planned to be built in Haikou City that focuses on exhibitions and transactions and is compatible with offices, hotels and other functions. After completion, it will become Haikou City’s open to the outside world. new economic and trade center. The Maritime Exchange Center is located in the city center, covering an area of 76,940 square meters, with a construction area of approximately 240,000 square meters. It is composed of a conference hall, a hotel, and an office building.
Most of the similar comprehensive buildings in modern cities have each part relatively independent, with the entrances of different functional buildings arranged on streets in different directions; even if one side faces the street, the entrances of several functional areas are absolutely separated and Although this method of homogenizing the respective external spaces is based on considerations of function and transportation, it inevitably brings the following disadvantages: (1) The space feels scattered and the sense of centripetalness is not strong. (2) It is difficult to form a centralized urban public space. What's more important is that this design approach that represents Western architectural ideas is contrary to traditional Chinese Feng Shui ideas. Starting from the concept of the unity of nature and man: from small family houses to large and complex comprehensive building complexes, and even the entire region, they can be regarded as one, that is, a whole in which heaven, earth and man are interconnected and restrict each other. Therefore, any building of any size can be designed or planned based on Juma.
According to this, designers such as Jiao Yiqiang, who was responsible for the design task, followed the traditional Chinese context and conceived the entire Maritime Exchange Center as Juma. That is to say, in the process of "挢芡记曓蓢", the traditional Feng Shui concept of "毼袢曔恛"" is reasonably used, and a new meaning is given to the theory of "混獢曔讛", which has become a method that modern design can learn from. Specific methods The following are: (1) Divide the entire design into a nine-square grid (2) Determine the main entrance as the palace gate position, which is called "摲?粩" (3) Follow the rules of the layout. According to the principle of laying out buildings, they flexibly used the Nine Palaces diagram to layout the buildings.
They determined the main entrance of the center to be in the southeast according to the flow direction of the city's main roads, and found the shape of the house located in the southeast. According to the orientation map, it can be determined that: (1) The north and east are high in the auspicious direction and should become important enclosure elements, so major high-rise buildings such as office buildings and hotels are arranged (2) Southwest, southeast, and northeast. If the direction is neutral, auxiliary buildings such as hotel wings, branch halls, green spaces and parking lots will be arranged. (3) There are more dangerous areas in the west and northwest, and only low-profile non-residential halls will be arranged. The rest will be arranged. The outdoor exhibition venue has large building gaps and lots of open space.
This combined with the external space design has formed an ideal design plan with the following characteristics: (1) forming an enclosure with the hall as the center. The clubhouse, hotel, and office building have different public activity areas, which organically connects their functions and forms and enhances the unity of the entire plan. (2) There is sparseness and density in the building layout. It not only creates a relaxation effect in terms of function and form, but also leaves room for future development and has a large green land. (3) Use the outer space as an outdoor venue for trading activities to form an internally enclosed "modern courtyard". Model. (4) The office building, hotel and clubhouse are enclosed on three sides, forming a closed enclosed space. This space is composed of two connected square "courtyards". The first-level courtyard mainly solves the traffic problem of the population. The city provides a more public space. The second-level courtyard is highly enclosed. The buildings on the east and west sides are 50 meters apart and the building height is more than 20 meters. The courtyard extends longitudinally and mainly solves the problem of communication and rest for the internal flow of people in the trading center. , and provide an outdoor trading venue. The two courtyards are separated and connected to form the "virtual axis" of the entire building complex, which is conducive to the convergence, channeling and smoothness of "qi". (5) The entire building group is divided into relatively independent parts. Sexual space, a continuous spatial sequence, causes changes in viewing points, so that the spatial scales are also different. The concepts of "form" and "potential" in traditional Feng Shui theory are flexibly used to integrate the large-scale exterior of the building group. Space, with a distance of about 200 meters for viewing purposes, is used to grasp the overall space. The scale of about 20 meters gives people a human touch and can recognize the details of the building, which is called " "Shape" is used as a small division of outer space. As people move forward, the distance and the near shape are transformed into each other, giving a vivid visual effect and obtaining a dynamic perception of space based on scale conversion.
Based on the idea of "harmony between man and nature" in ancient Chinese philosophy, this design plan strives for a graceful and pleasing natural beauty: (1) Pursue a multi-level landscape, divide the spatial levels through the collection of buildings, and also delineate The landscape levels such as close shot, medium shot and long shot are included.
Utilize the gaps between building volumes to make the space transparent and introduce multi-level landscapes. (2) Create a curvaceous and dynamic landscape: the towering office buildings stand tall and upward; the hotel’s curved plane and top terraces step back; the curved roof of the clubhouse reminds the natural landscape and the continuous curved outlines of ancient Chinese cities. The rhythmic dynamic beauty and the rigid central axis composition add to the romantic atmosphere of the seaside. (3) The building volume is tall and slender in the east and north directions, and low and bulky in the west direction, forming a balanced layout. The buildings are distributed at scattered heights, in an orderly manner, and are shaded by greenery. From each block, they form a stable triangular structure.
In short, the designers regard the Haijiao Center as an important modern building in Haikou City, taking modern functions and technical conditions as the premise, and always maintaining the unity of form and function. However, in the conception of the plan, the essence and principles of ancient architectural Feng Shui were dared to be used creatively, transcending the shape of the nest, not paying attention to details, and using the broad essence of Feng Shui theory to create a modern building full of "freehand brushwork". It is worthy of learning and reference by the contemporary design and architectural circles and colleagues engaged in ancient architectural Feng Shui in order to promote the modernization of Chinese architecture.
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