Which generation of Zhou kings is the Emperor of Zhou who is the emperor driving six?
"The Emperor Drives Six": The Imprint of "Etiquette" of the Zhou Dynasty
Zhou Gong Temple
"The Emperor Drives Six"
In Luoyang City In the prosperous area of Xigong District in the center, there is a spacious and magnificent square called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty King's Square". In the south of the square, stands a statue of a wise and generous old man named Zhou Gong Ji Dan. Under the statue is engraved "Zhou Gong built Luoyi". In the north of the square, on a building half hidden underground, six horses look up to the sky and neigh, which is particularly eye-catching. This is the Zhouwangcheng Emperor Jialiu Museum, known as "The Emperor Jialiu".
What’s going on with “The Emperor Drives Six”? "Yi Li·Wang Du Ji" records: "The emperor drives six, the princes drive four, the officials drive three, the scholars two, and the common people one." It turns out that in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, chariots and horses were symbols of the owner's rank and status. Only the emperor could ride a six-horse carriage. However, although there are records in history books, archaeological experts have never discovered this physical object. Therefore, "The Emperor Jia Liu" has become an eternal mystery.
At the end of 2002, Luoyang conducted preliminary cultural relic drilling and archaeological excavations for the construction of Heluo Square. 397 Eastern Zhou tombs and 18 chariot and horse pits were discovered within an area of 16,000 square meters. In one of the chariot and horse pits, the staff cleared out the remains of six horses pulling a chariot. This confirmed the saying in ancient literature about the "Emperor driving six" during the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. It was hailed as comparable to Xi'an. An archaeological wonder comparable to the Terracotta Warriors and Horses. Subsequently, Luoyang City changed the construction plan of Heluo Square and built a protective exhibition museum on the original site of Chemakeng - Zhou Wangcheng Emperor Jialiu Museum, and changed Heluo Square into Eastern Zhou Wangcheng Square. Since then, Luoyang has gained a unique place. spectacle.
The Tianzi Jialiu Museum covers an area of 1,700 square meters and is divided into two exhibition areas. The first exhibition area displays an overview of the Zhou Royal City, cultural relics unearthed from the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, etc. The second exhibition area is the chariot and horse pit. There are 17 chariot and horse pits in the tombs of emperors and high-ranking nobles. The one on the north is 42.6 meters long and 7.4 meters wide. The carriages and horses are arranged in two longitudinal rows. The leader is a carriage with 6 horses. It reproduces the spectacular scene of the emperor's patrol two thousand years ago, and also opens a heavy page that has been dusted by history.
King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty settled in Luoyang
Everyone knows that in the past, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty was Haojing and the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was Luoyang. In fact, the Western Zhou Dynasty had a close relationship with Luoyang for a long time, and Luoyang was once its capital.
When King Wu of Zhou conquered Zhou, "eight hundred princes gathered in Mengjin", which is northeast of Mengjin in present-day Luoyang. The town of Huimeng in present-day Mengjin County got its name from this reason. King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Yin Shang Dynasty and withdrew his troops, "resting the Yan Rong division", hence the name "Yan division" in Luoyang today. He moved the "Nine Tripods" symbolizing royal power from Chaoge, the capital of Zhou Dynasty in Shang Dynasty, to Luoyang, and said to Duke Zhou: "Since Luo Rui has been extended to Yi Rui, the residence has been changed and has not been consolidated. It has the residence of Xia. I look to the south of Santu, and to the north Looking at Yuebi, there is a river in Guzhan, Guangdong Zhanluoyi, not far away from Tianshi." The intention of establishing Luoyang as the capital is obvious. But unfortunately, he died of overwork and illness the year after he destroyed his business.
According to legend, Jiuding was cast by Xia Yu. The belly of the tripod is engraved with the words "Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, Yong", symbolizing the nine states of the world and the symbol of Xia. , Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is said that King Wu of Zhou was transporting the Jiuding from Chaoge to Haojing. When passing through Luoyang, the Jiuding could not be moved. King Wu of Zhou knew God's will and placed the tripod in Luoyang.
Why did King Wu of Zhou decide to make Luoyang his capital? Just because Luoyang is the center of the world, it is easy to control the whole country. King Wu of Zhou died, King Cheng of Zhou came to the throne, and the Duke of Zhou took over as regent. Following King Wu's wishes, he built two cities, "Imperial City" and "Chengzhou" in Luoyang. The capital is Luoyang. After that, many emperors including King Zhao of the Western Zhou Dynasty also made Luoyang their capital.
In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved the capital to Luoyang again. After that, more than twenty emperors of the Zhou Dynasty all lived in Luoyang. In 515 BC, it was called "Eastern Zhou" in history. During this period, Luoyang became the political, economic, and cultural center of the country. For a time, it was "business all over the world and rich all over the world." However, as the princes rose to prominence, the royal family gradually declined, and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty lived a miserable life. A series of stories occurred, such as "Dong Zhuang of Chu aspired to the throne", "King Xuan of Qi sought the tripod", "King Wu of Qin raised the tripod", and "King Zhao of Qin moved the tripod".
Duke Zhuang of Chu is the prince who "had been silent for three years and then became famous with a sudden success". In 606 BC, when the state of Chu was strong and prosperous, Duke Zhuang of Chu led his army to defeat Lu Hun's army and arrived at Luoshui. He asked Zhou's Jiuding "its size and weight", intending to destroy Zhou and replace it.
"King Wu of Qin raised the tripod" refers to the fact that when King Wu of Qin was strong, he went to the Zhou Dynasty, pointed to the tripod with the word "Yong" engraved on it, and said: This is the tripod of my country, and I will bring it back. He lifted the cauldron to test the weight, but accidentally broke his toe bone, causing pain to death.
After the Western Zhou Dynasty established its capital in Luoyang, two capitals, Haojing and Luoyang, were actually formed during this dynasty. The two capitals are thousands of miles apart. In order to facilitate the royal rule, they implemented "dividing Shaanxi and governing", that is, taking Shaanxian County (today's west of Sanmenxia) as the boundary, with Zhou Gongzheng in the east and Zhao Gongzheng in the west. This is where the name "Shaanxi" comes from. The Western Zhou Dynasty also called the Haojing area "Zongzhou", which is the foundation left by the ancestors; Luoyang New City was called "Chengzhou", which means the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty.
Zhou Gong made rituals and made music
Ancient literature records that "the emperor drove six", and the emperor's tomb was buried with nine tripods, 20 chariots and 40 horses. There are 26 chariots and 68 horses in the chariot and horse pit of Zhouwang City, which fully shows that the owner of the tomb is the emperor. So, who made this set of rules or rules?
There are old systems passed down from the Xia and Shang Dynasties, and more importantly, the Duke of Zhou "made rituals and made music."
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Duke Zhou lived in Luoyang. In addition to building Luoyi and quelling rebellions, he also completed the great project of "making rituals and music", which had a profound impact on Chinese society and Chinese history.
"Li" was the social norm and moral code of the patriarchal and hierarchical system at that time. The emperor, princes, ministers, officials, scholars, etc. all have strict hierarchical distinctions. Kings and ministers, fathers and sons, superiors and subordinates, superiors and inferiors, close relatives, etc. must abide by different etiquette systems. In particular, the system regulations regarding heirs are stricter: "Legends and concubines are distinguished, elders and younger ones are arranged in an orderly manner", "a son is established to be noble rather than senior, and a direct descendant is established to be senior rather than virtuous", etc., which have been followed by the feudal dynasty for two thousand years. .
"The great events of the country are to be sacrificed to the army." At that time, whether it was sacrifices or wars, there were grand ceremonies, and other ceremonies also had different ceremonies. These ceremonies are all accompanied by different music and dance, which is the content of Zhou Gong's "music".
After Zhou Gong established the rituals and music, King Zhou Cheng promulgated and implemented them in Luoyang Mingtang, which achieved great results for a while. During the reigns of King Cheng and King Kang, the world was peaceful and no punishment was required for 40 years. This was known as the "Chengkang Rule" in history. In the Western Zhou Dynasty and the early Eastern Zhou Dynasty, "see no evil, hear no evil, and do no evil" was deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. King Huan of Zhou doted on his second son, Prince Ke, and wanted to give the throne to Ke, but he did not dare to destroy the "inheritance system of the eldest son", so he had to entrust this wish to the minister Zhou Gong Heijian before he died. As a result, the ministers followed the usual practice and established the eldest son Tuo to succeed the throne of Emperor Zhou as King of Zhouzhuang. The conspiracy of Duke Heijian and Wang Zike failed.
"Zuo Zhuan" records the story of Duke Wen of Jin asking for a "tunnel" from King Xiang of Zhou. In the Zhou Dynasty, only the emperor's tomb had a "tunnel", that is, a tomb passage. Duke Wen of Jin helped King Xiang quell the rebellion and made great contributions. But when he asked King Xiang to grant him the right to be buried in a "tunnel", King Xiang refused and gave him a lot of land, saying "there are no two sons in the world".
King Xiang of Zhou would rather grant land to his ministers than allow them to be buried in "tunnels", which shows how strict the hierarchy was at that time!
At the end of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, "rituals collapsed and music collapsed", but many people still missed the prosperous age of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the ritual and music system. Confucius said: "All things have happened in the long run, but this is the most important thing. Self-denial and restoration of rituals."
Relics of the Zhou Dynasty
Both the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty had their capitals in Luoyang, and there are rich relics of the Zhou Dynasty in Luoyang.
Chengzhou City and the Royal City ruins. Chengzhou City is located in the area of today's White Horse Temple. It was built in the Western Zhou Dynasty and is 6 miles from east to west and 5 miles from north to south. It was later superimposed by the ruins of the ancient city of Han and Wei Dynasties, and is commonly known as the "Old City of Han and Wei Dynasties". The Imperial City is located in the present-day Wangcheng Park area, and Mingtang, Shaoletai, etc. have been rebuilt.
Zhou Wang Tomb Area. The Zhouwang Tomb area in Luoyang can be divided into three parts. The first is Jincun Mausoleum District, located in the area of Jincun, the ancient city of Han and Wei dynasties. According to historical records, there are "Burial of King Weilie of Zhou Dynasty" and "Mound of King Jing" in this mausoleum area. The second is the Wangcheng Mausoleum area, which is the area around today's Zijialiu Museum.
Before the discovery of "Tianzi Jialiu", archaeological experts found several "A"-shaped tombs and "Ya"-shaped tombs here, as well as Shigui with the word "Emperor" on them, but the owner of the tomb has not yet been determined. Who. At the same time and after the discovery of "The Son of Heaven drove six", dozens of chariot and horse pits and hundreds of Eastern Zhou tombs were discovered in this area. The third is Zhoushanling District, located in Sanshan Village southwest of Luoyang. The original name of Zhoushan is Qinshan. It was later renamed Zhoushan because the mausoleum of the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty was called the mountain. Because there are four tombs on the mountain, three of which are connected to the east, they are commonly known as "Three Mountains". According to legend, they are the tombs of King Jing, King Mourning and King Ding. In front of a tomb in the west is the tombstone of "The Mausoleum of King Zhou Ling" erected during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
The ruins of Duke Zhou’s observation platform. It is located in Gaocheng Town, Dengfeng City today. The observation deck was built in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Duke Zhou once observed the sun's shadow here and determined that this place was "among the world", and the construction of Luoyi began.
Zhou Gong Temple. This temple is located in the old city of Luoyang and was built by Wang Shichong in the late Sui Dynasty.
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Wangcheng Park
Wangcheng Park is located at the west end of Zhongzhou Middle Road. It is named after it is located on the ruins of Zhou Wangcheng.
The Zhouwang City was the capital city of the Zhou Dynasty built in 1038 BC by Duke Zhou. Its layout of "the dynasty in the front and the city in the back, with the ancestors on the left and the community on the right" pioneered the capital construction system in my country. In 1955, the ruins of Zhou Wangcheng were discovered. In order to protect this historical relic, Luoyang City built the Wangcheng Park here.
The park spans both sides of the Jian River and covers an area of more than 500 acres. The gate is a classical double building, simple, elegant and majestic. Facing the door is a 6-meter-high imitation bronze tripod, symbolizing that this was the royal city of Luoyi, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty. Behind the tripod is the main hall of Mingtang. Mingtang is the political and religious hall of the Ming Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty. It has 5 rooms, each room is 18 feet long. All major political activities during suburban rituals were held here. Today's Mingtang Hall has been rebuilt and is simple and solemn. The "Chinese Dragon" carved in front of the hall is 13 meters long and very powerful. Shao music once made Confucius "not aware of the taste of meat for three months" after listening to it. Shaole Terrace consists of Tiancheng Tower, Ji Shengzhu, Shaole Terrace and Huancui Corridor. The Ji Sheng Pillar is engraved with the historical relics of Zhou Gong's construction of Luoyi, and a small square is arranged to symbolize the nine meridians and nine latitudes of the Zhou royal city. The Shaole Platform is a "Four A-Chong House" style building, with bells, chimes and other ancient musical instruments installed on the platform. On the wall of the stage, 32 paintings of characters and stories are engraved, which vividly reflect the major historical events that happened in Luoyang during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Wangcheng Park also has the "Hetu Luoshu" boulder and the "Roots in Heluo" stone tablet. The latter was erected by Taiwan's "Looking for Roots and Asking Ancestors" group. The Han people in Taiwan call themselves "Heluolang" and believe that their ancestors are in the Luoyang area.
"Classic Luoyang" has been compiled into a book. To purchase, please call: 63232710, 63254719, 64856698