History of burning before preparing for the exam (unpopular 9k+)
First, the end of the Heian Kamakura era
Under the influence of the tradition of "burning first and reserving later", it is also recorded in the book Yan Xiti, which was established at the end of Ping 'an in He Qi County (moving northward).
Prior to this, although potters such as Cedar (Changchuan Town) in Yijiu County, which is relatively south, started to produce Hui porcelain sporadically, with the disintegration of centralization and the disappearance of tribute land, potters crossed the northern part of Woong San, which was then a sacred place of mountain Buddhism, and moved to Iraq for refuge.
? The kiln site prepared and fired in the early stage was built at the foot of the mountain around Iraq, adopting the same semi-underground kiln form as the previous generation Huiqi kiln. Daimyojin Kiln, Chitan Kiln, Dachinan Kiln, Guye Mountain Kiln, etc. All kilns are in the preliminary preparation stage of firing. This semi-basement kiln dug a long and narrow ditch about 10 meter on the hillside. The ceiling and side walls are made of clay. In the case of more fuel, spots will appear in the firing process, so it is an inefficient kiln. However, after this, this spotted "kiln transformation" became a life of preparation for burning, but this inefficient kiln brought unexpected good results. In the history of this kiln, in order to better complete high-temperature firing, the inclination of the ground was increased, the ground area was expanded, and the ceiling with a wide area was supported by columns.
The types of works in this period are mainly bowls, plates, bowls and urns. The bottoms of bowls and dishes are mostly line-cut flat bottoms; The bowl has no crystal pattern and can be used as a tool for kneading the bowl. The bottle mouth of the urn is horizontal or everted, and the bottom is mostly round bottom; The interior of the ceramic tile is a checkered pattern or a parallel tapping pattern, just like the cultural relics unearthed in Woong San site. The works smoked, burned, restored and fired are all gray, and the tire soil is fine and fine. But from the perspective of modern people, it is more appropriate to burn it than to burn it without preparation.
This era happens to be a period of social chaos, and there are kilns of Hui Qi descendants everywhere. For example, the Kameyama Kiln in China, the Shengtian Kiln in the United States, and the live fish kiln in Bomo country will be prepared. Naturally, the kiln output began to decrease before the preparation, and the cultural relics unearthed from the site were relatively scarce. Baijianchuan Site (Okayama Prefecture) and CaoQian Xuan Town Site (Hiroshima Prefecture) are the main sites, and a large number of urns and pots have been unearthed.
Around the mid-Kamakura period, kilns built at the foot of the mountain moved north and south in search of fuel and clay. At this time, the kiln has not changed much in shape, but it has changed a little in firing. For example, the scale and inclination of the kiln have been adjusted to some extent. During this period, the number of kilns kept increasing. Heyuan Kiln, Shishan Kiln, Futian Yuekiln and Iban Yuekiln were all famous kilns at that time. Among the three Heyuan kilns, the oldest Heyuan kiln is 9.2m long,1.2m wide and has an inclination of 20 degrees. The increase in the number of kilns is due to the increasing demand for pottery with the development of various industries. Coupled with the decline of kiln industry in various places at this time, it further stimulated the demand of kiln workers.
Judging from the types of works, tiles are basically no longer produced at this time. The productivity of bowls and plates has also dropped sharply. As an improvement of bowls, crystal rolling bowls first appeared in China. At this time, the bottle mouths of pots and urns began to evert gradually, and the prototype of piping also appeared. Compared with the previous generation, slightly thicker soil began to be used. Generally speaking, although the production of the works is a bit rough, the practicality has been greatly improved. In terms of color, the black color of the work has increased, and there has also been a reddish brown that was burned before preparation. At this stage, the preparation and firing of Zhong Shi kiln have been completed.
Even in this period, there were not many artifacts unearthed from the site, and there were about 30 in the whole country. With the decline of ceramic kilns in various places, the rare value of kiln producing areas has also increased. At that time, there were also a few unearthed cultural relics in Kamakura (Kanagawa Prefecture), the political capital, and Kawauchi (Kagoshima Prefecture) in southern Kyushu. Most of these sites are near the harbor, and the unearthed objects are mainly pots, bowls, urns and so on.
Second, the Southern and Northern Dynasties-Muromachi era
From the end of Kamakura in the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the beginning of Muromachi, the elevation of kilns gradually increased, and some even reached the top of Xiongshan Mountain, which was more than 400 meters above sea level. Judging from the scale of ash kilns, the scale of kilns is not very large, and the number of kilns is increasing. Gu kiln is the representative of kiln at this time. The kiln has two bases, with a total length of12m and a width of1.4m..
At this time, with a few exceptions, the types of kilning are basically pots, bowls and urns. The changes in the modeling of the works reflect the changes of the times to a certain extent. At this time, the bottle mouth of the pot is slightly turned outwards, forming a piping mouth. The bottle mouth of the bowl is cut into a right angle, slightly tilted outwards, and the bottle mouth of the urn is also slightly turned outwards, and the piping range is large and small. These utensils are thick, solid and practical as a whole, and the increase in the proportion of purple-brown utensils is due to the increase in acidification during firing. The choice of tire soil depends on the place where the kiln is built. Because some works use a single mountain soil, it gives people a feeling of heavy sand texture. The large urn (fragments) unearthed from Changshou Temple in Kawamachi, Kaya Hioki, Wakayama Prefecture is the oldest pre-burned urn with an inscription of the age (1342), which is about 70cm high, 38cm in caliber and 58cm in middle diameter. The reddish-brown appearance, the edge of the urn, and the top of the urn have a little linen (natural glaze).
From its production situation, we can know that the sales channels and sales volume of pre-burning have developed and expanded by leaps and bounds during this period. It goes without saying that in the late Kamakura era, pre-burning was sold to local temples and ordinary residents through Yang Shan Road (one of the Seven Roads of Legal System) in this area, as well as water transportation in Pianpwan Bay and Ji Chuan.
The number of excavation sites has also risen to hundreds, covering all counties west of Kyoto. Judging from the current geographical distribution, Fukuoka Prefecture can be reached in the northeast and Okinawa Prefecture in the southwest. Its remains are not only concentrated in ports and places with developed transportation, but also found in various city halls and ancient temples. As a special site-the Shuichongzi Rock Ship Site in Zhibin, Xiangchuan County, * * * excavated 77 rolling pots, 2 kneading pots, 68 large pots, 2 medium pots, 1 small pot, as well as various types of jars and a large number of pottery fragments. This proves that during this period, a lot of preparatory work has gone out of Feng Jingen. In addition, according to the excavation of cemeteries in this era and the long-term use of group cemeteries, bone pots have been unearthed in dozens of places such as Wakayama-CHO, Okayama Prefecture and Miaoben Temple, Heyang-CHO, the same county. All these show that in large-scale pottery, a general pattern has been formed, that is, slip firing is adopted in East Japan and on-site firing is adopted in West Japan. At this time, the records of various documents and historical materials about preparation for incineration have been everywhere. In the first year of Zheng 'an (1299), Yuan Yi described the scene of Fukuoka Prefecture in A Holy Painting, mentioning that pots, jars, rice, daily commodities, clothes and fresh food were sold together. As for the record of buying a teapot to burn before in the 13th year of Mountain Science Education (1406), it is recorded in the Acceptance Sheet for Ships Entering Beiguan, Hyogo (Wen 'an Year 2, 1445) that there are many works such as pots and urns to burn before in the cargo of ships entering from Hyogo Bay. It can be seen that the popularity of local famous products has expanded to further places. One factor that can't be ignored is the turmoil in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which plunged Japan into chaos, but also accelerated the development and exchange of local cultures.
About the middle of Muromachi, the development of preparatory burning has reached an era of great change. Prior to this, in order to seek fuel and raw soil, most kilns were built in relatively high places that were unfavorable to the kiln industry. However, with the increase of demand, the factors that affect the choice of kiln site-fuel and raw soil are not the main problems, but the transportation problems. Therefore, the kiln was gradually built near Yang Shan Road with convenient life and good traffic conditions, as well as the Puyi Department along the Gulf coast. The scale of the kiln can reach about 40 meters. Compared with the previous generation, the number of kilns is relatively reduced. The cave kiln of Bulaoshan Tunnel, the representative of this era, is supposed to be finally built at the end of Muromachi, with a length of about 40 meters, a width of 2.5 meters to 3 meters, and a ground inclination of 15 degrees. Its scale can be said to have developed to the big kiln stage, but there is no kiln seal at this time. Thousands of boxes of pre-baked pottery pieces were unearthed in this kiln, of which more than 80% were reddish-brown pottery pieces.
Compared with the previous generation, the types of works in this period have not changed, which can be roughly divided into three categories. However, due to the Muromachi era, pots, bowls and urns have begun to produce large, medium and small types, and the shapes of utensils are also diverse. The upper half of the pot generally has wavy comb marks, and some are accompanied by ears, three ears and four ears. The mouth of the bowl slowly inclines downward, which increases the strength and convenience of use. The bottle mouth of the urn is a flat pipe, and the whole urn is solid. All works are made by acid burning (mostly reddish brown or brown). In order to realize large-scale production, coarse soil is gradually used for rapid production. As the historical materials of this era, the four-ear pot in the first year of Fu 'an in Ming Dynasty (1444) collected by Qianguang Temple in Yangshan Town, Okayama County is the oldest commemorative inscription pot, which is quite famous. Its height is about 63 cm, the diameter of the bottle mouth is 17.5 cm, the diameter of the pot body is about 46. 1 cm, and the diameter of the bottom is 22.8 cm, which is particularly imposing. The black-brown bottle mouth and the yellow-brown natural glazed pot body show the developed firing technology of this era. The author is engraved with "Jing Jun Weimen Taro", which is the same person as Gongweimen recorded in the contemporary "The North Pass of Hyogo Into the Ship".
The scope of the sites unearthed in the preparation of the fire site, from the official garden to the west, is not much different from the previous generation. However, the artifacts and quality unearthed in various places have been significantly improved, and the number of sites has reached 230. Among them, all kinds of pots, rolling bowls and urns are mainly unearthed in city halls, gathering places, cemeteries, shipwrecks and other sites, among which the unearthed urn and rolling bowl which reflect the times and are used in mountain cities are particularly eye-catching. During this period, burning the reserve first can be said to be the well-deserved king of living pottery in West Japan at that time.
Judging from the historical documents of this era, preparation has a certain relationship with tea ceremony. Zhuguang Murata (1423 ~ 1502) mentioned in the Secret of Tea Ceremony given to him by his disciple Gu Shi Yin Cheng that burning before preparation and burning with faith were the best things of tea and pottery at that time. But later, the Zen style of Jin Chun (1454 ~ 1532) explained in his book Chan Shen Feng Tan Leyi that, from the common sense, unlike the props for making and burning tea, as long as they are erected well in the use of tea ceremony, they are already very useful. In other words, pre-cooking around Gregorian calendar 1500 has not yet become a tea ceremony instrument that anyone can use. The water urn engraved with the inscription of the 14th year of Yongzheng (15 17) collected in Benfa Temple (Kyoto), like the water urn and fire bowl, is often used as a living vessel for storing grain. Wu Ye Shaoou (1502 ~ 1555) was collected in the past, and now it is a pre-burned water purification tank (Ming and Qing) collected by Tokugawa Art Museum. Its shape is a slightly expanded cylinder. At that time, it was not used as a water purification tank, but as a bucket. Some utensils, such as flagons, plates and bowls, are also used as tea pottery. At this time, it is different from the production and firing of tea ceremony utensils, and gradually becomes a tea pottery work that can be used as a tea ceremony utensil at that time.
Third, the Taoshan era.
On the eve of the end of the Taoshan era-Muromachi, the history of preparing for incineration ushered in great changes. This is the building of Dayao. Prior to this, the semi-underground medium-sized kilns scattered in the foothills of the Yi people's gathering place have been abandoned and replaced by three giant kilns in the south, north and west. This large kiln is essentially no different from the semi-underground medium-sized kiln used before, but its scale is suddenly much larger. This kiln is more than 50 meters long and 4.5 meters wide. A kiln burns about 200 tons of trees and the firing time is 30 to 50 days. In order to improve firing efficiency, synthetic firing method and nested firing method are adopted. Nandayao is in the south of National Highway No.2, north of Suiyuan Mountain, north of Step Street, south of Bulaoshan Mountain, west of Step Street and south of Wang Yi.
Of course, such a huge kiln can't be run by one person as it is now. Pottery craftsmen were divided into groups of ten and sent to three kilns in the south, north and west to start the same production. At this time, the main kiln owners divided their works into six surnames: Daxie, Jinzhong, Kimura, Sijian, Dungong and Sen, so that the kiln owners could easily identify their works when they left the kiln, and then printed their own kiln seals on the top and inside and outside of the works. Most of the early kiln prints were relatively large and simple handwritten prints, which gradually became relatively small fixed-point printing shortly after entering modern times.
The types of works in this era are still pots, bowls and urns. However, the form of the work has changed obviously. The diameter of the bottle mouth of the medium-sized pot has been obviously reduced, which is called the small-sized pot of seed pot, and there are obvious pulley patterns on the pot body. There are two small grooves outside the vertical bottle mouth of the bowl, which increases the strength and convenience of use. The urn is two to four stones in size, and the bottle mouth has three small grooves like rolling bowls, which is very strong. Many large urns are engraved with commemorative inscriptions, which help to determine the material age of the same route in historical archaeology. In this era, the history of burning first and reserving has won the most dazzling moment, and various teas, pottery and utensils have appeared one after another. During the reign of Lu Yong (1558 ~ 1570), all kinds of tea parties frequently appeared in the records of water tanks, clean water tanks and flowerpots that were burned before preparation. The tea and pottery works of this period must be the prints of the kiln era. The firing of the work began to be made from field soil. Because of its cohesive soil, the fired works are reddish brown with the color of perilla.
As soon as Muramachi entered the Taoshan period, the tea-making pottery that appeared in the late Muramachi period began to flourish. At this time, the mainstream works of tea-making pottery are still life tools such as pots, rolling bowls and large urns. Pots, net kettle, flowerpots, tea bowls and other utensils, as well as containers such as hip pots, vegetables and bowls, have also started to be standardized, and they are basically mass-produced in three kilns.
The leader of the tea ceremony in the first half of Taoshan was Rixiong Morino (1522 ~ 159 1), who served Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the supreme rulers at that time. As the first tea man in the world, he rang tea men and pottery kilns all over the country. From the 18th year of Tianzheng (1590) to the next year, according to Mori no Rikyū' s Li Xiu Baihui Collection, he used flowerpots seven times and pots twenty-two times, which also reflected the value of burning them before preparation. Toyotomi Hideyoshi's influence cannot be ignored. He held a big tea party in the jungle of Kitano, Kyoto on 1587 10/. At the tea party, all kinds of utensils gathered, and the pots and flowerpots before preparation were burned to a seat. This shows how much Hideyoshi likes to burn before preparation, and he also uses two stone urns burned before preparation as his own burial urn.
In the later period of Taoshan, the wind of burning tea and pottery changed before preparation. In order to replace Mori no Rikyū as the favorite of Yoshida Weaving Department (1544 ~ 16 15 years), scratch patterns were specially adopted to realize the manufacture of kiln changes such as overlapping cutting and Peony cake. In this era, all kinds of tea, pottery and utensils have become models of modern writers.
The reason why Ru kiln was loved by emperors and tea people was that its vigorous style was in line with the atmosphere of the times at that time, and it also had the production response ability required by the times.
Compared with the previous generation, there are obviously fewer sites unearthed in Taoshan period, with only about 120 in the whole country. Although the Taoshan period has a short history, its production and sales have not shrunk. A large number of large urns and bowls will be unearthed in any site such as the Mimaru site in Osaka, the Motomachi site and the Genlai Temple site handed down from the previous generation. A large number of teapots, kettles, net kettle, flagons, eight-inch plates, flat bowls, pottery pots and utensils that were obviously used as tea props were unearthed from the site of the old temple of Suoguo Temple. These also reflected the love of celebrities, townspeople and monks for tea ceremony at that time.
Famous tea parties around Taoshan include Matsuya Club, Amano Club, Imai Zongjiu Tea Ceremony Diary, Zongzhan Diary, Kitano Tea Ceremony, Huaiji and so on. In these tea party records, there were 692 preparations before firing, far exceeding any other pottery. In terms of types, there are 479 kettles, 130 net kettle, 53 flowerpots, 22 pots, 10 teapots and 9 tea bowls.
Fourth, the edo period.
During this period, from the end of Taoshan culture (1624 ~ 1644) to the end of the curtain, during the 250 years, in principle, the South, North and West kilns built at the end of Muromachi were all ready for production before firing. However, through the exploration of kiln traces, we will find that different kilns have different uses in different periods. At this time, these kilns will be rebuilt and maintained once every 100 years. At this time, a few glazed porcelain kilns, led by Ota and Seto, appeared in Japan, and kilns aimed at revitalizing the aquaculture industry also appeared in various Francisco. Edo extended its warranty for eight years in the middle period (1680). In order to solve the problems of firepower, production capacity and capital control, Iraqi kiln owners submitted an application for small kiln production to Okayama Francisco, which was formally implemented in the second year.
Later, the scale of the kiln was reduced several times, and special projects such as color preparation and white preparation were started. At the end of the curtain, we began to build the Lianshi kiln, namely Tianbao kiln, which was called Rongtong kiln at that time. Kimura Zhengan, Mori Liangkang and others built a Sanji kiln at the foot of the old mountain and two at the foot of the original mountain. According to historical records, the scale of kilns can be divided into two types: about16.4m long and 4.2m wide, and about13m long and 3.6m wide. Because it is a small kiln, it can be burned in eight days, saving fuel and shortening the production and marketing cycle.
As an important industry of San Francisco, Okayama San Francisco has implemented many protection policies for it. In the ninth year of Kuan Yong (1632), Tian Bo, a vassal of Okayama, was selecting royal craftsmen and assistant craftsmen from the pottery craftsmen who prepared the kiln to ensure their salaries. In the 13th year of Kuanyong, the primary election was held together with Kahexin Goro, giving him a salary of nine buckets and six liters. Then it was not until the curtain fell that dozens of pottery craftsmen such as Saburo, Wuzhimen, Qiumen Murakami, Jin Chongli Zuo, Sanmen Kimura, Kiki Kimura and Shiro Kimura were selected. In addition, preferential policies have been given to fuel and native soil. In terms of fuel, it has been supplied free of charge since Fengcheng Xiuji, and it was not until the tenth year of hublot (1725) that a small amount of silver was collected. Original soil: In the fifth year of Yanbao (1677), it began to apply for using the original soil of Jishang Village in Yijiu County and Xinzhuang Village in Zhongqi County. Generally, the soil in Xinzhuang village should be mixed with one-third to one-half of stony soil.
Because the kiln in northern Guizhou has the nature of semi-tube kiln, it is subject to various controls from governors. For example, in the fourth year of Yuan Lu (169 1 year), the traditional scraping technique was abolished, and pottery workers were forbidden to move freely. When the big kiln is opened, Francisco will definitely send kiln workers to select the best works for firing, all of which will be purchased by Francisco. Francisco not only ruled and managed the variety and production methods, but also the price and sales methods.
During the Muromachi and Taoshan periods, brilliant production and marketing preparations went up in flames. At this time, it was soaked in the Mufan system, and the quality and quantity began to decline, and the free and open-minded style gradually disappeared. On tea pottery, Xiao Zhou (1577 ~ 1647)' s favorite light and small style works became the mainstream. At this time, the pioneering development of other kiln producing areas also began to occupy the market of pre-firing, and pre-firing slowly fell into trouble.
Under such circumstances, the kiln workers began to make various efforts and efforts. What is particularly worth mentioning here is a group of Iraqi handmade works made by unique techniques. That is, the surface of the finished product made of fine water winnowed clay is coated with friendly soil or loess mud from the field, and then fired. Its colors are dark brown, perilla, tan and so on. , giving people a feeling like glazed pottery or bronze ware. In order to prevent distortion and damage, these works began to be fired in the form of box sets. In this way, the works made by using the technique of the Ministry of Iraq are particularly eye-catching, which is completely different from the previous bag-shaped vessels and flat vessels. At this time, the main works are made with figures, animals and plants, such as incense burners, incense boxes and decorations. At first, the shape of pottery was shaped by hand kneading. Later, pottery was slowly made from models. In the Edo period, the most special pre-preparation works appeared in the 800-year firing history, namely, pre-preparation for color, pre-preparation for white and pre-preparation for painting, which added color to several firing histories (pottery was not glazed, and the firing time was several times that of glazed pottery). Tianbao kiln mainly fires hip pots, and also produces quantitative pots, tea sets, flower pots and so on.
In this era, there are about 70 sites burned before preparation, mainly centered on West Japan. Compared with the previous generation, the number has decreased sharply. Judging from the eight sites in Edo, the political center at that time, the reputation of being ready to burn has not completely faded. The main artifacts unearthed from the ruins of this era are rolling bowls, hip flask, lighting appliances and so on.
From various documents, we can know the types, circulation and sales channels of pre-burning in this era. Yuan Lu ten years (1697) "Comment on Lin Dacheng Tea Ceremony" recorded a variety of utensils used in Kyoto and Osaka. In the Edo shopping guide in the second year of Zheng Wen (18 19), it was recorded that famous wines were sold in hotels in Edo with flagons prepared in advance. In addition, the documents of the vassal and kiln households also record that they are sold in on-chip shops, cow windows, Okayama pre-burning and other places. The settlements in Iraq were close to the national highway and Yang Shan Road at that time, and most kiln households set up shop here, where famous western countries and their courtiers would buy pre-baked products. Most of the high-quality works that governors or kiln households are particularly satisfied with are presented as tributes to governors such as shogunate and royal family.
I have to mention the custom-made goods sold at the end of Edo-Jinguo Dog. This was donated to the temple by capable donors among the sons of various shrines.
At that time, before preparation, the famous shrines that survived the burning of dogs were:
The Jinci Temple in Jibei has been in politics for seven years (1824), and there are stone carvings on the platform.
Former Yoga Mountain reigned for twelve years (1829), Tai Shiming.
Politics and Culture of Musashi Sichuan Temple in Twelve Years (1829)
Thirteen years of Izumo Bao Mei Shrine (1830)
Fifteen years of Tianbao in Zanqi Jinbiluo Palace (1844)
In the fourth year (1847), the medium-high pine rice lotus was compiled.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Meiji Taisho era
Under the influence of Europeanization, preparatory burning ushered in the lowest period, especially in the first half of this era, the abolition of vassal and preparatory burning completely lost the protection of vassal. Under the ideological trend of foreign cultural supremacism, utensils related to Japanese traditional culture, such as tea pottery and flower ware, cannot be sold. The remaining three kilns, together with Rongtong Kiln, were also abandoned during this period, and most of the potters turned to people and businessmen. This can be said to be the biggest crisis in the 800-year history of Beiqian Kiln.
In order to survive this crisis, in the sixth year of Meiji, Chiyomatsu, Taro Fujimura, Taro Mori Ai and Mori Yoshiro began to build Meiji kilns. In the tenth year of Meiji, Otani set up the Tao gravity separation office for Goro, Goto Kizo and Sakamoto Hiroshi, all of whom devoted themselves to the revival of pre-burning. However, due to poor management, it closed down in a few years and was acquired by other enterprises. In the twentieth year of Meiji, a personal kiln was built in Forest No.3.. After a long period of time, it finally ushered in an era in which kilns are completely different from * * *, and this production mode of * * employing workers has been inherited by the current kiln households. In the second year of Dazheng, Tao Jing of Sancun founded a pottery school to teach guiding techniques. The preparation kiln in trouble began to recover slowly.
The main works of this era are earthen pipes that are unimaginable according to the current ceramic popular market. According to the excavation of Chiyi city site, the earthen pipes fired before preparation began to be produced in the early Edo period, and mass production began in this era. Technicians are invited from Changshi (Aichi Prefecture), and earthen pipe production companies are constantly emerging. Local officials have greatly helped Japan's modernization of agriculture, industry, transportation and life, and have been well received, and their production companies are also increasing. In the twenty-ninth year of Meiji, Beqian Kiln Pottery Co., Ltd., the predecessor of Shinagawa Bailianwa Co., Ltd., opened, and earthenware became the central product of Beqian Kiln. In the process of developing ironmaking industry in various parts of Japan, this kind of earthen pipe manufacturing company began to gradually fire refractory bricks, and it was not until modern times that they were fired.
In this case, the productivity of pre-burning began to increase slightly. Rongtong Kiln, Meiji Kiln (all in the same kiln) and individual kilns began to make all kinds of tea and pottery, flowerpots, decorations, utensils, daily utensils and so on. In addition, they also produced white preparations, green preparations, painting preparations and color preparations. The words "Made in Japan" are printed on the bottom of beer bottles and foreign wine bottles sold overseas. The famous craftsmen in this period were those who were good at making handicrafts, such as Yongtao Jianle, Nissaka Naoko, and Jin Chongyang; those who were good at making tea pottery and flowerware for a long time; and those who were good at making flagons, such as Rizo Tanaka, Agatha Kimura, Yanshiro Kimura and Morisuke.
Modernity of intransitive verbs
At the beginning of Showa, the last remaining Rongtong kiln and Meiji kiln were no longer used, completely bidding farewell to the era of * * * same kiln and ushered in the era of individual kiln. During this period, the society began to re-examine the one-sided Europeanization trend, and the victory of foreign wars also improved Japan's international status, and gradually began to pay attention to Japan's traditional culture since ancient times. Various ceramic departments pay more and more attention to ancient ceramics, and exhibitions and related books have been launched one after another. The popularity of tea ceremony and flower path has also increased people's interest and demand for ceramics. The decline of time-honored brands and the rise and fall of upstarts also promoted the sales and collection of famous instruments at that time. With the rise and development of folk art movement advocated by Liu Zongyue, more and more people began to pay attention to the development of ceramic industry.
Under this trend, Qian Qian kilns have changed from mass production specifications to the production of artistic pottery or decorations with individuality, and many romantic figures have appeared. There are Jinyang devoted to reappearing Taoshan tea and pottery, Leshan and Nishimura, which make tea and pottery in salt kilns, Daxiangrentang, which is widely made from color system to white system, Fujita Longfeng and Yangshan, who study green system, Isesaki, who is good at pottery carving, and Binger Kimura, the ancestor of Shitan kiln. They all show their own characteristics in their respective fields, and pay attention to mutual cooperation while competing. Then Japan fell into World War II, and the recruitment of potters, the shortage of fuel and the production of munitions (grenades and military utensils) dealt a heavy blow to the preparation for incineration.
After the war, various counties held exhibitions of Japanese traditional crafts, and designated outstanding writers as holders of intangible cultural property to protect and revitalize traditional crafts. In the private sector, exhibitions, seminars, interest clubs and research magazines are held. Famous artists and cultural people-Lushan people of Peking University Road, Daubeney children of western Sichuan, Arakawa Shoucang, etc. Come to the kiln to make pottery. At this time, the firing before preparation ushered in an opportunity recognized as the most representative of Japan in the Japanese ceramic industry. These artists' new ideas and loyal production attitude let local producers see the essence and value of firing before preparation and ignite their enthusiasm. In addition, the perfection of National Highway No.2, the opening of Chiyi Line and the popularity of tea ceremony and flower path have increased the demand for pre-modulation and broadened the horizons of producers, thus developing pre-modulation kiln.
Modern representative producers have devoted themselves to the revival of Taoshan preparation, such as Jin Yang (the holder of important intangible cultural property designated by the state), Kai, Ishii Bulao (the real name and the holder of important intangible cultural property in Okayama Prefecture), the aforementioned Sancun pottery field (the real name is Zao) and Isesaki. Before the preparation of Yalu salt kiln in Jinshan (whose real name is Saemon) and Leshan (whose real name is Liu Ji), Pushang (who played an excellent role in large-scale ceramic sculpture) focused on the study of rope-writing earthenware, before various political peaks (whose real name is Zheng Mei) were prepared, and paid attention to tradition, but on this basis, it was given a new feeling of creation. Now, together with writers from outside Iraq, more than 300 people are keen on ceramic activities day and night. In the past, the basic patterns of pottery were mainly centered on tea pottery and decorations, and then new technologies such as rope writing, painting, carving and inlaying were added to make various utensils. The future of preparing for burning can be said to be full of infinite possibilities.