What necessary knowledge is needed to survive in the wild or at sea?
First, team spirit
Outdoor sports take a long time, the terrain is complex, and accidents may happen at any time. Successful, enjoyable and smooth completion of outdoor activities depends on everyone's efforts. Especially in harsh and hard environment, team spirit is more important. Tips: 1. Some things should be clearly divided, such as: opening the road, breaking the road, making a fire, camping, etc. 2. It is very important to choose a team leader in advance, to be democratic and centralized, to observe discipline and obey the overall situation; 3. When the number of people is large, pay attention to the type of marching team. If the team is too long, it is easy to lose teammates or someone has an accident and cannot find it in time; 4. All equipment and supplies should be scientifically distributed and carried according to each person's physical strength and gender, so that the team can maintain a consistent speed; 5. If someone is seriously injured, the whole activity plan must be adapted, and all of them give up or some of them retreat with the wounded.
Second, we should pay attention to the distribution of physical strength
At the beginning of the activity, we should control the excitement, which is easy to be too fast, and we should master the speed of travel. Grasp the rest time properly. Tips: 1. Try to maintain a uniform speed throughout the journey, master the rhythm, rest and eat according to the planned rest time; 2. Adjust the plan in time according to everyone's physical condition, and would rather extend the time if necessary. Avoid unnecessary physical overdrafts and leave some room for unforeseen accidents.
Third, master the route and direction
Before going out, collect maps and related materials of the activity area as much as possible, and fully understand and consider all possibilities. When there is a contour map, the predetermined route and direction can be analyzed, such as how many mountains to climb, how many passes to pass, and the rise and fall of altitude. This helps to determine the direction during the journey. Tips: 1. Carry a more accurate compass and altitude table (which is needed in some areas); 2. Carry and protect maps and materials; 3. Bring a signal pen and playing cards in case you get lost. 4. If you know little about the crossing area and the conditions are complicated, you'd better ask the passers-by to accompany you or find a local guide to lead the way.
Fourth, pay attention to waterproofing in rainy season or rainy areas, especially when crossing for a long time. If the waterproofing preparation is not adequate, the whole activity will encounter great trouble and personal safety will be difficult to guarantee. Therefore, it is necessary to know the climate of the activity area before going out and prepare the corresponding equipment. Tips: 1. Tents should be made of three-season or four-season tents (alpine tents are poorly waterproof and should be used cautiously in low altitude areas); 2. Use a backpack cover or plastic sheet to cover the backpack, even if the backpack has waterproof function; 3. Before filling the backpack, wrap it in a plastic bag or a sealed bag, which is waterproof and conducive to the classification of items; 4. If possible, use waterproof clothes (Waterproof, gore-tex and any materials marked with breathable), and rain gear is best prepared; 5. It is very important that hiking shoes are waterproof and breathable.
Fifth, pay attention to the problem of drinking water
Water loss is extremely dangerous. When traveling short distances, if it is known that it is difficult to replenish water, you should bring enough drinking water, and each person needs about 2 liters per day. For long-distance crossing, you can take water from streams, waterfalls, rivers and lakes on the way, but it is best to take flowing water, and observe its pollution. Tips: 1. Drinking water in water-deficient areas should be distributed as planned. Except in special circumstances, never drink all the water before finding the water source; 2. After taking water in the field, it is necessary to boil the water (boiling for 5 minutes) before drinking; 3, when there is a lot of sediment in the water, make the water precipitate for more than 1 minutes; 4. Water in areas with many leeches must be boiled before drinking; 5. If possible, you can bring filters and water purification tablets to replace the situation that heating cannot be used; 6. If you are active for a long time in a water-deficient area, you should learn other methods of field water collection.
Sixth, be careful about using fire in the wild
Take more than one fire source when traveling, such as lighters and waterproof matches. It is best to carry camping gas stoves and gas tanks if possible. From the perspective of environmental protection, don't build a bonfire unless it is necessary. When making a fire in the camp, you should pay attention to whether the camp is a no-fire area. If it is not necessary for survival, please don't violate the rules. Tip: 1. Pay attention to the wind direction, don't pile the fire on the windward side of the tent, and keep a certain distance from the tent; 2. Put out the fire completely with water and earth-rock gland when you leave, and check whether there is still smoke.
Seventh, camp safely. Find a safe, sheltered, dry and flat place to camp. We should pay attention to six principles: first, we should not be in the middle of the canyon to avoid flash floods; Second, do not be near the water to avoid rising water; Third, you should not be under the cliff to avoid falling rocks; Fourth, do not avoid strong winds in high convex places; Fifth, do not be under an independent tree to avoid electric shock; Sixth, do not be in the grass and trees to avoid snakes and insects. Tips: 1. It is best to have water near the camp, so it is convenient to take water; 2. If you need to make a fire, you should consider whether there is firewood nearby; 3. In rainy or rainy seasons, pay attention to digging drainage ditches around the tent according to the terrain; 4. When the wind is strong, pay attention to the wind-resistant fixation of the tent and make sure that there is nothing to rest; 5. Put valuables, clothes and food in the account before going to bed (if there is room in the account).
Eighth, pay attention to keep warm
In many areas (such as deserts and mountainous areas), the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the temperature difference will also be large when the altitude rises (the temperature drops by -6 degrees when the altitude rises by 1M). In mountainous areas, temperature loss is extremely dangerous. When climbing or crossing at high altitude, pay attention to keep warm after sweating and before going to bed. Tips: 1. Make a full estimate of the lowest possible temperature in the area, prepare warm clothes and choose suitable sleeping bags accordingly; 2. When the clothes are wet by rain or sweat, the speed of heat dissipation is amazing. At this time, you should put on dry underwear as soon as possible. If possible, you can choose underwear with sweat-wicking and quick-drying fabrics such as coolmax; 3. Pay attention to shelter from the wind; 4. Drink hot water; 5. Alpine regions need more professional equipment and knowledge.
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Chapter II Survival Assistance
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Human beings have accumulated experience in conquering nature through setbacks, and they can stand in almost every corner of the earth. Survival is the art of maintaining life. If you put a weak individual in a dangerous nature, how can you resist sudden disasters if you don't master some survival skills?
First, common sense
Among them, mental factors are the key to getting out of the corner. Modern people have already proved the great role of spirit by scientific means, and its significance is self-evident.
1. Don't provoke wild animals. For example, in Africa, there are many free-range animals in Botswana Chobe National Park. One day, a veterinarian and his assistant chased the baby elephant on a motorcycle in the forest path of the park. The mother elephant, who had been paying attention to the situation, was worried that something would happen to the baby elephant, so she ran over to pick the veterinarian to death, and her assistant ran hard to escape. Another example is that when a seamstress was making clothes, an elephant passed by and put its nose into the open window, and the seamstress pricked the elephant's nose with a needle. A few months later, the elephant came to this street again. It sucked a nose full of water by the fountain, and went to the tailor's window to water the animal-teaser to the skin. We can't bring back the cubs of wolves, tigers, leopards, lions and other beasts to play or feed, because the beasts have an amazing sense of smell and will follow the smell and take revenge.
2. master the survival skills. For example, during World War II, the British woman Julia's passenger plane crashed in the tropical jungle of North Africa, and Julia survived. At that time, she fought against nature and was rescued a few months later. Her experience is to choose food carefully; Homemade hammocks sleep outside; Constantly make road signs to determine the direction of progress, or follow the stream; Save kindling for cooking, heating, lighting and driving away animals. Another example is that in July 1994, Lydia narrowly escaped death in the Arctic. Her experience is to use maps, compasses and terrain to determine the direction of progress; Distribute food evenly, and don't eat it all at once; When exploring in the wild, you should bring a life-saving box (the size of a hard tin cigarette case with 2 cigarettes).
3. Don't be careless. For example, Nikolai Verodo, a female explorer of Fatu, once went into the jungle alone and caught poisonous snakes with her bare hands, but she also stepped into a dilemma when she was careless. One night, she was chasing a giant lizard in the jungle of Australia's primeval forest. Suddenly, the giant lizard disappeared in the short jungle. She followed closely, and suddenly the ground collapsed. She was thrown on a boulder with a drop of several meters and almost fainted. Later, she climbed back to the tent thousands of meters away with tenacious perseverance, but all her left ribs were broken.
In addition, a botanist visited Lijiapo area in Wuyishan, Fujian Province in 195s. When he was climbing, a big tree as thick as a bowl was broken in the middle (rotten wood), which made him quickly roll to the bottom of the ditch. In an emergency, he was saved by clinging to a sandalwood tree.
there is another typical example. That was in November 1942, when the German navy submarine sank the ship "Banluomeng". Pan, a 22-year-old China crew member, grabbed the planking and survived. He climbed onto the life raft and found food, but it was exhausted a month later, so he began to collect rainwater and fish to satisfy his hunger. When you catch a seabird, you forget to collect rainwater and prepare food, and you are gradually thirsty. In desperation, you eat raw fish and suck fish juice, and you are forced to drink urine. The most painful thing is that you are covered with sores! His skin was wrinkled, scabs and pus flowed. Later, a light rain saved him and he was rescued after 133 days at sea.
can you sit back and relax in tents and sleeping bags? I can't. It is reported that a villager in a certain place woke up from a deep sleep in the middle of the night and felt that there was something beside him. When he opened his eyes, he couldn't help flying: it was a leopard lying beside him sleeping soundly! He crept up, took out the chain and designed a trap. When the leopard woke up, it was bound by the chain. When the villagers heard the news, they came to help him put the leopard in a cage. Later, the village chief persuaded him to release it to the mountains.
On the evening of March 1th, 1978, when Japanese explorer Uemura Naoki was awakened by the barking of a polar bear in his dream, the footsteps of the polar bear were less than 1m away from him. He was careless and didn't put his rifle with him, and the bullets were not loaded. It was impossible to resist, so the only way was to pretend to be dead. He lay motionless under the covers, letting the polar bear crush the dog food bowl, biting the plastic bucket full of seal oil, and then listening to the footsteps approaching the tent. In a flash, the bear's paw has been pressed on Uemura's straight temple. He held his breath, and the white bear growled, touching Uemura's straight body with his nose and jerking it off. A small stove fell from the shelf and hit Uemura's straight leg, but he didn't say anything. His mouth and nose were buried deep in the snow, and he could hardly breathe. Time passed in a second ... After a long minute, the white bear left the tent bitterly. However, once again, he let his guard down and "came back from the dead" before the white bear left. The white bear came back, and Uemura could not restore his previous posture. His hands and feet trembled with nervousness and he saw the white bear getting closer and closer. However, a miracle happened. The white bear had probably filled his stomach with dog food and seal oil. He actually stopped before going to the tent and shouted loudly. The deafening roar shook the tent and made him tremble. After the prestige was enough, the white bear really left.
4. Prepare before departure
-master the travel information. Wild adventure consumes a lot of physical strength, has no healthy body and only temporary enthusiasm. Not only can it not complete the task, but it will also face death threats. Therefore, before and during the field exploration, you must master your health and have a physical examination in accordance with relevant regulations.
for tourist destinations, the more information you have, the better. For example, the living habits and characteristics of local people, attitudes towards outsiders (hostility or friendliness), ethnic customs and taboos; Basic information of tourist destination (river flow direction, head drop, shoal distribution, mountain height and slope, vegetation coverage, temperature and temperature difference, length of day and night, ebb and flow of tide, wind direction, etc.).
-list the equipment. Prepare maps, food, water, medicines, clothes, emergency supplies and special equipment according to the length of the tour.
Clothing should be seasonal, loose in style, flexible in movement, easy to wash, and have good moisture absorption and breathability; Wear cloth shoes, rubber shoes or sneakers; Rain gear, tableware, sun hat, goggles, sunglasses, etc.
dehydrated foods such as biscuits and instant noodles should be selected as food; Fruits should be washed and disinfected and put into food bags; Tableware should be sanitary and convenient, and bring covered cups, kettles and spare food bags.
-make an action plan. There should be room for making plans. In particular, we should consider the countermeasures when the target is blocked, the vehicle breaks down, water and food are cut off, the weather is abnormal, the road conditions are severe, and diseases are prevalent. List more relaxed exploration schedules and arrangements; Contact the local authorities.
-define the division of responsibilities. This is especially important for team exploration. There should be a special person in charge of medical treatment, translation, cooking, vehicles, driving, equipment, guidance, etc.
-the power of the spirit is infinite. Good training and rich knowledge will bring confidence. Confidence can help people overcome fear and anxiety, cold and heat, injury and pain, hunger and fatigue, boredom and irritability, despair and loneliness.
5. Emergency supplies
There are many kinds of emergency supplies, and the following supplies are only the main parts:
-lighting and ignition. For example, waterproof matches are better, but the inconvenience caused by large volume should be solved; If you carry ordinary matches, you can wrap the match head with melted candle oil to ensure safety; In order to save space, the back half of the match can be removed. There are also candles, which should be cut into strips for placement; Candles made of cattle and sheep fat can be eaten in an emergency, but attention should be paid to the problem that it is not easy to store in hot weather. Flint can still play a role even in humid environment; Miniature flashlights can also be used for lighting, and lithium batteries with high power and long service life should be installed. Magnifier, used for gathering light to make a fire, pulling out piercing needles, etc. Beta lamp, used for viewing maps or fishing at night. Signal lamp (board), carrying red and green miniature flashing signal lamp head and pen-sized discharge body, carrying strips made of fluorescent materials, etc.
-daily necessities. For example, needle and thread are used for sewing and picking; To prepare different types of needles, at least one needle is large, choose tough and wear-resistant thread and wind it around the needle. Hook and line for fishing and bird catching; Small hooks can catch both big fish and small fish; The large hook can only catch big fish; The fishing line should be as long as possible to catch birds (but be careful not to break the law). Compass, used to identify the direction, requires clear scale and small size, preferably liquid fill-in-the-blank type, without leakage and bubbles, and the pointer can rotate freely. Trap cable, used to arrange traps or traps, etc., should choose 6 ~ 9 cm long fine copper wire. Saw blade, handles at both ends of the saw blade can be replaced by wooden bolts and the like. Pay attention to soaking oil outside the saw blade to prevent rust. Cutters, such as folding knives and crescent-shaped curved machetes; Sleeping bag, when the environment is humid, choose artificial fabric vacuum cotton sleeping bag; When keeping dry, choose a down sleeping bag; Of course, you can choose camping bags made of breathable materials. Backpack, strong and comfortable, strong load-bearing, not easy to wear, equipped with frame,