What successes has China achieved in manned spaceflight? (Be comprehensive) For example: ( ) year ( ) month ( ) day (who) drives (what ship)
A company formerly known as the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China, see "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation" for details. The aerospace industry of the People's Republic of China began in 1956. The purpose of China's development of aerospace industry is: to explore outer space and expand understanding of the earth and the universe; to use outer space peacefully to promote human civilization and social progress and benefit all mankind; to meet the needs of economic construction, scientific and technological development, national security and social progress, etc. meet the needs of all aspects, improve the scientific literacy of the whole people, safeguard national rights and interests, and enhance comprehensive national strength. China's development of aerospace industry implements the guiding principles for the development of national science and technology undertakings, which are independent innovation, leapfrogging key points, supporting development and leading the future.
Table of Contents
Basic Introduction
Space Technology Artificial Earth Satellite
Launch Vehicle
Spacecraft Launch Site< /p>
Aerospace Measurement and Control
Manned Spaceflight
Space Application Satellite Remote Sensing
Satellite Communications
Satellite Navigation and Positioning
p>
Space science
A brief history
Basic introduction to its significance
Space technology artificial earth satellite
Launch vehicle
Spacecraft Launch Site
Aerospace Measurement and Control
Manned Spaceflight
Space Application Satellite Remote Sensing
Satellite Communications
Satellite Navigation and Positioning
Space Science
A Brief History
Significance
Expand and edit the basic introduction of this paragraph
Supervising unit: China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation Space Launch Rack
China Aerospace Mechanical and Electrical Corporation Sponsor: Aerospace Information Center Editor: "China Aerospace" Editorial Department Chinese Issue Number: CN11-3630/V Introduction China's aerospace science and technology has achieved world-renowned brilliant achievements and China's aerospace development has broad prospects. Since its establishment in 1956, China's aerospace industry has gone through several important periods including hard work, supporting development, reform and revitalization, and going global, before reaching a considerable scale and level: forming a complete supporting research, design, production and testing system; A spacecraft launch center capable of launching various satellites and manned spacecraft has been established, as well as a measurement and control network composed of various domestic ground stations and remote tracking measurement ships; a variety of satellite application systems have been established, achieving significant social and economic benefits; A space science research system with a certain level has been established and a number of innovative results have been achieved; an aerospace science and technology team with good quality and high technical level has been cultivated. China's aerospace industry developed under relatively weak basic industry, relatively backward technological level, special national conditions, and specific historical conditions. China independently conducts space activities. With less investment and in a short period of time, China has found a development path that suits its national conditions and has its own characteristics, and has achieved a series of important achievements. China has become one of the world's leading countries in many important technical fields such as satellite recovery, multiple satellites in one rocket, low-temperature fuel rocket technology, bundled rocket technology, and geostationary orbit satellite launch and measurement and control; in the development and application of remote sensing satellites, the development and application of communication satellites Significant results have been achieved in , manned spacecraft experiments and space microgravity experiments.
Edit this paragraph Space Technology
Artificial Earth Satellite
China successfully developed and launched its first artificial earth satellite on April 24, 1970. The aerospace satellite "Dongfanghong-1" has become the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch artificial earth satellites. As of October 2000, the Chinese government had developed and launched 47 artificial earth satellites of different types, with a flight success rate of more than 90%. At present, China has initially formed four satellite series - the returnable remote sensing satellite series, the "Dongfanghong" communication and broadcasting satellite series, the "Fengyun" meteorological satellite series, the "Practice" scientific exploration and technology test satellite series, and the "Resource" Earth satellite series. The resource satellite series is also about to be formed. China is the third country in the world to master satellite recovery technology, and the success rate of satellite recovery has reached the internationally advanced level; China is the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch geostationary orbit communication satellites. The main technical indicators of China's meteorological satellites and earth resource satellites have reached the international level in the early 1990s. In recent years, the six communications, earth resources and meteorological satellites developed and launched by China have worked stably and performed well after being put into use, and have produced good social and economic benefits.
Launch Rockets
China has independently developed 12 different models of the "Long March" series of launch vehicles, which are suitable for launching satellites in low-Earth orbit, geostationary orbit and sun-synchronous orbit. The "Long March" series of launch vehicles have a maximum carrying capacity of 9,200 kilograms in low-Earth orbit and 5,100 kilograms in geostationary transfer orbit, which can basically meet the needs of different users.
Since the Chinese government officially announced in 1985 that the "Long March" series of carrier rockets would be put into the international commercial launch market, 27 foreign-made satellites have been successfully launched into space, occupying a place in the international commercial satellite launch service market. So far, the "Long March" series of carrier rockets have carried out 63 launches; from October 1996 to October 2000, the "Long March" series of carrier rockets have successfully launched 21 times in a row.
Spacecraft launch sites
China has built three spacecraft launch sites in Jiuquan, Xichang and Taiyuan, and has successfully completed the launch of various launch vehicles for China's aerospace industry
flight tests and launch missions of various artificial satellites and test spacecraft. China's spacecraft launch site can not only complete domestic launch missions, but also has the ability to complete international commercial launch services and carry out other international aerospace cooperation.
Aerospace Measurement and Control
China has built a complete aerospace measurement and control network, including land measurement and control stations and maritime measurement and control ships, and has successfully completed the transition from low-Earth orbit satellites to geostationary orbit satellites, and from satellites to to the aerospace measurement and control mission of the test spacecraft. The China Aerospace Measurement and Control Network has the ability to share measurement and control resources through international networking, and its measurement and control technology has reached the world's advanced level.
Manned Spaceflight
China began to implement the manned spacecraft aerospace project in 1992, developed manned spacecraft and high-reliability launch vehicles, and carried out projects in aerospace medicine and space life sciences. research, selected preliminary astronauts, and developed a number of space remote sensing and space science experimental devices. From November 20 to 21, 1999, China successfully launched and recovered the first unmanned test spacecraft "Shenzhou", marking that China had made a breakthrough in the basic technology of manned spacecraft and had taken a step forward in the field of manned spaceflight. Important steps.
Edit this paragraph Space Applications
China attaches great importance to the development of various application satellites and the development of satellite application technologies, in satellite China's aerospace
Remote sensing, satellite communications, satellite navigation Great progress has been made in positioning and other aspects. Among the satellites developed and launched by China, remote sensing satellites and communication satellites account for about 71%. These satellites have been widely used in various fields of economy, science and technology, culture and national defense construction, and have achieved significant social and economic benefits. Relevant national departments also actively use various foreign application satellites to carry out application technology research and have achieved good application results.
Satellite Remote Sensing
China began to use domestic and foreign remote sensing satellites to carry out research and development of satellite remote sensing application technology in the early 1970s. and promotion work, and has been widely used in meteorology, geology and mining, surveying and mapping, agriculture and forestry, water conservancy, oceans, earthquakes and urban construction. At present, institutions such as the National Remote Sensing Center, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Resources Satellite Application Center, Satellite Ocean Application Center and China Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Receiving Station, as well as satellite remote sensing application research institutions of relevant ministries and commissions of the State Council, some provinces and cities, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences have been established. stand up. These professional institutions use domestic and foreign remote sensing satellites to carry out applied research work in many aspects and fields such as meteorological forecast, land census, crop yield estimation, forest survey, disaster monitoring, environmental protection, ocean forecast, urban planning and map surveying. In particular, the operational operation of the satellite meteorological ground application system has greatly improved the accuracy of disastrous weather forecasts and significantly reduced the economic losses of the country and the people.
Satellite Communication
China began to use domestic and foreign communication satellites to develop satellite communication technology in the mid-1980s to meet the growing development of communications, broadcasting and education. need. In terms of satellite fixed communication business, China Aerospace has built ten large and medium-sized satellite communication earth stations across the country, and has more than 27,000 international satellite communication phone lines connecting more than 180 countries and regions in the world. China has built a domestic satellite public communication network with more than 70,000 domestic satellite communication phone lines, which has initially solved communication problems in remote areas. Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) communication business has developed rapidly in recent years. There are 30 domestic very small aperture terminal communication business operators in China Aerospace Corporation, serving 15,000 small station users, including two-way small station users. There are more than 6,300 website users; at the same time, it has established more than 80 special communication networks for dozens of departments such as finance, meteorology, transportation, petroleum, water conservancy, civil aviation, electric power, health and news, and tens of thousands of very small-diameter terminals. In terms of satellite TV broadcasting business, China has built a satellite TV broadcasting system covering the world and a satellite TV education system covering the whole country. China began to use satellites to transmit radio and television programs in 1985. At present, it has formed a satellite transmission coverage network occupying 33 communication satellite transponders, which is responsible for transmitting a total of 47 sets of central and local television programs and educational television programs, as well as 32 central Internal and external radio programs and nearly 40 local radio programs. Over the past ten years since satellite educational television broadcasting began, more than 30 million people have received college and technical secondary education and training. In recent years, China has built a satellite live broadcast test platform, which uses digital compression to transmit central and local satellite TV programs to vast rural areas that are not covered by wireless radio and television, greatly improving the coverage of China's radio and television. China currently has approximately 189,000 satellite TV broadcast receiving stations.
On the satellite live broadcast test platform, a China Education Satellite Broadband Multimedia Transmission Network has also been established to provide comprehensive distance education and information technology services nationwide.
Satellite Navigation and Positioning
China began to use foreign navigation satellites in the early 1980s to develop satellite navigation and positioning application technologies, and in geodesy, ship navigation, aircraft It has been widely used in many industries such as navigation, earthquake monitoring, geological disaster prevention monitoring, forest fire suppression and urban traffic management. China joined the International Organization for Low-Orbit Search and Rescue Satellites (COSPAS-SARSAT) in 1992, and later established the China Mission Control Center, which greatly improved the distress alarm service capabilities of ships, aircraft and vehicles.
Edit this paragraph Space Science
In the early 1960s, China began to use sounding rockets and sounding balloons to carry out Chinese spaceflight
The upper atmosphere detection. In the early 1970s, the "Practice" series of scientific exploration and technology test satellites were used to carry out a series of space exploration and research, and China Aerospace obtained a lot of valuable environmental detection data. In recent years, research work on space weather forecasting and corresponding international cooperation have been carried out. Since the late 1980s, returnable remote sensing satellites have been used to conduct a variety of space science experiments, and good results have been achieved in crystal and protein growth, cell culture, crop breeding, etc. China's space science has made several innovative achievements in basic theoretical research. It has established a certain level of national-level laboratories open to the outside world in the fields of space physics, microgravity science and space life science, and established a space payload application center. Have the basic ability to support space science experiments. In recent years, the "Practice" series of scientific detection and technology test satellites have been used to conduct more detailed detection of charged particles and their effects in the near-Earth space environment, and for the first time completed a two-layer fluid space experiment in microgravity fluid physics, realizing space Experimental teleoperation.
Edit a brief history of this paragraph
China launched its first artificial earth satellite (see "Dongfanghong" 1) on April 24, 1970, following the Soviet Union, the United States, and After France and Japan, it is the fifth country in the world that can independently launch artificial satellites. By the end of 1984, China had launched 16 artificial earth satellites. Development Process In 1956, Premier Zhou Enlai presided over the formulation of China's 12-year scientific development plan, which listed jet propulsion and rocket technology as key national development projects. Under the leadership of Vice Premier Nie Rongzhen of the State Council, China's first rocket and missile research institution, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, was established on October 8, 1956. According to the New Technology China Aerospace Agreement signed by the Chinese and Soviet governments in 1957, before 1960, the Soviet Union provided assistance to China in establishing rocket and missile research and testing institutions and imitating Soviet-made missiles. After that, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense began to independently develop various types of missiles and rockets. In August 1958, the Scientific Planning Commission of the State Council included the launch of artificial satellites in the scientific development plan based on Chairman Mao Zedong’s proposal in May of the same year. The Chinese Academy of Sciences established the "Chinese Academy of Sciences 581 Group" and the Shanghai Mechanical and Electrical Design Institute to carry out space physics research and sounding rocket development. Since then, the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the Interstellar Navigation Committee, carried out aerospace technology planning work and academic activities, started to build a space environment simulation laboratory, and researched artificial satellite tracking and measurement technology. In January 1965, the first meeting of the Third National People's Congress decided to establish the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry of the People's Republic of China and the People's Republic of China on the basis of the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense to uniformly manage the research, design, and development of rockets and missiles. Trial production, production and capital construction. In August 1965, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the "Planning Plan Recommendations for the Development of my country's Artificial Satellite Industry and China's Aerospace Industry" and decided that the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry, and the Fourth Ministry of Machinery Industry Responsible for the development of the satellite body, launch vehicle, and ground observation, tracking, and remote control systems respectively. China Aerospace
work. In December of the same year, the Chinese Academy of Sciences established the Satellite Design Institute and began the design of China's first artificial earth satellite and the development of various systems. On February 20, 1968, the China Academy of Space Technology was established to unify satellite research, design, trial production, and testing institutions scattered in various departments and accelerate the development of various artificial satellites. In May 1970, the China Academy of Space Technology was placed under the leadership of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. In May 1982, the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry was renamed the Ministry of Aerospace Industry. At the same time, the spacecraft launch site, aerospace measurement and control center, observation observatory and station were successively built and improved, forming a complete aerospace engineering system. In 1970, after China successfully developed its first launch vehicle and launched its first artificial satellite, it began to launch small scientific satellites. In 1975, it successfully developed two high-thrust launch vehicles and began to launch return-type remote sensing satellites (also known as scientific exploration and technology test satellites). On September 20, 1981, three space physics exploration satellites were successfully launched with one rocket. In April 1984, China's first geostationary orbit experimental communication satellite was successfully launched.
Sounding Rockets and Launch Vehicles China has successively launched three types of sounding rockets: ① a single-stage liquid rocket with a payload of 10 kg and a flight altitude of 70 kilometers; ② a two-stage sounding rocket, with the first stage being a solid rocket and the second stage being Liquid China Aerospace rocket
The diameter is 460 mm, the payload weighs 60 to 150 kilograms, and the flight altitude is 60 to 200 kilometers; ③Two-stage solid rocket, the total weight is 330 kilograms, the payload weighs 30 kilograms, and the flight altitude 70 kilometers (see Mir sounding rocket, T-7 sounding rocket). China has made full use of the research results and technical foundation of ballistic missiles and has successfully developed and used four types of launch vehicles: ① "Long March" 1 three-stage rocket, the first and second stages use liquid rocket engines, and the third stage uses solid rocket engines , which can put about 300 kilograms of artificial satellites into near-Earth orbit; ② "Storm" 1 two-stage liquid rocket, which can put about 1,200 kilograms of artificial satellites into low-Earth orbit; ③ The "Long March" 2 two-stage liquid rocket can launch about 2,000 kilograms of artificial satellites into low-Earth orbit; ④ "Long March" 3 three-stage liquid rocket is used to launch geostationary orbit satellites or large spacecraft in low-Earth orbit (See "Long March" launch vehicle). Artificial Earth Satellites There are three main types of artificial satellites successfully developed and launched by China: scientific and technological experimental satellites, returnable remote sensing satellites, and communication satellites. 16 missiles were launched successively. Launch equipment and ground measurement and control equipment China's spacecraft launch site has launch facilities for launching different types of satellites, and is equipped with optical measurement, telemetry, radar and other tracking and measurement equipment. The control center of the satellite ground observation network and several ground stations and stations are equipped with computers developed in China as well as telemetry, remote control, tracking, data transmission and communication equipment. The ocean tracking and measurement ship is equipped with orbit measurement and speed measurement for the geostationary satellite's in-orbit section. and other equipment. Achievements and Applications The development of China's aerospace technology provides space scientific research with advanced technical means in cosmic rays, geomagnetic field, ionosphere, atmospheric density, solar X-rays, particle radiation, infrared Valuable data were obtained on radiation and other detection aspects. Satellites launched by China have provided valuable information for land resource census, geological and hydrological survey, mineral exploration, earthquake prediction, forestry monitoring, railway and port construction, environmental monitoring, land and ocean surveying and mapping, etc. The experimental communication satellite launched in April 1984 and entered the geostationary satellite orbit has been used for communication, radio, and television transmission, and has played a role in improving the communication situation in remote areas of China. China's satellite communication earth station has cooperated with France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy to conduct communication experiments using the "Symphony" satellite and the "Sirius" satellite. The satellite cloud image receiving equipment developed by China receives weather cloud images broadcast by American and Japanese meteorological satellites, providing data for improving weather forecasts and conducting atmospheric scientific research. In addition, certain individual aerospace technologies have been gradually applied to other industrial sectors. In the near future, China's aerospace technology will focus on the development and application of satellites, moving from the experimental stage to the practical and commercial stage.
Edit the significance of this paragraph
The significance of China’s development of manned space industry (2003-10-15) Since the former Soviet Union brought mankind into the space era in 1957, the following forty years During the years, people witnessed the former Soviet astronaut Gagarin first realize mankind's space dream, the United States' Apollo project visited the lunar palace six times, and mankind has realized the dream of flying for thousands of years again and again. Manned space technology has expanded our activity space from land and ocean to the outer space of the atmosphere. We can finally see for ourselves what a beautiful blue gem the earth that gave birth to human beings is. Achievements and brilliance one after another have given us too much excitement and vision, while failures and sacrifices have caused us to endure so much pain and sadness. The high price has made people fully aware of the difficulty, complexity and risk of manned spaceflight. However, our yearning and persistence for space have never stopped our march towards the universe. This is all because of the difficulty of manned spaceflight. Development is of extremely important significance to the country, nation and even all mankind. China is also willing to contribute our share to this common theme of mankind. In summary, the significance of developing manned space industry in China is as follows: 1. Manned space industry is one of the most complex system projects in human history, and its development depends on the development of the entire scientific and technological level. At the same time, it also affects the development of the entire field of modern science and technology, and at the same time puts forward new development requirements for various fields of modern science and technology, thereby promoting and promoting the development of the entire science and technology. The development of a country's manned space technology can reflect the country's overall science and technology and high-tech industry levels, such as systems engineering, automatic control technology, computer systems, propulsion capabilities, environmental control and life protection technology, communications, remote sensing and testing technology, etc. Many aspects. It can also reflect the country's development level in modern mechanics, astronomy, earth science and space science. Without the research and development of aerospace medical engineering, it would be impossible to send people into space and live and work safely, healthily and effectively. The famous "Apollo" program of the United States was implemented from 1961 to the end of 1972. The United States spent 24 billion US dollars and completed 6 lunar landing flights, sending 12 people to the moon and returning them safely to the ground.
It not only achieved the political goal of the United States to catch up with the Soviet Union, but also promoted the development of American science and technology, especially propulsion, guidance, structural materials, electronics, and management science. Today, as China's comprehensive national strength continues to increase, the development of manned space industry can achieve a leap-forward development of China's scientific and technological strength to a great extent. 2. The development of manned spaceflight is a direct reflection of the comprehensive national strength of various countries today. All developed countries regard enhancing comprehensive national strength as their primary goal in their development strategies, the core of which is the development of high technology, and manned space technology is one of its main contents. If a country can send its own astronauts into space, it will not only reflect its national strength, but also increase the pride of the people to a great extent, enhance the national spirit and enhance cohesion. Especially if the current "Shenzhou Spacecraft" project is successful, it will attract the attention of the world and improve our country's international status just like the "two bombs and one satellite" project in the 1960s. 3. There is no doubt that in the future when the earth’s resources are increasingly depleted, the development and utilization of space resources will become increasingly important. Manned space technology obviously plays an important role in this. It is now known that the vast space is a huge treasure house with rich resources, and the manned space industry is the bridge leading to this treasure house. "Space factories" can, almost like magic, produce alloy materials and other related products that are difficult to form on earth under conditions of microgravity, vacuum, and no convection. It is conceivable if the first three industrial revolutions have given mankind Bringing huge wealth, this "new industrial revolution" triggered by space technology will eventually change the existing model of the entire human society, and the words "Made In Space" will fill every corner of the entire market. If China wants to occupy a place in the future market, it cannot do without the basis of developing space resources - manned space technology. In addition to the above points, the further development of the manned space industry will mark the beginning of a new stage of human development. Lenses that could only be seen in science fiction movies in the past will gradually be realized in our real life. It is no longer a fantasy for humans to move to other planets to live and live. It is completely possible to develop a better living space to solve the current situation of increasingly crowded living spaces, especially for China. At that time, mankind will face more new tests and choices. Experts point out that manned spaceflight can greatly enhance China's international prestige. According to International Online reports, Mr. Pang Zhihao, a researcher at the China Academy of Space Technology, said in an interview that once China's manned spaceflight is successful, it will mean that China's aerospace technology With breakthrough progress, China's comprehensive national strength and international prestige can be greatly improved. "If aerospace technology is the crown in the palace of science, then manned spaceflight is the biggest and brightest jewel on the crown." Pang Zhihao believes that the level and achievements of aerospace technology are a reflection of a country's comprehensive economic and technological strength. . Manned spaceflight is the development of aerospace technology to a higher stage. The development of manned spaceflight requires a more advanced technical level, a developed industrial foundation and strong economic strength. According to reports, after more than 40 years of independent research and development, China's aerospace science and technology has made world-renowned achievements in satellite recovery, multiple satellites in one rocket, cryogenic fuel rocket technology, bundled rocket technology, and geostationary orbit satellite launch and measurement and control. Important technical fields have ranked among the world's advanced ranks; major achievements have been made in the development and application of remote sensing satellites, the development and application of communication satellites, manned spacecraft experiments, and space microgravity experiments. However, the report pointed out that due to the relatively weak economic and industrial foundations, many of China's aerospace high-tech products cannot compare with those of the two aerospace powers, the United States and Russia. In particular, compared with satellite technology and rocket technology, China's manned space technology is still relatively backward. Pang Zhihao pointed out that manned space technology has put forward new demands in many fields of modern science and technology in China, which will greatly promote the development of communications, remote sensing, launch vehicles, and computers, thereby enhancing China's competitiveness in the commercial satellite launch market; at the same time, Accelerate the processing and manufacturing of new biomaterials and promote research in cancer treatment and agricultural science and technology. In the long run, the earth is facing resource problems and population problems, and it is an inevitable trend to establish a space station to develop space resources. According to the report, according to China's aerospace development plan, China has set the establishment of a space station and lunar exploration as its goals for the development of the aerospace industry in the next few years.