Regional development factors of Mediterranean agriculture
1, the concept of agriculture: [memory]
Humans use the natural productivity of the land to grow plants or raise animals to get the products they need.
2. The meaning of agricultural location: [understanding and memory]
(1) the position of agricultural production
(2) The relationship between agriculture and geographical environment.
3. Main location factors of agriculture: [memory]
Natural factors: climate, topography, soil, water source.
Socio-economic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, machinery, science and technology.
The important factor that determines the type and scale of agricultural activities is the market factor.
4. The essence of agricultural location selection: rational use of agricultural land [memory]
5. Judgment [understanding] of the dominant location factors of agricultural activities.
Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon region, "oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei" (climatic factors)
Three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou (topographic factors)
Changes of Agricultural Landscape in Subtropical Coastal Areas of China since Reform and Opening-up (Market and Policy).
Tea Suitable for Acid Red Soil in South China (Soil Factors)
Dairy farming and gardening (traffic factors) along expressways in big cities.
6, the change of agricultural location factors [understanding memory]
Natural factors are relatively stable, and social and economic factors are developing rapidly.
Examples of scientific and technological transformation of natural factors: cultivating improved varieties to promote agricultural development (Yuan Longping expands the planting scope of hybrid rice and rubber trees); Improve local natural conditions and develop agriculture (greenhouse agriculture produces out-of-season vegetables)
The development of transportation and the progress of refrigeration technology make the world agriculture specialized and localized.
7. The meaning of agricultural area: [memory]
In a certain historical development stage, under the comprehensive action of social, economic, scientific and technological, cultural and natural conditions, agricultural production areas have been formed. The formation of agricultural areas is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and making rational use of agricultural land.
8. Factors affecting agricultural regional types: [Memory]
(1) The geographical distribution of animals and plants is different; (2) Natural conditions; (3) Social and economic conditions.
9. Location conditions of mixed agriculture in Australia: [Memory]
Natural location conditions: mild climate and moderate precipitation; Fertile soil; Flat terrain; Adequate water resources
Socio-economic conditions: broad market (the main producing areas of wheat and livestock products in the world); Adequate labor force; Advanced production mode and technology
10, the main characteristics of mixed agriculture in Australia: [memory]
Production structure: mixed agriculture combining planting and animal husbandry (wheat-shepherd)
Mode of operation: family farm.
Application of science and technology: rotational grazing, planting high-quality pasture and rotation system.
Agricultural specialization and regionalization are high.
3.2 Planting-oriented agricultural regional types
1, agricultural distribution and crops in monsoon paddy fields [memory]
Distribution: Asian monsoon region (East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia)
Crops: mainly rice (rice habit: temperature and humidity)
2. Location conditions of monsoon paddy field agriculture: [Memory]
(1) The climate is dominated by monsoon, and high temperature and rainy weather are suitable for rice growth.
(2) Flat terrain, suitable for paddy field management.
(3) dense population and abundant labor force
(4) The large population and living habits lead to a large demand for food.
(5) Rice production has a long history (7000 years).
3, the characteristics of monsoon paddy field agriculture [memory]
(1) Small-scale agriculture (small production scale)
(2) high yield and low commodity rate
(3) The level of mechanization and scientization is low.
(4) The amount of water conservancy projects is large
4. Agricultural distribution of commodity grain and crops [memory]
Distribution: USA, Canada, Argentina, Australia and Ukraine.
Crops: wheat and corn. What about China?
5, commodity grain agriculture location conditions [memory]
(1) Excellent natural conditions (mild climate, flat terrain and fertile soil).
(2) Convenient transportation
(3) the market is broad
(4) The land is vast and the population is sparse
(5) High degree of mechanization
(6) Advanced agricultural science and technology
6, the main characteristics of commodity grain agriculture [memory]
Large-scale production, high commodity rate, high level of mechanization and technology.
3.3 Agricultural regional types based on animal husbandry
1, Distribution and Production Object of Pasture Animal Husbandry [Memory]
Distribution: United States, Argentina, Australia, South Africa (arid and semi-arid climate zone)
Production target: cattle and sheep
2. The location conditions of pasture grazing [memory]
(1) The climate is warm and lush.
(2) The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land price is low.
(3) Close to the harbor, with convenient transportation.
3, pasture animal husbandry characteristics [memory]
Large-scale production, high commodity rate and high degree of specialization.
4, Argentina pasture animal husbandry development measures [memory]
(1) Fence grazing, rotational grazing, feed planting and water source development.
(2) Cultivate improved cattle and strengthen the research on cattle diseases.
5, the distribution of dairy industry and agricultural products [memory]
Distribution: Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
Agricultural products: milk and dairy products
6, dairy industry location conditions [memory]
(1) The climate is cool and humid, which is suitable for the growth of succulents.
(2) With the high level of urbanization and the influence of living habits, there is a great demand for dairy products.
7, the main characteristics of dairy industry [memory]
High commodity rate; High degree of mechanization; High degree of intensification; Most of them are distributed around big cities.
Industrial Location Factors and Location Choice
I. Economic benefits
From the perspective of economic benefits, factories should choose places with obvious location advantages to obtain the highest profits at the lowest production cost.
Type Name Typical Industrial Sector Advantage Development Zone
Sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, fruit processing industry and other areas rich in industrial raw materials.
Market-oriented industrial bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing industry and printing industry are all close to the product consumption market.
Areas with sufficient energy supply in power-based industries, non-ferrous metal smelting industries and chemical industries.
Industries dominated by low-cost labor-general clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making, shoe making and other industries have a large number of low-cost labor areas.
Technology-oriented industrial integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision instruments, higher education and technologically developed areas.
Second, social benefits.
The influence of national policy changes: from the great development of coastal industries in China in the 1980s to the great development of western China in the early 20th century.
National defense needs: In the 1950s and 1970s, China established some large industrial bases in the Mainland, mainly heavy industry and military industry.
The influence of entrepreneurs' personal preference: a large number of overseas Chinese have invested and set up factories in their hometown.
The influence of industrial inertia: it may be due to the high cost of factory relocation, the influence of the government, the consideration of local economy and so on. It is often seen that a factory is located in an unreasonable position, but it still stays there. This is called industrial inertia.
Three. environmental benefit
Read the textbook P6 1 Location Selection Map of Heavy Pollution Industries, and analyze how to choose the location of heavy pollution industries.
Analysis process: factory-pollution type-how to control it
4. Overall analysis of factory location:
1, economic benefits
2. Social welfare
3. Environmental benefits
4.2 the formation of industrial areas
I. Industrial Association-Industrial Agglomeration-Industrial Region
1. industrial association [understanding]
(1) Input-output relationship
The first is that the output of enterprise A is the input of enterprise B, such as spinning, weaving, printing and dyeing, and clothing manufacturing. The contact between different processes in the same factory also belongs to this kind of contact method.
(2) unproductive spatial connection
Some factories are not related to each other in the production process, but they are related in geographical space. Some factories are related to the same use of infrastructure, some factories are related to the same use of cheap labor, and some factories are related to the same use of raw materials.
2, the significance of industrial agglomeration [memory]
The advantages of industrial agglomeration can make full use of infrastructure, strengthen mutual information exchange and technical cooperation, reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products, and finally reduce production costs, improve profits and obtain economies of scale.
3. Industrial Zone [Understanding]
(1) The concept of industrial area
The area formed by industrial agglomeration is called industrial zone.
(2) the formation of industrial areas
According to different formation processes, industrial areas can be divided into two categories:
(1) Spontaneous industrial zone.
It is mainly formed by the spontaneous agglomeration of industrial enterprises with input-output relationship in production;
(2) Planning and construction of industrial zone.
There are not only the same types as the former, but also the formation of different industries under the same infrastructure conditions.
(3) the nature of industrial regions
Industrial zones are divided into two categories according to the degree of development:
(1) Underdeveloped industrial areas.
(such as food industry), mainly local agricultural and sideline products processing industry, with simple industrial links, small scale and few factories.
(2) Industrial zones with high development level.
(such as iron and steel industrial zone), with complex industrial links, large area, many cooperative enterprises and large production scale, highly specialized industrial cities can often be formed. Many famous "steel city", "oil city" and "automobile city" in China and even in the world.
Second, the geographical relationship between industrial dispersion and industry
In recent years, some industries with high technology content and complex technology (such as aircraft, automobile manufacturing and electronics industry) have begun to show a trend of decentralization. Multinational enterprises look for the best location conditions around the world, reduce costs, and finally get the greatest comprehensive economic benefits.
Modern transportation mode provides strong support for the regional connection of industry, and modern communication technology and means make the regional connection of industry even more powerful.
4.3 Traditional industrial zones and new industrial zones
I. Traditional industrial areas
1, main distribution: [memory]
Ruhr, central England, industrial zone in northeast America, industrial zone in south-central Liaoning, China, etc.
2, the characteristics of the traditional industrial zone [memory]
(1) Generally, it is based on rich coal and iron resources, with textile, coal, steel, machinery, chemical industry and other traditional industries as the main industries;
(2) Take large enterprises as the core, and gradually develop;
3. History:
In the 1950s, especially after the 1970s, it began to decline, and then many countries underwent long-term transformation.
Second, the development, decline and transformation of Ruhr (see textbook map) [memory]
Location characteristics of 1. development
Abundant coal resources
Near the iron mine
Abundant water sources
Convenient traffic
A vast market
Ruhr area is based on coal industry, mainly iron and steel industry, and a few heavy industries are highly concentrated.
2. The main reasons for the decline
After the 1950s, the economy began to decline because:
(1) Single production structure
Five traditional industrial sectors in Ruhr District: coal, electricity, steel, machinery and chemical industry.
(2) The energy status of coal is declining.
(3) the world steel surplus
(4) the influence of the new technological revolution
(5) Land shortage and serious environmental pollution.
3. Comprehensive improvement measures
In 1960s, Ruhr began to implement the general rules of comprehensive transformation, mainly from five aspects.
First, adjust the industrial structure
B, adjust the industrial layout
C. Developing the tertiary industry
D, optimize the environment
Third, the concept and distribution of emerging industrial zones [understanding]
1. Concept: Emerging industrial zone refers to the industrial zone dominated by flexible small and medium-sized enterprises in some rural areas of developed countries after 1950s.
2. Main distribution: in northeast and central Italy, southern Germany, "Silicon Valley" in the United States and "Silicon Island" in Japan (Kyushu Island).
Four, Italy's new industrial zone (see textbook map) [memory]
1. Main conditions for developing new industrial zones in Italy
(1) A large number of cheap labor is the condition for local development;
(2) The sharp rise in the prices of raw materials and energy in 1970s was an international condition for development;
③ Developed credit system
④ Italy's highly open economy.
⑤ Strong support from the government.
2. Development characteristics
Industrial zone Italy emerging industrial zone traditional industrial zone
The production scale is mainly small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises.
Main industrial sectors: light industry and heavy industry
The production process is decentralized and centralized.
Low degree of capital concentration
Industrial distribution is scattered in small towns or rural areas.
3. Unique development model-industrial community [understanding and memory]
(1) concept
Refers to the small and medium-sized enterprises in a region (between production enterprises and production enterprises, between production enterprises and non-production enterprises), taking a business activity as the center, and according to the needs of modern management, gradually establishing mutual trust and relatively stable cooperative relations and production, supply and marketing systems.
(2) Function
It is helpful to strengthen specialization, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs and enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.
Five, the United States "Silicon Valley" (see the textbook map) [memory]
1. feature
Since the middle and late 20th century, driven by the new technological revolution, some emerging industries with high technology content have developed rapidly.
(1) Talent: The level of employees is high.
(2) products: high research and development costs;
(3) rapid growth and renewal;
(4) The products are geared to the international market.
2. Reasons for the rise
(1) has an excellent geographical location and a beautiful environment.
(2) The climate is pleasant: it belongs to the Mediterranean climate, warm and humid.
(3) Higher education institution: Stanford University.
(4) Convenient transportation: fast access, mainly road and air transportation.
(5) Military order: political conditions