Master of philosophy, please come in?
Aristotle (384-322 BC) was born in Stajila, northern Greece. His father was a doctor of the Macedonian king. In 367 BC, 17-year-old Aristotle went to Athens, the cultural center of Greece at that time, and entered Plato's Academie. Because of his cleverness, he was deeply loved by Plato and became his favorite student. He studied in the college for 20 years until Plato died.
After Plato's death, he went to give lectures in the city-states of Asia Minor. In 343 BC, at the age of 42, he was invited by the King of Macedonia to become the teacher of Prince Alexander. Alexander was only 13 years old. In 335 BC, Aristotle returned to Athens and founded an academy called Lv Keang. Engaged in academic research and teaching activities here 13 years. After the death of King Alexander, he was forced to leave Athens, leaving Lv Keang in the hands of others. The following year, at the age of 63, he passed away. After his death, Lv Keang continued to exist for hundreds of years.
Aristotle was the most learned philosopher, scientist and educator in ancient Greece. He has deeply studied philosophy, politics, ethics, physics, biology, logic, psychology and aesthetics, and has written a large number of works, most of which have been handed down to this day. His thoughts have a great influence on later generations.
Aristotle divided the human soul into three parts. (1) The soul of plants. This is the lowest soul, mainly in nutrition, development, reproduction, growth and other physiological aspects; (2) the soul of an animal. This is the middle part of the soul, mainly manifested in instinct, feeling, emotion, desire and so on; (3) the soul of reason. This is the advanced part of the soul, which is mainly manifested in cognition and thinking.
Aristotle believes that the purpose of education is not only to cultivate educated citizens and talents for the country, but more importantly, to develop individual nature, so that the younger generation can develop harmoniously and prepare for a better life in the future.
In order to achieve this educational goal, he advocates conforming to the three parts of mind and educating people from three aspects: body, morality and intelligence. He put forward many brilliant ideas on how to carry out these three aspects of education, some of which still inspire us today.
Regarding sports, he believes that the purpose of sports is to make children healthy, brave and strong-willed. Among the three aspects of education, physical education should be put in the first place, because a healthy body is the basic condition for city-state citizens to participate in political activities, participate in wars and live a better life. He advocates that children's physical training should be moderate, because both overtraining and undertraining will damage children's health. Therefore, he opposed spartan training and advocated that "physical training should put noble things, not animal things, in the first place." He also believes that for children's health, not only physical exercise, but also proper diet should be paid attention to.
Regarding moral education, Aristotle believes that the purpose of moral education is to cultivate people's virtue. When people's natural functions are satisfied and developed harmoniously and fully under the control and guidance of reason, people are virtue. In other words, when a person's feelings and desires are controlled by reason, he produces virtue. He also believes that the characteristic of virtue is the "golden mean". The so-called "golden mean" means "feeling these feelings at the right time, at the right thing, at the right person, with the right motivation, in the right way. This is both the golden mean and the best, which is what virtue has". For example, there is courage between recklessness and cowardice, generosity between meanness and waste, modesty between shyness and shameless, and so on. Among them, courage, generosity and modesty are the "golden mean" and virtues.
He believes that to cultivate virtue, we should not only understand the meaning of virtue, but also cultivate good habits from an early age, that is to say, we should carry out moral education through practice.
He believes that music and painting play an important role in the process of cultivating virtue. Music, in particular, plays a particularly important role. Music can not only entertain people, relieve fatigue, but also cultivate people's temperament, cultivate people's rationality, stir up people's souls and bring about great changes. Therefore, we should carefully choose good music for moral education of children. In this way, Aristotle linked aesthetic education with moral education.
Regarding intellectual education, Aristotle believes that the purpose of intellectual education is to cultivate "rational soul". He advocates that the younger generation should learn a wide range of knowledge. He believes that the purpose of learning is not only to be useful, not only to do a good job, but also to make people make good use of their leisure. To this end, he put forward the theory of "generalist education" (also translated as "elegant education"); He believes that if we simply pursue usefulness, we cannot form a noble and free mind. His theory of "free education" has a great influence on later generations and has always caused a lot of controversy.
In the history of education, Aristotle first proposed that education should adapt to the natural development of human beings, that is, education should be carried out according to the age characteristics of children. He divided the education of the younger generation into three periods.
From birth to 7 years old, this is the period of preschool education. Children are mainly educated at home. The task of education in this period is mainly to promote the healthy development of children. Children should pay attention to nutrition and breastfeed. Children's education should focus on games and games should be guided. We should form good habits from an early age. Physical exercise should be carried out for young children, but it should be gradual, moderate and not excessive to prevent children from being hurt.
From 7 years old to 14 years old, this is the stage when children "enter formal collective education". At this time, children enter school to learn, mainly to master the basic knowledge and skills of reading, writing and calculation, and to carry out gymnastics training and music education.
14 to 2 1 The main task at this stage is to develop students' "rational souls". This may be his education in Lv Keang. Unfortunately, his works on this stage of education have been lost.
Plato Plato
427 BC to 347 BC
[ancient Greece]
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Plato was born in an aristocratic family in Athens, and so was his mother. His father died early, his mother remarried, and his stepfather was a friend of Pericles. When I was young, I participated in the Peloponnesian War and witnessed the decline and incompetence of democracy in Athens. Plato received a good education, dabbled in philosophy and literature, and was as keen on politics as other aristocratic children at that time. At the age of 20, he became a disciple of Socrates and admired the teacher's thoughts and personality all his life. During the thirty oligarchs' rule, his uncle Tchami Des and his cousin Claudia were oligarchs, but he was dissatisfied with the violent repression of the oligarchs, and even more disgusted with their attempts to harm people with false Socrates, so he refused to participate in oligarchy. After the restoration of democracy, Socrates was executed, which made him completely disappointed with all the existing regimes and determined to transform the country by changing the rulers through philosophy.
With this political ambition, he visited Sicily three times in an attempt to establish a new regime by educating dictators. In 388 BC, when he was in Sicily for the first time, he angered King Dionysus I of Syracuse and was sent to the market for auction as a slave. Fortunately, Anikri, a philosopher of Cyrene School, paid the price for his redemption. Dionysus I died in 367 BC. He was invited to Sicily to educate Dionysus II and had a deep friendship with Dion, the king's uncle. Dion was forced to leave Sicily after a conflict with the king, and Plato also returned to Athens. In 36 1 BC, he was invited by the king to teach philosophy in Sicily, but failed to realize his political plan and returned to Athens the following year. Dion became the ruler of Syracuse in 357 BC, but was soon murdered. Plato's political ideal was completely shattered.
Plato's philosophical career is successful, but his political career has repeatedly failed. After returning to Athens from Sicily in 387 BC, he founded a college near the sports ground named after the Greek hero Akkadam, which was the earliest institution of higher learning in the West, hence the name of the college. Plato not only taught philosophy, but also taught mathematics, astronomy, acoustics, botany and other natural science knowledge, but philosophy was the highest course. The goal of the college is not to impart practical skills, but to pay attention to speculative theoretical wisdom and attract students from all over the world to study here. Aristotle wrote in his mourning poem: "For such a strange man, the bad guys have no right to praise him, and their mouths can't say his name. It was the first time that he proved by words and actions that a virtuous person is a happy person, and none of us can compare with him. "
Socrates
Socrates (469-399 BC) was a philosopher and educator in ancient Greece. He was born in an ordinary family in Athens. His father was a sculptor and his mother was a midwife. Socrates experienced the process of Athenian democracy from prosperity to decline in his life. When he was a teenager, democracy in Athens was booming. As a result of Pericles's reform, ordinary citizens can now enjoy the rights that used to be enjoyed only by the upper class aristocrats. Handicraft workers like Socrates' father also have the right to participate in elections and hold public office. The victory of the Greek-Persian war made Athens an ally of the Aegean city-state and quickly became prosperous and rich. At this time, Athens was developed in industry and commerce, and its culture and art reached the highest level at that time. But there is also a crisis behind the prosperity. The Athenians began to become complacent, extravagant, profligate, cynical and morally corrupt. The democratic system gradually deteriorated into anarchy. The state power has always been dominated by some mediocre and incompetent people who struggle for power and profit, and democracy is just a form. In this way, after a period of prosperity, Athens gradually declined and finally lost the war with Sparta. Socrates after middle age witnessed the decline of Athens.
Socrates loved his motherland Athens and its people. Seeing the decline of Athens city-state and folk customs, he was very sad and determined to save the fate of his motherland with his whole life.
In order to defend his motherland, he joined the army three times. In the battle, he was witty and brave. He not only bravely killed the enemy, but also protected his comrades. He risked his life twice to save his students and comrades. The comrades who fought with him said that fighting with Socrates would feel safe. Socrates was particularly diligent in marching. In March, it was the middle of winter. He walks barefoot on the ice in thin clothes, but he walks like a soldier in shoes. He paid attention to physical exercise since he was a child, and his physique was strong, which laid a solid foundation for him to take care of himself in marching and fighting.
In order to improve the moral level of Athenians and cultivate talents for governing the country, Socrates devoted himself to studying philosophy and actively engaged in education.
Before him, Greek philosophy mainly studied the origin of the universe and what the world was made of, and was later called "natural philosophy". Socrates thinks that re-studying these problems has no practical significance for saving the country. Out of concern for the fate of the country and people, he turned to study human beings themselves, that is, to study human ethical issues, such as what is justice and what is injustice; What is courage and what is cowardice; What is honesty and what is hypocrisy; What is wisdom and how knowledge is acquired; What is a country, what qualities a person should have to govern a country well, how to cultivate talents for governing the country and so on. Later generations called Socrates' philosophy "ethical philosophy". He opened up a new field of philosophical research and made philosophy "return from heaven to earth", which is of great significance in the history of philosophy.
Socrates has been engaged in educational work all his life, and has rich educational practice experience and his own educational theory. But he didn't start his own school. Where does he teach? How did he teach it? Squares, temples, streets, shops, workshops, gyms, etc. Both are places where he teaches. Young people, old people, rich people, poor people, farmers, artisans, nobles and civilians are all his teaching objects. Whoever asks for advice, he will teach enthusiastically. At that time, other teachers-wise men-charged tuition fees. They regarded being a teacher as a means of making money, while Socrates taught people not to charge tuition fees. He taught and educated people for the benefit of the polis and was a compulsory teacher, so Socrates was poor all his life.
Socrates put forward his own views on the significance, purpose, content and method of education.
He thinks that education is very important for a person's growth. In his view, no matter whether talented people are smart or dull, if they are determined to achieve commendable achievements, they must study hard and practice hard.
Socrates' educational purpose is to cultivate talents for governing the country. After Pericles's death, Athens became extremely democratic and anarchic without good leaders, and even national leaders were elected by drawing lots or lots. Socrates was very sad about it. He believes that the talents who govern the country must be well educated, and advocates that the talents who govern the country should be trained through education. He devoted his whole life to cultivating talents for governing the country.
Regarding the content of education, he advocates cultivating people's virtue first, and teaching people to learn to be human and become virtuous people. Secondly, we should teach people to learn extensive and practical knowledge. He believes that rulers must have extensive knowledge. He said that in all things, those who are respected and praised are the most knowledgeable people, while those who are condemned and despised are the most ignorant people. Finally, he advocated teaching people to exercise. He believes that a healthy body is very important for physical activities and thinking activities, whether in peacetime or in wartime. And a healthy body is not born, only through exercise can people be strong.
In terms of teaching methods, Socrates formed his own unique teaching method through long-term teaching practice, which he called "Socrates method" and "midwifery". His mother is a midwife, which is a metaphor for his teaching methods. His mother's midwifery is midwifery, and his teaching principle of midwifery is to deliver babies for ideas and to guide people to produce correct ideas.
Socrates' method is always in the form of questions and answers between teachers and students, so it is also called "question and answer method". When Socrates taught students to acquire a certain concept, he did not tell them directly, but first asked the students questions and asked them to answer. If a student answers wrong, he doesn't correct it directly, but asks other questions to guide them to think, so as to draw a correct conclusion step by step.
The question-and-answer teaching method advocated by Socrates has a great influence on later generations, and it is still an important teaching method until today. The "discovery method" advocated by Rousseau, Bruner and others is obviously inspired by Socrates' method.
Socrates always criticized the corruption of the ruling class in Athens, and even criticized some senior leaders, so he was hated by them. At the age of 70, he was sentenced to death by the Athenian rulers for "impiety" and "corrupting youth". His students and friends advised him to escape from Athens many times and arranged a foolproof escape plan for him. But he resolutely refused. He believes that although the charges against him are purely framed, as a citizen of Athens, he should abide by the laws of Athens. On the day of execution, the students and relatives who came to visit him were very sad, but he was as cool as a cucumber, laughing as usual, and finally took the poisoned wine from the executioner, drank it off and died peacefully. Although gladys was a great philosopher and educator in ancient Greece, he left no works of his own. We can only know his words, deeds and thoughts from the works of his students such as Plato and Xenophon. This is quite like Confucius, a great philosopher and educator in ancient China. Confucius was also "full of words" all his life, leaving no works. If Confucius' disciples and his disciples had not compiled his life's words and deeds into The Analects, we would not have known Confucius' activities and thoughts today.
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