The second important examination site of geography.
Section 1 Topography?
1. Topographic features: there are various topographic types and vast mountains.
(1) Mountains form the skeleton of our country and are distributed in a "grid" shape.
(2) China's mountainous area accounts for about 1/3 of the country's total area, and mountainous area accounts for about 2/3.
(3) China's vast mountainous areas are not conducive to the development of planting, but are conducive to the development of forestry, animal husbandry, tourism, mining and so on.
(4) Four plateaus and their characteristics
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: The snow-capped mountains are continuous, the valleys are wide and widely distributed.
Inner Mongolia Plateau: gently undulating, vast expanse.
Loess Plateau: Fragmented, with thousands of valleys and valleys.
Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: The terrain is rugged and the karst landforms are widely distributed.
(5) Four great basin and its characteristics.
Tarim basin: the largest area
Junggar basin: the highest latitude
Qaidam basin: "cornucopia"
Sichuan basin: purple basin
(6) Three plains and their characteristics
Northeast plain: the largest "black land"
North China Plain: "Yellow Land"
Plain in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River: "Land of Fish and Rice"
(7) Main mountain ranges and their trends
Northeast-southwest trend:
Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain (westernmost column)
Changbai Mountain Range-Wuyishan Mountain Range (Middle Row)
Taiwan Province mountain range (easternmost pillar)
East-west trend
Tianshan-the yinshan mountains
Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountains
Nanling mountains
North-south trend: Helan Mountain, Liupan Mountain and Hengduan Mountain.
Northwest-southeast trend: Altai Mountain, Xiaoxing 'anling Mountain and Qilian Mountain.
Arc mountain range: Himalayas
2. Topographic features: high in the west and low in the east, with ladder-like distribution.
(1) three steps
The first step: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Qaidam Basin.
Step 2: Tarim basin, Junggar basin, Sichuan basin, no Mongolian plateau, loess plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou plateau.
Step 3: Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, Southeast Hills.
(2) Three-step dividing line
The dividing line between the first step and the second step: Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain.
The dividing line between the second step and the third step: Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain.
(3) influence
It is beneficial for the moist air flow at sea to go deep into the inland and form precipitation.
Many rivers roll things, which is convenient for east-west traffic.
There is a big gap at the junction of stairs and abundant water resources.
Section 2 Climate?
1. temperature
(1) The temperature difference between north and south is large in winter and generally higher in summer (influenced by latitude position).
(2) The lowest temperature in summer appears on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (influenced by topographic factors).
(3) Zone 56438+0: tropical zone, subtropical zone, warm temperate zone, middle temperate zone, cold temperate zone and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
(4) crop maturity
Northeast Plain and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: one crop a year.
North China Plain and Loess Plateau: Three Crops in Two Years
Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: two crops a year
Hainan: Three crops a year.
(5) Fruit
Warm temperate zone: apples, pears, grapes, cantaloupes, etc.
Subtropical: citrus, etc.
Tropical: pineapple, banana, durian, etc.
2. The difference between East and West is remarkable.
(1) Spatial inhomogeneity: The distribution law of precipitation in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland (affected by land and sea location).
(2) Uneven time: the precipitation is mainly concentrated in April-10; Great interannual variation
(3) Dry and wet areas: wet area, semi-wet area, semi-arid area and arid area.
3. Main features of climate in China.
(1) Features: The climate is complex and diverse, and the monsoon climate is remarkable.
(2) Climate types and their characteristics
Tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season.
Subtropical monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and warm and humid in winter.
Temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter.
Temperate continental climate: Leng Xia is hot in winter, with less precipitation throughout the year, and the annual range and diurnal temperature range is large.
Plateau Mountain Climate: Vertical Variation
(3) "Four seasons in one mountain, ten miles in different days" describes Hengduan mountain area.
4. The main factors affecting the climate in China.
(1) The main factors affecting China's climate are latitude position, land and sea position and topography.
(2) The northerly wind blowing from the interior of Eurasia prevails in winter in China, which is cold and dry; In summer, the southeast wind from the Pacific Ocean and the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean prevail.
(3) There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope.
(4) The area south of the Yangtze River is called "the oasis in the desert belt", which is mainly affected by the monsoon.
Section 3 rivers?
1. Wailiuhe is dominant.
(1) The river that finally flows into the ocean is called the outflow river; Rivers that do not eventually flow into the ocean are called inward rivers.
(2) The Irtysh River flows into the Arctic Ocean.
(3) The outflow area accounts for about 2/3 of the total area of China, and the inflow area accounts for about 1/3.
(4) Generally speaking, the flood season of rivers in China occurs in summer (outflow area: more precipitation in summer; Internal flow area: the temperature is high in summer, and there is much melting water in snow and ice)
(5) Songhua River has two flood seasons: spring flood and summer flood.
2. Development and management of the Yangtze River
(1) Overview
The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula Mountain (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Qinghai Province) and flows into the East China Sea.
The Yangtze River is the longest river in China and also the longest river.
There is no ice age in the Yangtze River.
The dividing line between the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River: Yichang; The dividing line between the middle and lower reaches: Hukou
Large-scale water conservancy control project on the main stream of the Yangtze River: Three Gorges
(2) Value
The Yangtze River is rich in hydropower resources, mainly concentrated in the upper reaches, and is known as the "hydropower treasure house"
The Yangtze River has high shipping value and is called the "golden waterway".
(3) Governance
Chuanjiang: the beach is full of rapids; Jingjiang: Jiuqu Ileum (governance? Measures? : Cut the bend and straighten it)
Middle and lower reaches: Reclaiming farmland from lakes (control measures: returning farmland to lakes); Floods and water pollution;
3. Management and development of the Yellow River
(1) Overview
The Yellow River originates from the Bayan Kara Mountains (Qinghai Province) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and flows into the Bohai Sea.
The main stream of the Yellow River twists and turns, which is the second longest river in China.
The Yellow River has the largest sediment concentration in China.
The dividing line between the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River: the estuary; The dividing line between the middle and lower reaches: Taohuayu
(2) The Yellow River hydropower is mainly concentrated in the middle and upper reaches.
(3) Governance
Upstream: grassland degradation and desertification are serious-strengthen ecological environment construction
Middle reaches: high sediment concentration-reason: serious soil erosion through the Loess Plateau-for soil and water conservation.
Downstream: "Dihe"-Strengthening the Yellow River levee
(4) In Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Shandong, ice flood is easy to occur in early spring or early winter.
Section 4 Natural disasters
1. Common natural disasters
(1) Meteorological disasters: drought, flood, typhoon and cold wave.
(2) Geological disasters: earthquake, landslide and debris flow.
2. Natural disasters often occur in China.
(1) There are many kinds of natural disasters in China, which are widely distributed and have serious consequences.
(2) Distribution of major natural disasters
Drought: North China
Flood: South China
Typhoon: southeast coast
Cold wave: northern region
Earthquakes: Southwest China and Taiwan Province Province
Landslides and mudslides: mountainous areas in the central and western regions, especially in the southwest.
3. Disaster prevention and mitigation
(1) China can accurately forecast natural disasters such as typhoons and cold waves by using remote sensing satellite technology.
(2) When an earthquake occurs, evacuate to a safe open area in a timely and orderly manner; If there are no conditions, you can temporarily hide in the corner of the cove.
(3) When debris flow occurs, you should run to the hillside perpendicular to the direction of debris flow.